854 CHAPTER 9 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

CHAPTER 9 REVIEW
Key Terms
addition method an algebraic technique used to solve systems of linear equations in which the equations are added in a
way that eliminates one variable, allowing the resulting equation to be solved for the remaining variable; substitution is
then used to solve for the first variable
augmented matrix a coefficient matrix adjoined with the constant column separated by a vertical line within the matrix brackets
break-even point the point at which a cost function intersects a revenue function; where profit is zero
coefficient matrix a matrix that contains only the coefficients from a system of equations
column a set of numbers aligned vertically in a matrix
consistent system a system for which there is a single solution to all equations in the system and it is an independent system,
or if there are an infinite number of solutions and it is a dependent system
cost function the function used to calculate the costs of doing business; it usually has two parts, fixed costs and variable costs
Cramer’s Rule a method for solving systems of equations that have the same number of equations as variables using determinants
dependent system a system of linear equations in which the two equations represent the same line; there are an infinite
number of solutions to a dependent system
determinant a number calculated using the entries of a square matrix that determines such information as whether there
is a solution to a system of equations
entry an element, coefficient, or constant in a matrix
feasible region the solution to a system of nonlinear inequalities that is the region of the graph where the shaded regions
of each inequality intersect
Gaussian elimination using elementary row operations to obtain a matrix in row-echelon form
identity matrix a square matrix containing ones down the main diagonal and zeros everywhere else; it acts as a 1 in matrix
algebra
inconsistent system a system of linear equations with no common solution because they represent parallel lines, which have
no point or line in common
independent system a system of linear equations with exactly one solution pair (x, y)
main diagonal entries from the upper left corner diagonally to the lower right corner of a square matrix
matrix a rectangular array of numbers
multiplicative inverse of a matrix a matrix that, when multiplied by the original, equals the identity matrix
nonlinear inequality an inequality containing a nonlinear expression
partial fraction decomposition the process of returning a simplified rational expression to its original form, a sum or
difference of simpler rational expressions
partial fractions the individual fractions that make up the sum or difference of a rational expression before combining them
into a simplified rational expression
profit function the profit function is written as P(x) = R(x) − C(x), revenue minus cost
revenue function the function that is used to calculate revenue, simply written as R = xp, where x = quantity and p = price
row a set of numbers aligned horizontally in a matrix
row operations adding one row to another row, multiplying a row by a constant, interchanging rows, and so on, with the
goal of achieving row-echelon form
row-echelon form after performing row operations, the matrix form that contains ones down the main diagonal and zeros
at every space below the diagonal
row-equivalent two matrices A and B are row-equivalent if one can be obtained from the other by performing basic row
operations
scalar multiple an entry of a matrix that has been multiplied by a scalar
solution set the set of all ordered pairs or triples that satisfy all equations in a system of equations
substitution method an algebraic technique used to solve systems of linear equations in which one of the two equations is
solved for one variable and then substituted into the second equation to solve for the second variable
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 CHAPTER 9 REVIEW 855

system of linear equations a set of two or more equations in two or more variables that must be considered simultaneously.
system of nonlinear equations a system of equations containing at least one equation that is of degree larger than one
system of nonlinear inequalities a system of two or more inequalities in two or more variables containing at least one
inequality that is not linear

Key Equations
1 0
Identity matrix for a 2 × 2 matrix ​I​2​  = ​ ​  ​  ​
0 1  
1    
0 0
Identity matrix for a 3 × 3 matrix ​I​3​  = ​     
0​ 1 0​  ​
0 0 1
 
d −b
1
Multiplicative inverse of a 2 × 2 matrix ​A​−1​  = ​  _______ ​​     
​ 
ad − bc −c      a  
​  ,​ where ad − bc ≠ 0

Key Concepts
9.1 Systems of Linear Equations: Two Variables
• A system of linear equations consists of two or more equations made up of two or more variables such that all equations
in the system are considered simultaneously.
• The solution to a system of linear equations in two variables is any ordered pair that satisfies each equation independently.
See Example 1.
• Systems of equations are classified as independent with one solution, dependent with an infinite number of solutions,
or inconsistent with no solution.
• One method of solving a system of linear equations in two variables is by graphing. In this method, we graph the
equations on the same set of axes. See Example 2.
• Another method of solving a system of linear equations is by substitution. In this method, we solve for one variable in
one equation and substitute the result into the second equation. See Example 3.
• A third method of solving a system of linear equations is by addition, in which we can eliminate a variable by adding
opposite coefficients of corresponding variables. See Example 4.
• It is often necessary to multiply one or both equations by a constant to facilitate elimination of a variable when adding
the two equations together. See Example 5, Example 6, and Example 7.
• Either method of solving a system of equations results in a false statement for inconsistent systems because they are
made up of parallel lines that never intersect. See Example 8.
• The solution to a system of dependent equations will always be true because both equations describe the same line.
See Example 9.
• Systems of equations can be used to solve real-world problems that involve more than one variable, such as those
relating to revenue, cost, and profit. See Example 10 and Example 11.

