SOFT COMPUTING

MODULE-4: Fuzzy Sets

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary

VIT Vellore

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 SYLLABUS

• Introduction
• Fuzzy set operations
• Fuzzy relations
• Fuzzy membership functions
• Fuzzification
• Defuzzification

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 SET
 Definition of Mathematics:
 No universally accepted definition till the
notion of set was introduced by Cantor in 1873. Georg Cantor
1845 - 1918

 Set: It is a well-defined collection of distinct objects called

elements
 Russell's Paradox led to antimonies to this definition

 Example of a Barber in a town

 More general: Set of all sets

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 SET CONTD…

 Alternate Approaches:
 Assumption as a known concept
 Axiomatic approach

 Why do we use the Intuitive Definition?

• Deficiency of sets, mentioned above, has rather philosophical
than practical meaning, since sets used practically in
mathematics are free from the above discussed faults

 Antinomies are associated with very artificial sets

 So, there is no harm to mathematics with the definition.

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 VAGUENESS
 No solution to find alternate to classical set theory
 Another issue discussed in connection with the notion of a set
is vagueness (impreciseness)
 Example:
 The notion of a beautiful painting is vague
 Reason:
• We are unable to classify uniquely all paintings into two
classes: beautiful and not beautiful.
• NOTE: Almost all concepts we are using in natural languages
are vague
• THEREFORE, COMMON SENSE REASONING BASED ON
NATURAL LANGUAGE MUST BE BASED ON VAGUE CONCEPTS
AND NOT ON CLASSICAL LOGIC.
Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
 VAGUENESS CONTD…

• Vagueness is usually associated with the

• boundary region approach Gottlob Frege
• That is the existence of objects which cannot 1848 - 1925
be uniquely classified relative to a set or its complement
• First formulated in 1893 by the father of modern logic,
German logician, Gottlob Frege
• Vagueness is
• not allowed in classical mathematics based on set theory;
• interesting for philosophy;
• a nettlesome problem for natural language, cognitive
science, artificial intelligence, machine learning, philosophy
and computer science
Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
 SOME IMPORTANT OBSERVATIONS

• So far as laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not

certain. And so far as they are certain, they do not refer to
reality. -Albert Einstein (1921)
Albert Einstein
1979 - 1955
• All traditional logic habitually assumes that precise symbols
are being employed. It is therefore not applicable to the
terrestrial life but only to an imagined celestial existence.
-Bertrand Russell (1923)
Bertrand Russel
1872 - 1970

• THESE OBSERVATIONS PUT A QUESTION MARK ON THE APPLICABILITY

OF CRISP SET THEORY IN REAL LIFE SITUATIONS
Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
 SOME EXAMPLES

• We consider some examples where the modeling using crisp

sets is unrealistic

➢ Young Person
➢ Examination Results
➢ Physical Test for candidates
➢ Trustworthy Customer

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 CHARACTERISTIC FUNCTION FOR SETS

• Associated with any set A defined over a universal set U is the

characteristic function  A defined by

• EXAMPLE:
• Let U = {1, 2, ….10} and A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}.
• Then
• and

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 FUZZY SETS

• The dichotomous nature of the characteristic function was

extended to define the membership function which is the
origin of fuzzy sets

• Membership function is gradual

• In a fuzzy set context we say that the membership of an

element is graded

• Instead of the values for a characteristic function which are 0

or 1, the values for a membership function can assume any
value lying in the interval [0, 1]

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

UNCERTAINTY BASED MODELS AND ROUGH SET

[Lotfi Abraham Zadeh 1921 – 2017]

• One of the earliest models of uncertainty is Fuzzy set

introduced by L. A. Zadeh in 1965
• It introduced the concept of graded membership of elements
in a set instead of dichotomous membership in crisp sets
introduced by G. Cantor in 1820
• It is more realistic and has better modelling power
• Given a universal set U, a fuzzy subset X of U is defined
through a membership function associated with X, denoted by
𝜇𝑋 defined as 𝜇𝑋 : 𝑈 → [0,1ሿ such that for any 𝑥 ∈ 𝑈, 𝜇𝑋 (𝑥) =
𝛼, where 𝛼 ∈ [0,1ሿ
Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
 MEMBERSHIP FUNCTION

 We shall denote the membership function of a fuzzy set A

defined over a universal set U by  A , which is defined as

such that for each x U ,  A ( x) =  , 0    1.

• Each fuzzy set is completely and uniquely defined by one

particular membership function.

• The fuzzy membership functions are not only dependent

upon the concept but also upon the context.

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 AN EXAMPLE

• Let us consider a young person

• Using crisp set concept we have to find a cut off age (say 35)
up to which a person can be called as young
• When a person crosses 35 years of age, he/she is no more
considered as young, which sounds illogical
• However, we can represent the same concept as a fuzzy one
and define its membership function say by

1, x  35;

 young ( x) = 1 − ( x − 35) / 25, 35  x  60;
0,
 otherwise

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

Skip Slides 16-20

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 THE PARADIGM SHIFT
• Scientific Paradigm:
• Introduced by Thomas Kuhn in 1962
• Book: The structure of scientific revolutions

Thomas Kuhn
• PARADIGM: 1922- 1996
• A set of theories, standards, principles and methods that are
taken for granted by the scientific community in a given field

• SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS ARE INTERWOVEN WITH PERIODS OF

PARADIGM SHIFTS

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 CHARACTERISTICS OF PARADIGM SHIFT

• Each paradigm shift is initiated by emerging problems

• These are difficult or impossible to deal with in the current

paradigm

• Each paradigm, when proposed, is initially rejected in

various forms by most scientists in the given field

• Those who support the new paradigm are either very young
or very new to the field

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 THE AGONIES

 Professor Rudolf Kalman (one of the foremost contributors to

system theory and control said in 1972)

…I would like to comment briefly on professor Zadeh’s

presentation. His proposals could be severely, ferociously,
even brutally criticized from a technical point of view.
This would be out of place here. But a blunt question remains:
Is Professor Zadeh presenting important ideas or is he
indulging in wishful thinking?
... Let me say quite categorically that there is no such thing as
a fuzzy scientific concept, in my opinion.”
– Expressed by Zadeh (1996)

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 THE AGONIES CONTD…

 Professor William Kahan (A colleague of Prof. Zadeh in 1975)

• ….Fuzzy theory is wrong, wrong and pernicious (harmful).
• I cannot think of any problem that could not be solved better
by ordinary logic.
• What Zadeh is saying is the sort of things ‘Technology got us
into this men and now it can’t get us out’.
• Well, technology did not get us into this men, greed and
weakness and ambivalence ( co-existence of opposite feeling
in the mind of a person towards a person) got us into this
men.
• What we need is more logical thinking, not less.
• The danger of fuzzy theory is that it will encourage the sort
of imprecise thinking that has brought us so much trouble
- Expressed by Zadeh (1996)
Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
 WHAT IS ACHIEVED?

