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23 views7 pages

Data

Uploaded by

akankshabhardwaj111
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Study Notes

Data Communication &


Networking
Data Communication & Networking

Introduction

Communication involves sharing information, either locally (face-to-face) or remotely


(over a distance). "Data" refers to information agreed upon by the parties involved.
Data communication is the exchange of information between two devices through a
transmission medium like a wire or cable.
Effective data communication requires a system made of hardware (devices) and
software (programs). This system must ensure delivery, accuracy, timeliness, and
minimal jitter.

Delivery: Data must reach the correct destination and intended recipient.
Accuracy: Data must be transmitted without errors.
Timeliness: Data should be delivered promptly, particularly for audio and video, which
require real-time transmission.
Jitter: The system should minimize variations in data packet arrival times to avoid
disruptions in audio and video.

Elements of a Data Communication System


Message: The data being communicated, such as text, images, audio, or video.
Sender: The device sending the message, like a computer or phone.
Receiver: The device receiving the message, like a TV or workstation.
Transmission Medium: The physical channel for transmitting data, such as cables or
radio waves.
Protocol: The rules governing communication, ensuring devices can connect and
exchange data effectively.

2
Data Communication & Networking

Computer Networks
A computer network is a system where computers are linked through various means like
wires, optical fibers, or wireless connections to interact and share resources. The main
goal is to enable different devices to share resources efficiently.

Key Uses of Computer Networking

Resource Sharing: Allows users to share programs, printers, and data without being in
the same place.
E-commerce: Facilitates online business operations, such as those by Amazon.
Communication: Acts as a medium for user communication, like company email
systems.
File Sharing: Enables quick transfer of files across the network.
Cost Savings: Reduces costs by sharing resources.

Types of Networks

LAN (Local Area Network):


Connects devices in a small area like an office or home, useful for resource sharing.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network):
Spans a larger area than LAN, like a city or campus, connecting multiple LANs.
WAN (Wide Area Network):
Covers large geographic areas, transmitting data across countries or continents.
SAN (Storage Area Network):
High-speed network linking storage devices with servers.
CAN (Campus Area Network):
Connects multiple LANs within a campus.
PAN (Personal Area Network):
Organized around an individual, involving mobile devices, either wired or wireless.

Protocols Explained
Protocols are sets of rules that manage data communication, defining the details of what
is communicated, how it is done, and when it occurs.

Main Elements of Protocols


Syntax: Defines the structure or order of the data.
Semantics: Explains the meaning of each data segment.
Timing: Specifies when data should be sent and the speed of transmission.

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Data Communication & Networking

Transmission Modes

Transmission mode describes how data is sent between devices. Each communication channel
has an associated direction, provided by the transmission media. It is also known as directional
mode and is defined at the physical layer.

 Simplex Mode: Only one-way data flow. Example: A radio station sends out signals
without receiving any.

Examples - keyboard, Television, Mouse, Radio Broadcasts, and Monitor

 Half-Duplex Mode: Data can travel both ways, but only one direction at a time.
Example: Walkie-talkies, where one person speaks, and then the other.

Examples - A Walkie-talkie set

 Full-Duplex Mode: Two-way data flow occurs simultaneously. Example: Phone calls,
allowing both people to speak and listen at the same time.

Examples - Telephone lines, Mobile phones

4
Data Communication & Networking

Transmission Medium

Transmission Media Types


Transmission media are categorized into Guided and Unguided types.

Guided Media
Guided media establish physical pathways for signals:

Twisted-Pair Cable: Lightweight, easy to install, and economical with a frequency range
of 0 to 3.5 kHz. Available as Shielded and Unshielded types.

5
Data Communication & Networking

Fibre Optics: Transmits light through a core of glass or plastic surrounded by cladding,
ensuring high efficiency with maximum bandwidth and minimal signal loss.

Coaxial Cable: Contains a central copper core surrounded by insulation and an outer
conductor, providing reliable signal transmission.

Unguided Transmission
Unguided transmission is used when physical cables are impractical:

Radio Waves: Electromagnetic waves covering 3 kHz to 1 GHz, capable of


omnidirectional transmission and penetration through walls, but susceptible to
interference

6
Data Communication & Networking

Microwaves: Electromagnetic waves from 1 to 300 GHz, requiring aligned antennas or


line-of-sight for transmission, offering high data rates but limited wall penetration at very
high frequencies.

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