9.2 Systems of Linear Equations: Three Variables

• A solution set is an ordered triple {(x, y, z)} that represents the intersection of three planes in space. See Example 1.
• A system of three equations in three variables can be solved by using a series of steps that forces a variable to be
eliminated. The steps include interchanging the order of equations, multiplying both sides of an equation by a nonzero
constant, and adding a nonzero multiple of one equation to another equation. See Example 2.
• Systems of three equations in three variables are useful for solving many different types of real-world problems. See
Example 3.
• A system of equations in three variables is inconsistent if no solution exists. After performing elimination operations,
the result is a contradiction. See Example 4.
• Systems of equations in three variables that are inconsistent could result from three parallel planes, two parallel planes
and one intersecting plane, or three planes that intersect the other two but not at the same location.

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856 CHAPTER 9 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

• A system of equations in three variables is dependent if it has an infinite number of solutions. After performing
elimination operations, the result is an identity. See Example 5.
• Systems of equations in three variables that are dependent could result from three identical planes, three planes
intersecting at a line, or two identical planes that intersect the third on a line.

9.3 Systems of Nonlinear Equations and Inequalities: Two Variables

• There are three possible types of solutions to a system of equations representing a line and a parabola: (1) no solution,
the line does not intersect the parabola; (2) one solution, the line is tangent to the parabola; and (3) two solutions, the
line intersects the parabola in two points. See Example 1.
• There are three possible types of solutions to a system of equations representing a circle and a line: (1) no solution,
the line does not intersect the circle; (2) one solution, the line is tangent to the parabola; (3) two solutions, the line
intersects the circle in two points. See Example 2.
• There are five possible types of solutions to the system of nonlinear equations representing an ellipse and a circle: (1) no
solution, the circle and the ellipse do not intersect; (2) one solution, the circle and the ellipse are tangent to each other;
(3) two solutions, the circle and the ellipse intersect in two points; (4) three solutions, the circle and ellipse intersect in
three places; (5) four solutions, the circle and the ellipse intersect in four points. See Example 3.
• An inequality is graphed in much the same way as an equation, except for > or <, we draw a dashed line and shade
the region containing the solution set. See Example 4.
• Inequalities are solved the same way as equalities, but solutions to systems of inequalities must satisfy both inequalities.
See Example 5.

9.4 Partial Fractions

P(x) A  ​  + ​  ________
B  ​. Solve by clearing the fractions, expanding
• Decompose ​  ____ ​by writing the partial fractions as ​ ________
Q(x) a​ ​1​ x + ​b​1​ a​ ​2​ x + ​b​2​
the right side, collecting like terms, and setting corresponding coefficients equal to each other, then setting up and
solving a system of equations. See Example 1.
P(x)
• The decomposition of ​ ____ ​with repeated linear factors must account for the factors of the denominator in
Q(x)
increasing powers. See Example 2.
P(x)
• The decomposition of ​ ____ ​with a nonrepeated irreducible quadratic factor needs a linear numerator over the
Q(x)
A Bx + C
quadratic factor, as in ​  x ​  + ​  ____________
__    ​. See Example 3.
(a​x2​ ​  + bx + c)
P(x)
• In the decomposition of ​ ____  ​ , where Q(x) has a repeated irreducible quadratic factor, when the irreducible
Q(x)
quadratic factors are repeated, powers of the denominator factors must be represented in increasing powers as
Ax + B ​A2​ ​ x + ​B2​ ​ ​A​n​ x + ​Bn​ ​
__
​      ​  + ​  __
    ​  + … + ​  __
    ​. See Example 4.
n
(a​x2​ ​  + bx + c) (​ a​x2​ ​  + bx + c)​2​ (​ a​x2​ ​  + bx + c)​ ​