• What is gained through fuzzification is:

• greater generality
• higher expressive power
• an enhanced ability to model real world problems
• and most importantly, a methodology for exploiting the
tolerance for imprecision
• a methodology which serves to achieve tractability,
robustness and lower solution cost
Speech by L.A.Zadeh (1996) presented on the occasion of the
award of Doctorate Honoris Causa, University of Oviedo,
Spain:
• The Birth and Evolution of Fuzzy Logic (FL), Soft Computing
(SC) and Computing with Words (CW): A personal
Perspective
Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
 REPRESENTATION OF FUZZY SETS

 There are several different ways in which a fuzzy set can be

represented.
 I. A fuzzy set is denoted by an ordered set of pairs, the first
element of which denotes the element and the second the
degree of membership.
 Let X be a set. Then a fuzzy set A in X is denoted by the
collection of pairs {( x,  A ( x)) x  X }.
 Example
 Let U = {1,2,3,4,5,6}. Then A = {(1, 0.6),(2, 0.3),(4, 0.7),(5,1)}
is a fuzzy set on U.
Note that the elements 3 and 6 have membership values 0.
Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
 REPRESENTATION OF FUZZY SETS CONTD…

• A fuzzy set A can be represented as

A =  A ( x1 ) x1 +  A ( x2 ) x2 + ... +  A ( xn ) xn + ...
=   A ( xi ) xi .
i

• The ‘+’ , ‘/’ and '  ' symbols have not been used with their
usual meanings, these are only representational.

• For example, the fuzzy set example above can be represented

as
A = .6 1 + .3 2 + .7 4 + 1 7.

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 CHARACTERISTICS OF FUZZY MEMBERSHIP
FUNCTIONS
• The core of a membership function for some fuzzy set A is
defined as that region of the universe that is characterized by
complete and full membership in the set A.
• That is, the core comprises of those elements x of the
universe such that  A ( x) = 1.

• The support of a membership function for some fuzzy set A is

defined as that region of the universe that is characterized by
nonzero membership in the set A.
• That is, the support comprises of those elements x of the
universe such that  A ( x) >0.

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 CHARACTERISTICS OF FUZZY MEMBERSHIP
FUNCTIONS CONTD…
• The boundaries of a membership function for some fuzzy set
A are defined as that region of the universe containing
elements that have a nonzero membership but not complete
membership
• That is, the boundaries comprise those elements x of the
universe such that 0 <  A ( x) < 1.
• A normal fuzzy set is one whose membership function has at
least one element x in the universe whose membership value
is unity.
• In fuzzy sets, where one and only one element has a
membership equal to one, the element is typically referred to
as the prototype of the set, or the prototypical element.
Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
 CHARACTERISTICS OF FUZZY MEMBERSHIP
FUNCTIONS CONTD…
• A convex fuzzy set is described by a membership function
whose membership values are
• strictly monotonically increasing, or
• strictly monotonically decreasing, or
• whose membership values are strictly monotonically
increasing then strictly monotonically decreasing with
increasing values for elements in the universe.

• if for any elements x, y, and z in a fuzzy set A, the relation

• x < y <z implies that  A ( y )  min[  A ( x),  A (z)]
• then A is said to be a convex fuzzy set
Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
 CHARACTERISTICS OF FUZZY MEMBERSHIP
FUNCTIONS CONTD…
• A special property of two convex fuzzy sets, say A and B, is
that the intersection of these two convex fuzzy sets is also a
convex fuzzy set
• That is, for A and B, which are both convex, A ∩B is also
convex.
• The crossover points of a membership function are defined
as the elements in the universe for which a particular fuzzy
set A has values equal to 0.5, that is, for which 𝜇𝐴 (𝑥)= 0.5.

• The height of a fuzzy set A is the maximum value of the

membership function, that is, hgt(A) = max{  A ( x) }.

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 CHARACTERISTICS OF FUZZY MEMBERSHIP
FUNCTIONS CONTD…
• If the hgt(A) < 1, the fuzzy set is said to be subnormal

• The hgt(A) may be viewed as the degree of validity or

credibility of information expressed by A

• The most common forms of membership functions are those

that are normal and convex.

• However, many operations on fuzzy sets, hence operations

on membership functions, result in fuzzy sets that are
subnormal and non-convex

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 EXAMPLES

• Let U = {x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5} . We define

X = {( x1 , 0.3), ( x2 , 0.5), ( x3 , 0.8)}

• Then
• Crossover points of  X is the set {x2 }
• hgt(X) = 0.8
• X is subnormal as its height is less than 1
• X is convex as x1  x2  x3 and we have
•  X ( x2 ) = 0.5  0.3 = min{ X ( x1 ),  X ( x3 )}

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 BASIC OPERATIONS ON FUZZY SETS

• Union of Sets: For any two sets A and B we define their union
as
A B = {x  A or x  B}

• This can be rewritten using characteristic functions as

 A B ( x) = max{ A ( x),  B ( x)},

• Extending this union of two fuzzy sets is defined as

 A B ( x) = max{ A ( x),  B ( x)}

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 BASIC OPERATIONS ON FUZZY SETS CONTD…

• The intersection of two sets A and B is defined as

A B = {x  A and x  B}

• Using characteristic functions this can be rewritten as

 A B ( x) = min{ A ( x),  B ( x)}

• Extending this intersection of two fuzzy sets is defined as

 A B ( x) = min{ A ( x), B ( x)}

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 BASIC OPERATIONS ON FUZZY SETS CONTD…

• For any two sets A and B the complement of B in A is defined

as
A \ B = {x  A and x  B}
• Using characteristic functions it can be rewritten as

 A\B ( x) = max{0,  A ( x) −  B ( x)}.

