ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS 1

EMT 2232 (LECTURE 3)

GRACE WAMUTI [email protected]

 LECTURE OUTLINE

1. ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE CIRCUIT (PART B)

• Recap on branches and permissible connection of electrical
sources, voltage and current source combinations,
resistance and conductance combinations, voltage division
and current division.

2. Nodal and mesh equations: (PART A)

• Analysis with nodal and mesh or loop equations,
transformation between voltage and current sources.
 ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE CIRCUIT (LECTURE 2)
Nodes and Branches
The definition of what a branch is will vary from one author to the next. In this unit we will stick to
the second definition. (Take note of this correction in the notes shared from lecture 2.)

A branch is
1. a single path that connects two nodes and contains one element (such as resistors, capacitors,
inductors, voltage sources, etc.).
2. a single electrical pathway, consisting of wires and elements whereby the current through any
element in a branch is the same as the current through every other element in that branch. (This
current is sometimes referred to as a branch current.)

Definition 1: Definition 2:
Nodes = 4 Nodes = 4
Branches = 5 Branches = 3
 BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
ACTIVE DEVICES : ELECTRICAL SOURCES

Permissible Interconnections

1. When supplying voltage across the same pair of terminals a and b

(parallel connection), it is required that each source supply the same
voltage with the same polarity

vx=5V vs=15V

Note:
Voltage sources can also be connected in series.
 BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
ACTIVE DEVICES : ELECTRICAL SOURCES
Permissible Interconnections

2. When current sources supply current through the same pair of terminals
(series connection), marked a and b, it is required that each source supply the
same current in the same direction

ix=2A is=6A

Note:
While voltage sources can be connected in series to increase the total voltage, current sources should generally be connected in
parallel to increase the total current capacity.
 ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE CIRCUIT
Voltage and current source combinations

1. Simplification of circuits with multiple electric sources

• There are instances when independent current sources and independent voltage
sources can be combined to simplify the circuit diagram and make the circuit analysis
easier.

• Independent voltage sources can be combined by calculating the algebraic sum of the
voltage sources when the sources are connected in series. (using the KVL)

• Independent current sources can be combined by calculating the algebraic sum of the
current sources when the currents are connected in parallel. (using the KCL)

• In cases where the sources cannot be combined in a straight forward manner (using
KCL and KVL equations), other techniques are used to simplify cct analysis such as
Superposition theorem and Source transformations. (These will be covered later in this
unit).
 ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE CIRCUIT

1. Combining voltage sources

10 Ω 10 V 10 Ω
+ - + -

I I +
+
5V 5Ω
15 V 5Ω
- -

KVL KVL
Can independent and
dependent voltage -15 + 10 + (I * 10) + (I * 5) = 0 -5 + (I * 10) + (I * 5) = 0
is sources be combined
using this method?
15*I = 5 15*I = 5
5 1 5 1
I= Amperes = Amperes I = 15 Amperes = 3Amperes
15 3
 ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE CIRCUIT

1. Combining voltage sources

B C E HELPFUL TIPS

• Take careful note of the polarity

I of the voltage sources.
A F
• Learn to correctly identify the
D sources that are connected in
series.

From the cct above, identify the sources that can be combined by
obtaining the algebraic sum of the voltage sources. Draw the
equivalent cct.
 ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE CIRCUIT

2. Combining current sources

+ +

5A 2A 3A -
𝑰𝟐 𝑰𝟑 𝑰𝟐 𝑰𝟑
𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟒 𝑰𝟏 - 𝑰𝟒

Node 1a Node 1b

KCL (at node 1a) KCL (at node 1b)

𝑰𝟏 - 𝑰𝟐 - 𝑰𝟑 - 𝑰𝟒 = 0 𝑰𝟏 - 𝑰𝟒 - 𝑰𝟐 - 𝑰𝟑 = 0
 ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE CIRCUIT

2. Combining current sources

HELPFUL TIPS

• Take careful note of the

I direction of the current sources.
A B C D
• Learn to correctly identify the
sources that are connected in
parallel

From the cct above, identify the sources that can be combined using algebraic
addition (KCL). Draw the equivalent cct.

Hint: voltage across components that are connected in parallel are equal.
 ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE CIRCUIT
Voltage and current source combinations

2. Circuits with both voltage and current sources

4Ω 4Ω

15V 5V
10V 5A 10A 5A
=

What is the current flowing through the 4Ω resistor = 5 A

What is the voltage across the 4Ω resistor = 20 V
What is the voltage across the current source? =15 V

We will have more examples on analysing complex circuits that have multiple voltage and current sources later in this unit.
 ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE CIRCUIT
Voltage and current source combinations
2. Circuits with both voltage and current sources- simulation of the example

n001 n002 n003

 ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE CIRCUIT

RESISTANCE AND CONDUCTANCE COMBINATION

• Conductance G is rarely used in engineering work. Its inverse, resistance R, is preferred instead.
• It is however worthwhile to note that the solution of certain circuit analysis problems is handled more
easily in terms of conductances than resistances. This is true, for example, in circuits with many
parallel elements, since conductances in parallel add as resistors in series do.
 ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE CIRCUIT