9.5 Matrices and Matrix Operations

• A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers. Entries are arranged in rows and columns.
• The dimensions of a matrix refer to the number of rows and the number of columns. A 3 × 2 matrix has three rows
and two columns. See Example 1.
• We add and subtract matrices of equal dimensions by adding and subtracting corresponding entries of each matrix.
See Example 2, Example 3, Example 4, and Example 5.
• Scalar multiplication involves multiplying each entry in a matrix by a constant. See Example 6.
• Scalar multiplication is often required before addition or subtraction can occur. See Example 7.
• Multiplying matrices is possible when inner dimensions are the same—the number of columns in the first matrix must
match the number of rows in the second.
• The product of two matrices, A and B, is obtained by multiplying each entry in row 1 of A by each entry in column 1
of B; then multiply each entry of row 1 of A by each entry in columns 2 of B, and so on. See Example 8 and Example 9.
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 CHAPTER 9 REVIEW 857

• Many real-world problems can often be solved using matrices. See Example 10.
• We can use a calculator to perform matrix operations after saving each matrix as a matrix variable. See Example 11.

9.6 Solving Systems with Gaussian Elimination

• An augmented matrix is one that contains the coefficients and constants of a system of equations. See Example 1.
• A matrix augmented with the constant column can be represented as the original system of equations. See Example 2.
• Row operations include multiplying a row by a constant, adding one row to another row, and interchanging rows.
• We can use Gaussian elimination to solve a system of equations. See Example 3, Example 4, and Example 5.
• Row operations are performed on matrices to obtain row-echelon form. See Example 6.
• To solve a system of equations, write it in augmented matrix form. Perform row operations to obtain row-echelon form.
Back-substitute to find the solutions. See Example 7 and Example 8.
• A calculator can be used to solve systems of equations using matrices. See Example 9.
• Many real-world problems can be solved using augmented matrices. See Example 10 and Example 11.

9.7 Solving Systems with Inverses

• An identity matrix has the property AI = IA = A. See Example 1.
• An invertible matrix has the property A​A−1
​ ​  = ​A−1
​ ​ A = I. See Example 2.
• Use matrix multiplication and the identity to find the inverse of a 2 × 2 matrix. See Example 3.
• The multiplicative inverse can be found using a formula. See Example 4.
• Another method of finding the inverse is by augmenting with the identity. See Example 5.
• We can augment a 3 × 3 matrix with the identity on the right and use row operations to turn the original matrix into
the identity, and the matrix on the right becomes the inverse. See Example 6.
​ ​−1​ AX = ​A−1
• Write the system of equations as AX = B, and multiply both sides by the inverse of A: A ​ ​ B. See Example 7
and Example 8.
• We can also use a calculator to solve a system of equations with matrix inverses. See Example 9.

9.8 Solving Systems with Cramer's Rule

a b

• The determinant for ​   
​
c d 
​ ​ is ad − bc. See Example 1.
​D​x​ D
​ ​y​
• Cramer’s Rule replaces a variable column with the constant column. Solutions are x = ​  _ ​, y = ​  _ ​. See Example 2.
D D
• To find the determinant of a 3 × 3 matrix, augment with the first two columns. Add the three diagonal entries (upper
left to lower right) and subtract the three diagonal entries (lower left to upper right). See Example 3.
• To solve a system of three equations in three variables using Cramer’s Rule, replace a variable column with the constant
​D​x​ D
​ ​y​ D
​ ​z​
column for each desired solution: x = ​  _ ​, y = ​  _ ​, z = ​  _ .​ See Example 4.
D D D
• Cramer’s Rule is also useful for finding the solution of a system of equations with no solution or infinite solutions. See
Example 5 and Example 6.
• Certain properties of determinants are useful for solving problems. For example:
○  If the matrix is in upper triangular form, the determinant equals the product of entries down the main
diagonal.
○  When two rows are interchanged, the determinant changes sign.
○  If either two rows or two columns are identical, the determinant equals zero.
○  If a matrix contains either a row of zeros or a column of zeros, the determinant equals zero.
○  The determinant of an inverse matrix ​A​−1​is the reciprocal of the determinant of the matrix A.
○  If any row or column is multiplied by a constant, the determinant is multiplied by the same factor. See
Example 7 and Example 8.

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858 CHAPTER 9 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

CHAPTER 9 REVIEW EXERCISES

SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS: TWO VARIABLES

For the following exercises, determine whether the ordered pair is a solution to the system of equations.
1. 3x − y = 4 2. 6x − 2y = 24
x + 4y = − 3 and ( − 1, 1) −3x + 3y = 18 and (9, 15)

For the following exercises, use substitution to solve the system of equations.
3. 10x + 5y = −5 4 ​x + ​  __
4. ​  __
43 ​
1 ​y = ​  ___ 5. 5x + 6y = 14
7 5 70
3x − 2y = −12 4x + 8y = 8
5 ​x − ​  __
​  __ 1 ​y = −​  __
2 ​
6 3 3

For the following exercises, use addition to solve the system of equations.
6. 3x + 2y = −7 7. 3x + 4y = 2 8. 8x + 4y = 2
2x + 4y = 6 9x + 12y = 3 6x − 5y = 0.7

For the following exercises, write a system of equations to solve each problem. Solve the system of equations.
9. A factory has a cost of production 10. A performer charges C(x) = 50x + 10,000, where x
C(x) = 150x + 15,000 and a revenue function is the total number of attendees at a show. The venue
R(x) = 200x. What is the break-even point? charges $75 per ticket. After how many people buy
tickets does the venue break even, and what is the
value of the total tickets sold at that point?

SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS: THREE VARIABLES

For the following exercises, solve the system of three equations using substitution or addition.
11. 0.5x − 0.5y = 10 12. 5x + 3y − z = 5 13. x+y+z=1
− 0.2y + 0.2x = 4 3x − 2y + 4z = 13 2x + 2y + 2z = 1
0.1x + 0.1z = 2 4x + 3y + 5z = 22 3x + 3y = 2

14. 2x − 3y + z = −1 15. 3x + 2y − z = −10 16. 3x + 4z = −11

x + y + z = −4 x − y + 2z = 7 x − 2y = 5
4x + 2y − 3z = 33 −x + 3y + z = −2 4y − z = −10

17. 2x − 3y + z = 0 18. 6x − 4y − 2z = 2
2x + 4y − 3z = 0 3x + 2y − 5z = 4
6x − 2y − z = 0 6y − 7z = 5

For the following exercises, write a system of equations to solve each problem. Solve the system of equations.
19. Three odd numbers sum up to 61. The smaller is 20. A local theatre sells out for their show. They sell all
one-third the larger and the middle number is 16 less 500 tickets for a total purse of $8,070.00. The tickets
than the larger. What are the three numbers? were priced at $15 for students, $12 for children, and
$18 for adults. If the band sold three times as many
adult tickets as children’s tickets, how many of each
type was sold?

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 CHAPTER 9 REVIEW 859

SYSTEMS OF NONLINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES: TWO VARIABLES

For the following exercises, solve the system of nonlinear equations.
21. y = ​x2​ ​  − 7 22. y = ​x2​ ​  − 4 23. ​x2​ ​  + ​y2​ ​  = 16 24. ​x2​ ​  + ​y2​ ​  = 25 25. ​x2​ ​  + ​y2​ ​  = 4
2
y = 5x − 13 y = 5x + 10 y=x−8 y = ​x​ ​  + 5 y − ​x​2​  = 3

For the following exercises, graph the inequality.

26. y > ​x2​ ​  − 1 1 ​​x2​ ​  + ​y2​ ​  < 4
27. ​  __
4

For the following exercises, graph the system of inequalities.

28. ​x2​ ​  + ​y2​ ​  + 2x < 3 29. ​x2​ ​  − 2x + ​y2​ ​  − 4x < 4 30. ​x2​ ​  + ​y2​ ​  < 1
2
y > − ​x​ ​  − 3 y<−x+4 y​ 2​ ​  < x

PARTIAL FRACTIONS
For the following exercises, decompose into partial fractions.
−2x + 6 10x + 2 7x + 20
31. ​  __________
2
 ​ 32. ​  ___________
2
 ​ 33. ​  ____________
  
2
 ​
​x​ ​  + 3x + 2 4​x​ ​  + 4x + 1 ​x​ ​  + 10x + 25

2 2
x − 18  ​ −​x​ ​  + 36x + 70 −5​x​ ​  + 6x − 2
34. ​  ____________
  
2
35. ​  _____________
   3
 ​ 36. ​  ____________
   3
 ​
​x​ ​  − 12x + 36 ​x​ ​  − 125 ​x​ ​  + 27

3 2 4 3 2
​x​ ​  − 4​x​ ​  + 3x + 11 4​x​ ​  − 2​x​ ​  + 22​x​ ​  − 6x + 48
37. ​  ________________
      2
 ​ 38. ​  _______________________
       2
 ​
(​ ​x2​ ​  − 2)​ ​ ​x(​x2​ ​  + 4)​ ​

MATRICES AND MATRIX OPERATIONS

For the following exercises, perform the requested operations on the given matrices.
6      7 1 −4      9 7 −14 3

   
A = ​ ​ 
4 −2
1      3 
​  ​, B = ​   
​ 
6      7 −3

     
11 −2      4 
   
​  ​, C = ​    

​  11 −2​  ​, D = ​      
14      0
 
           
​ 10      5 −7​  ​, E = ​      
  
2      8      5
​ 
2      
−1 3​  ​
0        1 9

39. −4A 40. 10D − 6E 41. B + C 42. AB 43. BA 44. BC
45. CB 46. DE 47. ED 48. EC 49. CE 50. ​A3​ ​

SOLVING SYSTEMS WITH GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION

For the following exercises, write the system of linear equations from the augmented matrix. Indicate whether there
will be a unique solution.