• Extending this intersection of two fuzzy sets is defined as

A\B ( x) = max{0,  A ( x) −  B ( x)}.

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 BASIC OPERATIONS ON FUZZY SETS CONTD…

• The complement of a set A in a universal set U is given by

AC = {x U / x  A}

• Using the characteristic function it can be rewritten as

 A ( x ) = 1 −  A ( x)
C

• Extending this the complement of a fuzzy set is defined as

 A ( x) = 1 −  A ( x)
C

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 COMPARISON OF SETS

• For any two sets A and B we say that A  B iff x  A  x  B

• Using characteristic functions it can be rewritten as

• A  B   A ( x)   B ( x) for all x U
• Extending this, for any two fuzzy sets A and B we say that
• A  B   A ( x)   B ( x) for all x U

• So, we say that A = B iff  A ( x) = B ( x) for all x U

• We say that A is a proper subset of B iff A  B and
•  A ( x)  B ( x) for atleast one x U

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 EXAMPLES

• Suppose U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5},

• A = { (2,1), (3, 0.5), (4, 0.2),(5,0.3)} and
• B = {(2,0.5), (3, 0.2), (4, 0.7),(5,0.4)}

• Then AC = {(1,1), (2, 0), (3, 0.5), (4, 0.8), (5, 0.7)}
A B = {(2,1), (3, 0.5), (4, 0.7), (5, 0.4)}

A B = {(2,0.5),(3,0.2),(4,0.2),(5,0.3)}

A \ B = {(2,0.5),(3,0.3),(4,0),(5,0)}

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 PROPERTIES OF FUZZY SETS

• For any two fuzzy sets A and B

𝐴∪𝐵 =𝐵∪𝐴
• Commutativity:
𝐴∩𝐵 =𝐵∩𝐴

𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶
• Associativity:
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶

A∪ B∩C = A∪B ∩ A∪C

• Distributivity:
A∩ B∪C = A∩B ∪ A∩C

• Idempotency: 𝐴 ∩ 𝐴 = 𝐴, 𝐴 ∪ 𝐴 = 𝐴

• Identity: 𝐴 ∪ 𝜙 = 𝐴, 𝐴 ∩ 𝑈 = 𝐴, 𝐴 ∩ 𝜙 = 𝜙, 𝐴 ∪ 𝑈 = 𝑈

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 A RESULT

• For m, n, pN, we have

• max {m, min {n, p} = min {max {m, n}, max {m, p}}
• min {m, max {n, p} = max {min {m, n}, min {m, p}}

• Proof: We consider two different cases

• Case 1: n  p and
• Case 2: n < p.
• We provide the proof in Case 1.
• The proof of Case 2 is similar.

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 PROOF CONTD…

• Proof of Case 1:
• We have the following three possibilities in this case:
• (i) mn , (ii) n > mp and (iii) n p m

• Case 1 (i):
• Here, we get m np . So,
• LHS = max {m, min {n, p}} = max {m, p} = m.
• RHS = min {max {m, n}, max {m, p}} =min {m, m} = m.
• So, LHS = RHS.

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 PROOF CONTD…

• Case 1 (ii): We have

• LHS = max {m, min {n, p}} = max {m, p} = m.
• RHS = min {max {m, n}, max {m, p}} = min {n, m} = m.
• So, LHS = RHS.

• Case 1 (iii): Here, we have

• LHS = max {m, min {n, p}} = max {m, p} = p.
• RHS = min {max {m, n}, max {m, p}} = min {n, p} = p.
• So, LHS = RHS.

• This completes the proof.

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 PROPERTIES OF FUZZY SETS CONTD…

• Transitivity: If 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 and 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐶 then 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐶.

• Involution: ( AC )C = A

• Axiom of excluded middle: A AC  U

• Axiom of contradiction: A AC  

• NOTE: The above two properties hold for crisp sets

• De Morgan’s Law: ( A B) = A B and ( A B)C = AC BC
C C C

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 EXAMPLES

• Let us take U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} and A be a fuzzy set

drawn from U defined as
• A = { (1, .9), (3, .7), (4, .6), (7, .3), (9, .8)}
• 𝐴𝐶 = { (1, .1), (2, 1), (3, .3), (4, .4), (5, 1), (6, 1), (7, .7), (8, 1), (9,
.2), (10, 1)}.
• Now
• 𝐴 ∪ 𝐴𝐶 = {(1, .9), (2,1), (3, .7), (4, .6), (5, 1), (6, 1), (7, .7), (8, 1),
(9, .8), (10, 1)} ≠ U Axiom of excluded middle does not hold
• 𝐴 ∩ 𝐴𝐶 = {(1, .1), (2, 0), (3, .3), (4, .4), (5, 0), (6, 0), (7, .3), (8,
0), (9, .2), (10, 0)} ≠ 𝜙 Axiom of contradiction does not hold

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
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Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
 CLASSICAL RELATIONS

• Let A and B be two sets. Then a relation from A to B is a

subset of the Cartesian product A x B
• A binary relation on a set A is a subset of A x A
• Universal relation on A is A x A
• Identity relation on A is id A = {( x, x) | x  A}
• In general a n-ary relation on A is a subset of
An = A  A...  A
n −times
• Since relations are sets their union, intersection and
complements are defined just as for sets

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

MATRIX REPRESENTATION OF CRISP RELATIONS

• Let A = {1, 2, 3} B = {x, y, z}

• R = { (1, x), (2, y), (3, z)}. The R can be represented as a
matrix as
x y z
1 1 0 0
2 0 1 0 
3

0 0 1 
• S = {(1,y), (1, z), (2, x), (2, y), (3, x), (3, y), (3, z)}
• S can be represented as x y z
1 0 1 1 
2 1 1 0 
3  
1 1 1 
Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
 SPECIAL RELATIONS

• Define R and S as two separate relations on the Cartesian

universe X × Y
• define the null relation and the complete relation as the
relation matrices O and E, respectively.
• An example of a 4 × 4 form of the O and E matrices is given
here is
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 1
O=
0 0 1 1 1
0 0 E=
0 0 1 1 1 1
   
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 RELATION IN TERMS OF CHARACTERISTIC
FUNCTION
• The characteristic function is used to assign values of
relationship R as the mapping of the Cartesian space X × Y to
the binary values of (0, 1):

1, if ( x, y)  R,
 R ( x, y ) = 
0, if ( x, y )  R.