RESISTANCE AND CONDUCTANCE COMBINATION

2.5Ω
Calculate the current flowing through the 2.5Ω resistor = 2.88 A

12V
 ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE CIRCUIT

VOLTAGE DIVISION

• A voltage divider is used to produce an output voltage (Vout) that is a fraction of its input
voltage (Vin).
• An example of a voltage divider cct is shown below:

Question
ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE CIRCUIT

VOLTAGE DIVISION
ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE CIRCUIT

VOLTAGE DIVISION
 ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE CIRCUIT

CURRENT DIVISION

• A current divider is defined as a circuit where the output current is a portion of the input
current
• An example of a current divider circuit is shown below:

Question
NODAL AND MESH EQUATIONS

1. Nodal Analysis
 NODAL AND MESH EQUATIONS
1. Nodal Analysis
CLASS EXAMPLE – Q 1

i. Calculate Ix
 NODAL AND MESH EQUATIONS
1. Nodal Analysis
CLASS EXAMPLE – Q 2

i. Calculate Ix
 NODAL AND MESH EQUATIONS
1. Nodal Analysis
CLASS EXAMPLE – Q 3

i. Calculate Ix
 NODAL AND MESH EQUATIONS
1. Nodal Analysis
CLASS EXAMPLE – Q 4

i. Calculate Ix
 NODAL AND MESH EQUATIONS
1. Nodal Analysis
Exercises
READING ASSIGNMENT- (NOT FOR SUBMISSION)

CONCEPT OF A SUPERNODE
i. When is it useful?
ii. How to solve cct problems that has a supernode

Recommendation: YOUTUBE VIDEO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=khtZubT9K8E

NODAL AND MESH EQUATIONS

1. Mesh Analysis
 NODAL AND MESH EQUATIONS
1. Mesh Analysis
CLASS EXAMPLE – Q 1

i) Calculate the current flowing through R1,

R2 and R3

ii) Calculate the power absorbed by R1,R2,

and R3

iii) Calculate the power supplied by the

voltage sources
 NODAL AND MESH EQUATIONS
1. Mesh Analysis
CLASS EXAMPLE – Q 2

i. Calculate Ix
 NODAL AND MESH EQUATIONS
1. Mesh Analysis
CLASS EXAMPLE – Q 3

i. Find the power of the 50 W

source
 NODAL AND MESH EQUATIONS
1. Mesh Analysis
CLASS EXAMPLE – Q 4

i. Find the power of 2 ohm resistor

using mesh analysis
 NODAL AND MESH EQUATIONS
1. Mesh Analysis
EXERCISES
 LT SPICE SIMULATION
Schematic Diagram

From Class Example Q1:

i) Calculate the current flowing through R1,

R2 and R3

ii) Calculate the power absorbed by R1,R2,

and R3

iii) Calculate the power supplied by the

voltage sources
 LT SPICE SIMULATION – OPTION 1
SIMULATION SETTINGS – GENERATING GRAPHS (using .tran directive)
Transient Simulation
 LT SPICE SIMULATION
SIMULATION RESULTS (CURRENT PLOTS)

Reading values using cursor

 LT SPICE SIMULATION
SIMULATION RESULTS (CURRENT PLOTS)

Voltage across resistor can be plotted

using an expression which relates the
component voltage with the node
voltages

𝑉𝑅1 = 𝑉𝑁2 − 𝑉𝑁1

N001 N002

Reading values using cursor

 LT SPICE SIMULATION –OPTION 2
SIMULATION SETTINGS – GENERATING VALUES (using .op directive)

Operating point simulation

 LT SPICE SIMULATION –OPTION 2
SIMULATION SETTINGS – GENERATING VALUES (using .op directive)

Operating point simulation result

Voltage across resistor can be

computed using the node
voltage values obtained.
ASSIGNMENT 1 – SUBMISSION 16TH OCT 2024

Q1 (same question we worked on in class)

i) Calculate the voltage drop across R1,

R2 and R3

Using the LTSpice software, obtain the

simulated graphs for:

i) Voltage across R3
ii) Voltage across R2
 ASSIGNMENT 1 – SUBMISSION 16TH OCT 2024

Q2 Using any of the circuit analysis methods you have learnt

so far,

12Ω X 10Ω Z i) Calculate the voltage drop across R1, R2 and R3

R1 R2
ii) Calculate the power consumed by all the resistors in
the circuit
R3 3Ω
10A
iii) Calculate the power supplied by the voltage sources
10V
Y Q Using the LTSpice software, obtain the transcient
simulated graphs for:
Values for X, Y, Z and Q are to be obtained
from your registration numbers as follows: i) Voltage across R1, R2 and R3 (all plotted in one
graph)
ENM221- XYZQ/2023 ii) Current flowing through R1, R2 and R3 (all plotted
together in another graph)
*use 10 if one of your digits is 0,
*Submit Q1 and Q2 as one document (hard copy)
include screenshots of the simulation.
 OUTLINE FOR NEXT LECTURE

1. Nodal and mesh equations: (PART B)

• Transformation between voltage and current
sources.

2. CIRCUIT THEOREMS
• Thevenin's theorem, Norton's theorem, maximum
power transfer theorem, linearity, superposition
principle.