∣ ∣
1    
0 −3 7 1    
0      5 −9
 0 1     2​  ​​ ​ −5​  ​
51. ​ ​    
0 0     0 ​ 0
​0 1 −2​ 
52. ​     
0 0      0
  
​​ ​  4​  ​
​3

For the following exercises, write the augmented matrix from the system of linear equations.
53. −2x + 2y + z = 7 54. 4x + 2y − 3z = 14 55. x + 3z = 12
2x − 8y + 5z = 0 −12x + 3y + z = 100 −x + 4y = 0
19x − 10y + 22z = 3 9x − 6y + 2z = 31 y + 2z = − 7

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860 CHAPTER 9 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

For the following exercises, solve the system of linear equations using Gaussian elimination.
56. 3x − 4y = − 7 57. 3x − 4y = 1 58. −1.1x − 2.3y = 6.2
−6x + 8y = 14 −6x + 8y = 6 −5.2x − 4.1y = 4.3

59. 2x + 3y + 2z = 1 60. −x + 2y − 4z = 8
−4x − 6y − 4z = − 2 3y + 8z = − 4
10x + 15y + 10z = 0 −7x + y + 2z = 1

SOLVING SYSTEMS WITH INVERSES

For the following exercises, find the inverse of the matrix.

1 ​
1 ​  −​  __

 
​  __ 12      9 −6 2    
1 3
−0.2     1.4

61. ​      
​
1.2 −0.4 
​  ​ 62. ​ ​      
__
2
1
−​   ​     ​   ​
4
2 ​  ​
3
__
4

      
63. ​       
​   
−1      
3      2​  ​
−4 −3      2

1​ 2 3​  ​
64. ​     
3 2 1

For the following exercises, find the solutions by computing the inverse of the matrix.
65. 0.3x − 0.1y = −10 66. 0.4x − 0.2y = −0.6 67. 4x + 3y − 3z = −4.3 68. −2x − 3y + 2z = 3
−0.1x + 0.3y = 14 −0.1x + 0.05y = 0.3 5x − 4y − z = −6.1 −x + 2y + 4z = −5
x + z = −0.7   −2y + 5z = −3

For the following exercises, write a system of equations to solve each problem. Solve the system of equations.
69. Students were asked to bring their favorite fruit to 70. A sorority held a bake sale to raise money and sold
class. 90% of the fruits consisted of banana, apple, and brownies and chocolate chip cookies. They priced
oranges. If oranges were half as popular as bananas the brownies at $2 and the chocolate chip cookies at
and apples were 5% more popular than bananas, what $1. They raised $250 and sold 175 items. How many
are the percentages of each individual fruit? brownies and how many cookies were sold?

SOLVING SYSTEMS WITH CRAMER'S RULE

For the following exercises, find the determinant.
—

 
−1 4      3 ​√ 2 ​       0       0
100 0

71. ​    
​
0 0 
​  ​
0.2 −0.6

72. ​     
​
0.7 −1.1
​  ​  
     
0 2      3​  ​
73. ​ ​     
0 0 −3
       
74. ​       
​  
  
0 ​
—
√ 2 ​       —0​  ​
0       0 ​ √2 ​

For the following exercises, use Cramer’s Rule to solve the linear systems of equations.
75. 4x − 2y = 23 76. 0.2x − 0.1y = 0 77. −0.5x + 0.1y = 0.3
−5x − 10y = −35 −0.3x + 0.3y = 2.5 −0.25x + 0.05y = 0.15

78. x + 6y + 3z = 4
5
79. 4x − 3y + 5z = −​  __ ​
3
80. ​  ___ ​x − ​  __
3  ​z = −​  ___
1 ​y − ​  ___ 1  ​
2 10 5 10 50
2x + y + 2z = 3
3 ​
7x − 9y − 3z = ​  __ 1  ​x − ​  ___
​  ___ 1  ​y − ​  __ 9  ​
1 ​z = − ​  ___
3x − 2y + z = 0
2 10 10 2 50
5 ​
x − 5y − 5z = ​  __ 2 ​x − ​  __
 ​ __ 3 ​z = −​  __
1 ​y − ​  __ 1 ​
2 5 2 5 5

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