• Let R and S as two separate relations on the Cartesian

universe X × Y. Then
 R S ( x, y) = max{ R ( x, y),  S ( x, y)}
 R S ( x, y) = min{ R ( x, y),  S ( x, y)}
 R ( x, y) = 1 −  R ( x, y)
C

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 COMPOSITION OF RELATIONS

• There are two common forms of the composition operation

• one is called the max–min composition
• the other the max–product composition
• Let R be a relation from X to Y and S be a relation from Y to Z
and we define T = R ◦ S,

• (max-min) T ( x, z ) =  (  R ( x, y)   R ( y, z ))
yY

• (max-product) T ( x, z ) =  (  R ( x, y)   R ( y, z ))
yY

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 EXAMPLE

• Let X = {x1, x2, x3}, Y = {y1, y2, y3, y4} and Z = {z1, z2}.
• R = { (x1, y1), (x1, y3), (x2, y4)}
• S = { (y1, z2), (y3, z2)}
• The relation matrices are given by

1 0 1 0  0 1
0 0 1 
  0  0 0
• R= 0 0 0 1
  and S=  . Then T =
0 1  
0 0 0 0   0 0 
0 0
T ( x1, z1) = max[min(1, 0), min(0, 0), min(1, 0), min(0, 0)] = 0
T ( x1, z 2) = max[min(1, 1), min(0, 0), min(1, 1), min(0, 0)] = 1

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 FUZZY RELATIONS

• A fuzzy relation from a set X to a set Y is a fuzzy subset of X ×

Y
• Let R an S be two fuzzy relations on X × Y. Then
• Union  R S ( x, y) = max{ R ( x, y), S ( x, y)}

• Intersection  R S ( x, y) = min{R ( x, y), S ( x, y)}

• Complement RC ( x, y) = 1 − R ( x, y)

• Subrelation R  S iff R ( x, y)  S ( x, y)

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 PROPERTIES OF FUZZY RELATIONS

• The properties of commutativity, associativity, distributivity,

involution, and idempotency all hold for fuzzy relations

• De Morgan’s principles hold for fuzzy relations

• R RC  E ,where E is the complete relation

• R RC  O ,where O is the null relation

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 FUZZY CARTESIAN PRODUCT

• Let A be a fuzzy set on universe X and B be a fuzzy set on

universe Y, then the Cartesian product between fuzzy sets A
and B will result in a fuzzy relation R, which is contained
within the full Cartesian product space,
A B = R  X Y

R ( x, y) =  AB ( x, y) = min{ A ( x),  B ( y)}

• Each of the fuzzy sets could be thought of as a vector of

membership values; each value is associated with a
particular element in each set.

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 EXAMPLE OF FUZZY CARTESIAN PRODUCT

• Let A be a fuzzy set (vector) having four elements

• Then A can be represented as a column vector of size 4 × 1

• Let B be a fuzzy set (vector) having five elements

• Then B can be represented as a row vector size of 1 × 5

• The resulting fuzzy relation R will be represented by a matrix

of size 4 × 5, that is, R will have four rows and five columns

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 EXAMPLE OF FUZZY CARTESIAN PRODUCT

• Let X = {x1, x2, x3} and Y = {y1, y2}

• Let A and B be two fuzzy sets defined over X and Y
respectively by
• A = {(x1,0. 2), (x2, 0.5), (x3,1)} and B = { (y1, 0.3 ), (y2, 0.9) }.
• A can be represented as a column vector 0.2
0.5
 
 1 
• B can be represented as a row vector [0.3 0.9]
• The fuzzy Cartesian product A  B is given by a 3 x 2 matrix
0.2 0.2 
 0.3 0.5 
 
 0.3 0.9 
Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
 COMPOSITION OF FUZZY RELATIONS

• Composition of fuzzy relations can be defined just as it is for

crisp (binary) relations
• Suppose R is a fuzzy relation on the Cartesian space X × Y
• S is a fuzzy relation on Y × Z
• Then the composition 𝑆𝑜𝑅 = T is a fuzzy relation on X × Z
• Then fuzzy max–min composition is defined in terms of the
set-theoretic notation and membership function-theoretic
notation in the following manner:
T ( x, z ) =  (  R ( x, y )   S ( y, z ))
yY
• Neither CRISP nor FUZZY COMPOSITION are commutative in
general, that is R SS R

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 EXAMPLE

• Let X = {x1, x2}, Y = {y1, y2}, and Z = {z1, z2, z3}.

• R and S be given by
Y1 y2 z1 z2 z3
X1 0.7 0.5 Y1  0.9 0.6 0.2 
x2  0.8 0.4 y2  
  0.1 0.7 0.5 

• The resulting composition R o S, which relates elements of X

to elements of Z is defined on the Cartesian space X x Z as
z1 z2 z3
X1  0.7 0.6 0.5 
x2  
 0.8 0.6 0.4 
T ( x1, z1) = max[min(0.7, 0.9), min(0.5, 0.1)] = 0.7

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 EXAMPLE

• If we take the max product composition then

z1 z2 z3
x1  0.63 0.42 0.25
T=
x2 0.72 0.48 0.20
 

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 CRISP EQUIVALENCE RELATION

• A relation R on a universe X can also be thought of as a

relation from X to X
• A relation R is an equivalence relation if it has the following
three properties:
➢ reflexivity
➢ symmetry
➢ transitivity
• Reflexive: For all x  X , 𝑥𝑅𝑥 𝑜𝑟 (𝑥, 𝑥) ∈ 𝑅
• Symmetric: 𝑥𝑅𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦𝑅𝑥,i.e. (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ (𝑦, 𝑥) ∈ 𝑅, ∀𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑋.
• Transitive: x R y and y R z  x R z or
(𝑥, 𝑦), (𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ (𝑥, 𝑧) ∈ 𝑅
Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
 EQUIVALENCE RELATION IN TERMS OF
CHARACTERISTIC FUNCTION
• R is reflexive if and only if
 R ( x, x) = 1, x  X

