Syllabus

► Introduction to MongoDB: definition of MongoDB:

what is a document database, what is JSON, How does
it look, cross-platform, scalable, flexible.
► An overview of MongoDB architecture, introduction to
mongo dB basics, core concepts and vocabulary, mongo
dB databases
► Mongo dB collections, mongo dB documents,
introduction to mongo dB shell, types of storage
engines, locks
 Mongo DB Terminology

► MongoDB Document: A document can be defined

as an instance of a MongoDB collection. It
includes a set of key-value pairs.
► All the documents include a dynamic schema
which means the documents that comprise of the
same collection do not need to have the same set of
fields and structure.
Mongo DB Verses NOSQL
 What is Database?

► A database is a collection of data stored in the Database

Management Systems (DBMS).
► Data is a small unit which, after processing, is converted into
information. So, this data stays in the database in a structured
manner and is then processed by the help of a DBMS to be
converted into some information which is helpful for analyzing and
decision making process.
► The main function of any DBMS is to:
► Store the data
► Retrieve the data
► Manipulate the data
► Process the data
 What is Relational Database?

► A relational database contains data having some sort of

relationships among two or more data records.
► These kinds of databases usually have tables
interlinked with key-value or field-value pairs.
► For example, if there is a table which has a unique
primary key column in table A then it is linked with
table B which has a column that stores the primary key
of table A, (also known as foreign key) in table B in a
manner such that these two are interlinked.
 What is NOSQL Database?

► A NoSQL database is a kind of database that

provides the mechanism of storage, retrieval and
manipulations of data in a different approach than
what the Relational Database Management
System (an SQL based database) provides.
► It is sometimes called as a NoSQL database and
sometimes "Not Only SQL"
 NOSQL Database

► It is a myth that NoSQL data cannot store relationship

data while in reality NoSQL databases like MongoDB,
stores relationship data in a different manner than SQL
based databases.
► In case of NoSQL database like MongoDB, the
relationship data is not stored and linked in a simpler
manner because here, the relationship data doesn't split
between the tables as it does in the SQL based
databases.
MongoDB Database

► MongoDB database is a document oriented database

which stores data in JSON like documents with the
dynamic schema.
► The concept of dynamic schema is to store the records
without worrying too much on the structural part of the
database. MongoDB database is a collection of data, or
documents that have JSON like structure and are not
very rigid in terms of schema.
MongoDB Collections

► A collection in MongoDB is a grouping of MongoDB

documents that hold data, usually dynamic in nature,
because collection does not enforce a schema.
► A collection is equivalent to a table in RDBMS.
► Here, the important aspect of collection is that it allows
dynamic schema, which means that a collection can
hold documents that could be different in terms of their
structure
EXAMPLE OF MONGODB
COLLECTIONS
ROW AND COLUMN IN RDBMS
 Document in MongoDB

► A document based database and each record in

MongoDB is termed as document.
► These documents are made up of key-value or
field-value pairs which are just like JSON
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
 MongoDB Shell

► MongoDB Shell is an interface used in MongoDB which

allows users to interact with MongoDB database for
database-related queries to perform various CRUD (Create,
Read, Update, and Delete) operations as well as
administration of MongoDB.
► MongoDB Shell is installed automatically by MongoDB
installer program.
► It is also available as a standalone program and you can
install it separately from MongoDB Inc. official website.
 Connecting to MongoDB Shell

► To connect to MongoDB from your Windows machine, follow these steps:

► 1. Open a separate Shell command window and navigate to the bin
directory of MongoDB.
► The path could be as follows:
► C:\Program Files\MongoDB\Server\4.4\bin
Connecting to MongoDB Shell

► 2. Now, give the following command and press Enter,

as shown in the following screenshot:
Connecting to MongoDB Shell

► 3. Once you give this command and press enter, it will open
MongoDB Shell and you can type the MongoDB related
commands, as shown in the following screenshot:
Connecting to MongoDB Shell