• R is symmetric if and only if

 R ( x, y) = 1   R ( y, x) = 1, x, y  X

• R is transitive if and only if

 R ( x, y) = 1 and  R (y,z) = 1   R (y,z) = 1, x, y, z  X

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 EXAMPLES

• POSITIVE EXAMPLES:
• Parallelism among straight lines in a plane
• Similarity among triangles in a plane
• Congruence among triangles in a plane
• Over Z, x R y iff x – y is even
• “Works in the same building as” among workers in a company
• “Reads in the same class as” among students in a college
• NEGATIVE EXAMPLES:
• “x R y iff x is a brother of y” among people in a town
• “x R y iff x is a friend of y” among people in a country

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 TOLERANCE RELATION

• A relation R on a set X is said to be a tolerance (proximity)

relation iff it is only reflexive and symmetric but not transitive
• Example:
• X = {1, 2, 3} and R = { (1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (1,2), (2,1)}

• NOTE: If R is a tolerance relation on X of cardinality n then

R R ..... R
n −1times

• is always an equivalence relation

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 FUZZY EQUIVALENCE RELATION

• A fuzzy relation R on a single universe X is a fuzzy equivalence

relation if all three of the following properties hold:

• Fuzzy reflexive: 𝜇𝑅 (𝑥, 𝑥) = 1, ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑋

• Fuzzy symmetric: 𝜇𝑅 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝜇𝑅 (𝑦, 𝑥), ∀𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑋

• Fuzzy transitive:
• R ( x, y) = 1 , R (y, z) = 2   R ( x, z ) =  , where   min{1 , 2 }.

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 FUZZY PROXIMITY RELATION

• A fuzzy relation R on a single universe X is a fuzzy proximity

relation iff it is fuzzy reflexive and fuzzy symmetric

• NOTE: If R is a fuzzy tolerance relation on X of cardinality n

then
R R ..... R
n −1times

• is always a fuzzy equivalence relation

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 AN EXAMPLE

• Consider the fuzzy relation from X to X, where |X| = 5:

 1 0.8 0 0.1 0.2 

 0.8 1 0.4 0 0.9 
 
 0 0.4 1 0 0 
 
 0.1 0 0 1 0.5 
0.2 0.9 0 0.5 1 

• It is easy to verify that the relation is fuzzy reflexive and fuzzy

symmetric (All the diagonal elements are 1 and the matrix is
symmetric)

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 EXAMPLE CONTD…

• However, the relation is not fuzzy transitive, for

R ( x1 , x2 ) = 0.8 and R ( x2 , x5 ) = 0.9
• Whereas
R ( x1 , x5 ) = 0.2  min[0.8,0.9] = min[  R ( x1 , x2 ),  R ( x2 , x5 )]

• Here taking the 4th power of the relation we get

 1 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.8 
 0.8 1 0.4 0.5 0.9 

R = 0.4
4
0.4 1 0.4 0.4 
 
 0.5 0.5 0.4 1 0.5 
 0.8 0.9 0.4 0.5 1 
Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
 EXAMPLE CONTD…

• It can be verified that R 4 is transitive also. For example, we

can verify the case where it was not true earlier for R.

R ( x1 , x2 ) = 0.8 and R ( x2 , x5 ) = 0.9

4 4

R ( x1 , x5 ) = 0.8  min[0.8,0.9] = min[R ( x1, x2 ), R ( x2 , x5 )]

4 4

• The other cases can be verified similarly

NOTE: It is not necessary that we should go up to R n −1

always to get the transitivity.
For example, here R 3 = R 4 . So, we got the transitivity property
satisfied earlier.

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 VALUE ASSIGNMENTS TO FUZZY RELATIONS

• The most definitive way for determining value assignments for

relations is actually a family of procedures termed similarity
methods introduced by Zadeh in 1971

• We shall consider two such methods coming under this broad

category
• 1. Cosine Amplitude
• 2. Max-Min method

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 COSINE AMPLITUDE METHOD

• Let X = {x1 , x2 ,...xn } . Suppose each xi is an m-

dimensional vector given by
xi = ( xi1 , xi 2 ,..., xim ),i = 1, 2,...n
• Then we know thatxi  x j =| xi |  | x j | cos 
m 1/2 1/2
   
• xi  x j =  xik x jk , | xi |=   xik  , | x j |=   x jk 
m m
2 2

k =1  k =1   k =1 
m
|  xik x jk |
• So, cos  = k =1
1/2 1/2 = rij
 m   m 

 xik 
2


  x jk 
2

 k =1   k =1 

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 MAX-MIN METHOD

• Another popular method, which is computationally simpler

than the cosine amplitude method, is known as the max–
min method. In this case the matrix elements rij
m

 min( x ik , x jk )
rij = k =1
m
, i, j = 1, 2,...n
 max( x
k =1
ik , x jk )

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 AN EXAMPLE

• Suppose there was an earth quack in India affecting 5

regions
• Suppose the buildings in the area can be categorized into
one of the three categories; no damage, medium damage
and serious damage.
• Suppose the damage ratio in each region is given by
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5
c1  0.3 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.4 
c2 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.6 
c3  
 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.1 0 

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 EXAMPLE CONTD…(USING COSINE METHOD)

• We shall use the cosine formula to derive the membership

values between the 5 regions. Here n = 5 and m = 3
• So,
 1 
0.836 1 SYM 
 
R = 0.914 0.934 1 
 
0.682 0.6 0.441 1 
0.982 0.74 0.818 0.774 1
• For example,
0.3  0.2 + 0.6  0.4 + 0.1 0.4 0.34
r12 = = = 0.836
[(0.3 + 0.6 + 0.1 ).(0.2 + 0.4 + 0.4 )]
2 2 2 2 2 2 1/2
[0.46  0.36]1/2

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

EXAMPLE CONTD…(USING MAX-MIN METHOD)

• Here,

 1 
 0.538 1 SYM 
 
R = 0.667 0.667 1 
 
 0.429 0.333 0.250 1 
 0.818 0.429 0.538 0.429 1 

• For example,

min(0.3, 0.2) + min(0.6, 0.4) + min(0.1, 0.4) 0.2 + 0.4 + 0.1

r12 = = = 0.538
max(0.3, 0.2) + max(0.6, 0.4) + max(0.1, 0.4) 0.3 + 0.6 + 0.4

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 FUZZIFICATION

• Fuzzification is the process of making a crisp set fuzzy

• We do this by simply recognizing that many of the quantities
that we consider to be crisp and deterministic are actually
not deterministic at all; they carry considerable uncertainty
• If the form of uncertainty happens to arise because of
imprecision, ambiguity, or vagueness, then the variable is
probably fuzzy and can be represented by a membership
function.
• The representation of imprecise data as fuzzy sets is a useful
but not mandatory step when those data are used in fuzzy
systems

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 FUZZIFICATION CONTD…

• Example 1:
• Suppose in the reading of a voltage, we say it is low voltage
• We need not measure it precisely
• When we measure it precisely it may be 0.3
• That is the membership value of the current voltage in the
fuzzy set representing low voltage is 0.3
• The membership function for “low” may be given by
0, if x  80;
 80 − x

 Low ( x) =  , if 50  x  80;
 x − 20

1, if x  50.

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 EXAMPLES OF FUZZIFICATION

• Example 2:
• We can say that somebody is young
• He may be 37 years
• But when we measure it precisely we say he is 0.92 young

• Example 3:
• In finding the height of a person, we may say that he is tall.
• Actually, his height may be 5 feet 10 inches.
• So, taking the height of tall persons, we may say he is 0.95 tall.

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 DEFUZZIFICATION

• We begin by considering a fuzzy set A, then define a lambda-

cut set, A where 0 ≤ λ ≤ 1.

• The set A is a crisp set called the lambda (λ)-cut set of the
fuzzy set A, where A = {x|  A ( x) ≥ λ}.

• Any particular fuzzy set A can be transformed into an infinite

number of λ-cut sets, because there are an infinite number
of values λ in the interval [0, 1].

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 EXAMPLE

• Let X = {a, b, c, d, e, f} and a fuzzy set A on X be defined as

• A = { (a, 1), (b, 0.9), (c, 0.6), (d, 0.3), (e, 0.01), (f,0)}
• A1= {a}
• A0.9 = {a, b}
• A0.6 = {a, b, c}
• A0.7 = {a, b}
• A0.3 = {a, b, c, d}
• A0.001 = {a, b, c, d, e},
• A0 = X.

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 PROPERTIES OF LAMBDA CUTS

1. ( A B) = A B

2. ( A B) = A B

3. ( AC )  A except for a value of λ = 0.5

4. For any λ ≤ α, where 0 ≤ α ≤ 1, it is true that A  A, where

A0 = X

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 SOME PROOFS

• We have  A B ( x) = max{ A ( x),  B ( x)}

• So, x  ( A B)  max{ A ( x),  B ( x)}  
  A ( x)   or  B ( x)  
 x  A or x  B
 x  A B
Again  A B ( x) = min{ A ( x),  B ( x)}
• So, x  ( A B)  min{ A ( x),  B ( x)}  
  A ( x)   and  B ( x)  
 x  A and x  B
 x  A B
Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
 EXAMPLES

• Let us take U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} and A be a fuzzy set

drawn from U defined as
• A = { (1, .9), (3, .7), (4, .6), (7, .3), (9, .8)}
• 𝐴𝐶 = { (1, .1), (2, 1), (3, .3), (4, .4), (5, 1), (6, 1), (7, .7), (8, 1), (9,
.2), (10, 1)}
• Let us take 𝜆 = 0.7. Then
• 𝐴𝐶 𝜆 = {2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10} and 𝐴𝜆 = {1, 3, 9}
• 𝐴𝜆 𝐶 = {2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10}. So, 𝐴𝐶 𝜆 ≠ 𝐴𝜆 𝐶
• When 𝜆 = 0.5, 𝐴𝐶 0.5 = { 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10}
• 𝐴0.5 = {1, 3, 4, 9} and 𝐴0.5 𝐶 = {2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10) = 𝐴𝐶 0.5

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 PROOF OF PROPERTY-4

• Let us take 𝜆 ≤ 𝛼
• Then 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝛼 ⇒ 𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) ≥ 𝛼. By transitivity property 𝑎 ≥
𝑏, 𝑏 ≥ 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑎 ≥ 𝑐.
• So, 𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) ≥ 𝛼, 𝛼 ≥ 𝜆 ⇒ 𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) ≥ 𝜆 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝜆
• Hence, 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝛼 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴𝜆 .
• This proves that 𝐴𝛼 ⊆ 𝐴𝜆 .

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 λ-CUTS FOR FUZZY RELATIONS

• A fuzzy relation can be converted to a crisp relation in the

following manner
• R = {(x, y)| R ( x, y) ≥ λ} as a λ-cut relation of the fuzzy relation
R
 1 0.8 0 0.1 0.2
0.8 1 0.4 0 0.9
 
R =  0 0.4 1 0 0 
 
 0.1 0 0 1 0.5
0.2 0.9 0 0.5 1 

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 EXAMPLE CONTD…

• Taking  = 1 1 0 0 0 0 
0 1 0 0 0 
 
R1 = 0 0 1 0 0 
 
 0 0 0 1 0 
0 0 0 0 1 

• Taking  = 0.6 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 

R0.6 = 0 0 1 0 0
 
0 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 
Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
 PROPERTIES OF λ-CUTS OF FUZZY RLATIONS

• For any two fuzzy relations R and S, we have

(i) (R S) = R S

(ii) (R S) = R S

(iii) ( RC )  ( R )C

(iv) For any λ ≤ α, 0 ≤ α ≤ 1, then R ⊆ R

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 DEFUZZIFICATION TO SCALARS

• There may be situations where the output of a fuzzy process

needs to be a single scalar quantity as opposed to a fuzzy set

• Defuzzification is the conversion of a fuzzy quantity to a

precise quantity, just as fuzzification is the conversion of a
precise quantity to a fuzzy quantity

• The output of a fuzzy process can be the logical union of two

or more fuzzy membership functions defined on the universe
of discourse of the output variable

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 SOME TYPES OF MEMBERSHIP FUNCTIONS
0, 0  x  20;
• Trapezoidal membership function  x − 20
 , 20  x  40;(Red line)
 25

 A ( x) = 0.8, 40  x  80;(Green line)
100 − x
 ,80  x  100;(Blue line)
 25
20 40 80 100  0, x  100.
• Triangular membership function
0, 0  x  20;
 x − 20
 , 20  x  50;

 A ( x) =  30
 80 − x ,50  x  80;
 30 0 20 50 80 100
0, 80  x  100.