► 4. To test further, issue the following MongoDB command and press Enter, as
shown in the following screenshot:
 Connecting to MongoDB Shell

► 5. To exit from MongoDB Shell, type the following command and press Enter:
"exit"
► This will take you out from MongoDB Shell, as shown in the following screenshot
 Basic Shell Commands

► MongoDB Shell is a JavaScript based interface which allows you to run

various CRUD (Create, Read, Update, and Delete) and administrative
operations.
► As it is a JavaScript based interface, it has the ability to interpret
JavaScript commands as well, other than MongoDB specific operations.
A simple example is arithmetic operations like addition or multiplication,
as shown in the following screenshot
Storage Engines

► Storage engine is a software component that works

in the Database Management System (DBMS) to
provide the user CRUD (Create, Read, Update,
and Delete) functionality.
► The database engine defines a way to store the
data into the database and also the manner in
which the data is stored in both the memory and
the disk.
 TYPES OF STORAGE ENGINES IN
MONGODB

The following storage engines are supported by MongoDB:

► WiredTiger
► In-memory
► Encrypted
 WIRED TIGER STORAGE ENGINE

► The WiredTiger storage engine uses document-level

concurrency control for write operations, which means that it
can handle multiple requests without conflicting with each
other.
► In case, there is a conflict between two operations, then the
WiredTiger storage engine will retry that operation with ease.
► While using WiredTiger as a storage engine, MongoDB utilizes
the WiredTiger internal cache as well as the file system cache.
WiredTiger is helpful in the efficient use the CPU and RAM
and is also helpful when it comes to tuning the database storage
engine.
► It can be tuned more than the MMAP storage engine.
IN MEMORY STORAGE ENGINE

► The in-memory storage engine is available in the

MongoDB Enterprise Edition.
► These provide high output with low latency and high
availability.
► The in-memory storage engines support high-level
infrastructure based on zonal sharding.
► These also come with MongoDB rich query capability
and indexing support
 ENCRYPTED STORAGE ENGINE

► This feature allows MongoDB to encrypt data and

decrypt whenever required.
► Many a times, data encryption is forced by the
government bodies or some industry standards like
HIPAA, PCI-DSS, and FERPA.
► These are some security standards and guidelines
which help in ensuring compliance with security
and privacy policies of the industry or
organization.
 THIRD PARTY STORAGE
PLUGGED STORAGE ENGINES

► MongoDB also supports the third-part storage engines. These

storage engines can be plugged in like modules and can also
be independently updated.
► An example of the third-party storage engine is RocksDB
developed by Facebook Inc. and designed to handle
write-intensive workloads.
► The RocksDB storage engine is the first one to use the
module system for the MongoDB storage integration layer.
 Database LOCK

► A database lock is a mechanism used by the database to

prevent a scenario where two users or two sessions
modify the same data at the same time.
► What this means is that there could be a scenario where
there are two or more database users who are working on
the same set of data and want to update the same data or
record.
► In this case, there would be lot of issues that would arise.
The mostly aroused situation could be related to which
data is latest and up-to-date.
Database Lock Operations

► There are mainly three different types of

locking operation that are mostly done in
databases:
► Read lock operation
► Write lock operation
► Unlock operation
Database Locks in MongoDB

► MongoDB uses multiple granularity locking. This

type of locking ensures that the database locking
can be done at the child level (record level).
► MongoDB allows multiple clients to read and
write data at the same time and thus, it uses
locking at different levels and other concurrency
control methods to achieve this.
Database Locks in MongoDB

► MongoDB's WiredTiger engine uses intent locks

as well as optimistic concurrency control
1) Global
2) Database and
3) Collection Level
so it always prevents the conflicts
Database Locks in MongoDB

► MongoDB also allows the database engines

to implement their own concurrency and
locking mechanisms at the document level.
► In case WiredTiger detects any write conflict
with any client, then that client will
transparently retry its operation