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
 DEFUZZIFICATION TO SCALARS CONTD…

• Let the two fuzzy outputs be given by C1 and C2 . Let these be

given by a trapezoidal subnormal function and normal
triangular function respectively

• Their union will be a non-uniform figure (a composition of

the two figures)
• The number of output functions may be more than 2

• The problem is how to express such an output as a single

scalar

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 COMPOSITION OF TWO MEMBERSHIP
FUNCTIONS
• Composition of a subnormal trapezoidal fuzzy membership
function and a normal triangular fuzzy membership function

0.7

15 45 75 100

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
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Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
 DEFUZZIFICATION

• The process of associating non-fuzzy sets with fuzzy sets

• Two types exist
• Defuzzification to Crisp sets
• Defuzzification to scalars
• Under defuzzification to crisp sets we have
• 𝜆 − cut sets, 0 ≤ 𝜆 ≤ 1
• For any fuzzy set A, it is denoted by Aλ
• A𝜆 = {𝑥|𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) ≥ 𝜆ሽ

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION

𝜇
Fuzzy set A
1 0.9
0.6 0.3
0.01 0
O x
a b c d e f

𝜒
Crisp set A0.6
1

O x
a b c d e f

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 TWO DIFFERENT 𝛌−CUTS FOR A CONTINUOUS
VALUED FUZZY SET
a

1 Fuzzy Set A

0.6
0.3

0
x
𝐴0.6
𝐴0.9

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 DEFUZZIFICATION TO SCALARS

• In certain cases a fuzzy process needs to be a single scalar

quantity as opposed to a fuzzy set
• As mentioned defuzzification is the process of conversion of a
fuzzy quantity to a precise quantity
• The output of a fuzzy process can be the logical union of two
or more fuzzy membership functions defined on the universe
of discourse of the output variable

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 METHODS OF CONVERSION TO SCALARS

• There are several methods

• We select only SEVEN of these under two categories
• Group of FOUR and group of THREE

• Group of FOUR
➢ Max membership principle
➢ Centroid method
➢ Weighted average method
➢ Mean-max membership

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO EXPRESS THE
OUTPUT AS A SCALAR
• Max membership principle:
• Also known as the height method, this scheme is limited to
peaked output functions. This method is given by the
algebraic expression
• C ( z*)  C ( z ) , for all z ∈ Z
• where z∗ is the defuzzified value

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 (1) MAX MEMBERSHIP PRINCIPLE

• Also known as height method

• Limitation: Applicable only to peaked output functions
• The output is the point z* (defuzzified value)
• Where 𝝁𝑪 (𝒛 ∗) ≥ 𝝁𝑪 (𝒛), ∀𝒛 ∈ 𝒁
• 𝜇
𝟏

z
z*

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 (2) CENTROID METHOD

• Also called as Centre of area or centre of gravity

• Most prevalent and physically appealing of all the
defuzzification methods
• Developed by Sugeno 1985 and Lee 1990
• Given by the algebraic expression
∗ ‫)𝑧( 𝐶𝜇 ׬‬.𝑧𝑑𝑧
• 𝑧 =
‫𝑧𝑑)𝑧( 𝐶𝜇 ׬‬

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

EXAMPLE-1

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
• A railroad company intends to lay a new rail line in a particular
part of a county.
• The whole area through which the new line is passing must
be purchased for right-of-way considerations
• It is surveyed in 3 stretches and the data are collected for
analysis
• The surveyed data for the road are given by three fuzzy sets
B1, B2 and B3
• For the railroad to purchase the land, it must have an
assessment of the amount of land to be purchased

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 EXAMPLE-1 CONTD…

• The three surveys on right-of-way width are ambiguous

• However, because some of the land along the proposed
railway route is already public domain, will not need to be
purchased
• The three fuzzy sets are shown in the figures next

𝜇 B1:public pathway for survey1

0.3

5
z in meters

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 EXAMPLE-1 CONTD…

• Fuzzy set B2: Public right-of-way for survey 2:

0.5

3 7

• Fuzzy set B3: Public right-of-way for survey 3:

1

4 8
Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
 EXAMPLE-1 CONTD…

• We want to aggregate these three survey results to find the

single most nearly representative right-of-way width to allow
the railroad to make its initial estimate of the right-of-way
purchasing cost.
• The union of the three surveys is given by
𝜇

𝐸 𝐹
1

𝐶 𝐷
0.5
𝐴 𝐵
0.3
𝐺
𝑂
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
3.6 5.5
• The line OA is joining the two points (0, 0) and
(1.5, 1) Its equation is
• i.e. y = (2/3)x = 0.67x

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 EXAMPLE-1 CONTD…

• We shall use the centroid method to find z*

• z*using the centroid method is given by
‫)𝑧( 𝐵𝜇 ׬‬. 𝑧𝑑𝑧
𝑧 ∗=
‫𝑧𝑑)𝑧( 𝐵𝜇 ׬‬
• So, z* =
1
4
3.6 5.5 6
඲ ൭0.3𝑧)𝑧𝑑𝑧 + ‫׬‬1 (0.3)𝑧𝑑𝑧 + න ൬(𝑧 − 3 )Τ2)𝑧𝑑𝑧 + ‫׬‬4 (0.5)𝑧𝑑𝑧 + ‫׬‬5.5(𝑧 − 5)𝑧𝑑𝑧 +
3.6
0
7 8
‫׬‬6 𝑧𝑑𝑧 + ‫׬‬7 (8 − 𝑧)𝑧𝑑𝑧
1
4
3.6 5.5 6
඲ ൭0.3𝑧)𝑑𝑧 + ‫׬‬1 (0.3)𝑑𝑧 + න ൬(𝑧 − 3 )Τ2)𝑑𝑧 + ‫׬‬4 (0.5)𝑑𝑧 + ‫׬‬5.5(𝑧 − 5)𝑑𝑧 +
3.6
0
7 8
‫׬‬6 𝑑𝑧 + ‫׬‬7 (8 − 𝑧)𝑑𝑧
Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
 EXAMPLE-1 CONTD…

• = 1 3.6 4 5.5 6 7 8
𝑧3 𝑧2 𝑧3 3𝑧2 𝑧2 𝑧3 𝑧2 𝑧2 𝑧 2 𝑧3
0.3 3 + 0.3 2 + 6− 4 + 0.5 2 + −5. 2 + 2 + 8. 2 − 6
0 1 3.6 4 3 5.5 6 7
1 4 6 8
𝑧2 3.6 𝑧2 3𝑧 𝑧2 𝑧2
0.3 2 + 0.3.𝑧 1 + 4 − 2 + 0.5.𝑧 5.5
4 + −5.𝑧 7
+ 𝑧 6 + 8.𝑧− 4
0 3.6 2 5.5 7

𝑏 𝑏
𝑛 𝑧 𝑛+1 𝑏 𝑛+1 𝑎 𝑛+1
Here, we use the formula න 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = = − 𝑛+1
𝑛+1 𝑛+1
𝑎 𝑎
• = 4.9 sq. m

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 (3) WEIGHTED AVERAGE METHOD

• This method is most frequently used in fuzzy application since

it is one of the more computationally efficient methods
• It is usually restricted to symmetrical output membership
functions
• The output z* is given by ෌ 𝜇𝐶 (𝑧). ҧ 𝑧ҧ
∗
𝑧 =
෌𝜇𝐶 (𝑧ҧ)

• Where is the centroid of each symmetric membership

function𝑧ҧ
• Weighted average method: The weighted average method is
the most frequently used in fuzzy applications since it is one
of the more computationally efficient methods.

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 WEIGHTED AVERAGE METHOD
• a

1
0.9

0.5

0 z
a b

𝒂. (𝟎. 𝟓) + 𝒃(𝟎. 𝟗)
𝒛 ∗=
𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟗
Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
 EXAMPLE

• The two central values are 45 and 75 respectively

• The weights are, the membership values and are 0.7 and 1
respectively
• So,

(0.7  45) + 1 75 106.5

z = = = 62.65
0.7 + 1 1.7

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 (4) MEAN MAX MEMBERSHIP METHOD

• Also called as middle of maxima

• It is closely related to Maximum membership principle
• The difference being the location of the maximum
membership can be a plateau rather than a single point
• Introduced by Sugeno 1985 and also Lee 1990
∗ 𝒂+𝒃
• Here 𝒛 = , where a and b are the end points of the
𝟐
plateau 𝜇
𝟏

𝟎 z
𝒂 𝑧∗ 𝒃
Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
 EXAMPLE-1
(MEAN MAX MEMBERSHIP METHOD)
• In the mean max membership method for defuzzification z*
is given by (a + b)/2, where a and b are the minimum and the
maximum values where the maximum membership occurs
• This method (also called middle-of-maxima)
• Is closely related to the first method (Max membership
principle),
• Except that the locations of the maximum membership can
be non-unique (i.e., the maximum membership can be a
plateau rather than a single point).
• This method is given by the expression (Sugeno, 1985; Lee,
1990)

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 (5)CENTRE OF SUMS METHOD

• This process involves the algebraic sum of individual output

fuzzy sets, instead of their union
• Advantages:
• This is faster than many defuzzification methods that are
currently in use
• This is not restricted to symmetric membership functions
• Drawbacks:
➢ The intersecting areas are added twice
➢ The method also involves finding the centroids of the
individual membership functions

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 (5)CENTRE OF SUMS METHOD CONTD…

• The defuzzified value z* is given by

𝑛
෍ ҧ
𝜇𝐶𝑘 (𝑧) ‫𝑧𝑑𝑧 𝑧׬‬
∗
• 𝑧 = 𝑘=1
𝑛
෍ 𝜇𝐶𝑘 (𝑧) ‫𝑧𝑑 𝑧׬‬
𝑘=1

• Here 𝑧ҧ is the distance to the centroid of each of the

respective membership functions
• This method is similar to the weighted average method
• Here the weights are the areas of the respective membership
functions
• In the weighted average method the weights are the
individual membership values
Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
 (5)CENTRE OF SUMS METHOD CONTD…
A
1 1

𝑪𝟏 0.5
𝑪𝟐
0.5

0 2 4 6 z 0 2 4 6 8 10 z
8

0.5

0 z
2 4 6 8 10
Z*
Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
 EXAMPLE-2 AND CENTRE OF SUM METHOD

• There are 3 graphs

• Here we use the area of the trapezium as
• ½(sum of the two parallel sides)x(distance between the
parallel sides)
• The three centroids are 2.5, 5 and 6.5 respectively
• So, the computations for the graphs in the numerator of the
formula are:
• (2.5)x(0.5)x(0.3)x(3+5); (5)x(0.5)x(0.5)x(2+4) and
(6.5)x(0.5)x1x(3+1) respectively
• In the denominator we will have the same factors without
the centroid values (2.5 in the first, 5 in the second and 6.5 in
the third)

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
 EXAMPLE-2 AND CENTRE OF SUM METHOD

• So,

∗ 2.5×0.5×0.3×8)+(5×0.5×0.5×6)+(6.5×0.5×1×4
𝑧 =
0.5×0.3×8)+(0.5×0.5×6)+(0.5×1×4
• 3+7.5+13 23.5
= = =5
1.2+1.5+2 4.7

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT
 (6) CENTER OF LARGEST AREA METHOD

• If the output fuzzy set has at least two convex sub regions
then the centre of gravity of the convex fuzzy sub region with
the largest area is used to obtain the defuzzified value z* of
the output
• The formula is ධ𝜇𝐶𝑚 (𝑧). 𝑧𝑑𝑧
𝑧∗ =
ධ𝜇𝐶𝑚 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧

• Here 𝐶𝑚 is the convex sub region that has the largest area
making up 𝑪𝒌

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 (6)CENTER OF LARGEST AREA METHOD
CONTD…
• This condition applies in the case when the overall output 𝐶𝑘
is non-convex
• When 𝐶𝑘 is convex, z* is the same quantity as determined by
the centroid method or the centre of largest area method as
then there will be only one convex region

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 (6)CENTER OF LARGEST AREA METHOD
CONTD…
a

0.5

0 2 4 6 8 10 z

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 EXAMPLE-2 AND CENTRE OF LARGEST AREA
METHOD
• As the whole area is convex, according to the centre of largest
area method, the output is same as that of the centroid
method.
• So, z* = 2.5

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 (7)FIRST (OR LAST) OF MAXIMA

• This method uses the overall output or union of all individual

output fuzzy sets 𝑪𝒌 to determine the smallest value (or the
largest value) of the domain with maximized membership
degree in 𝐶𝑘
• The formula for the output is determined as
• The largest height in the union (hgt(𝐶𝑘 )) is determined
ℎ𝑔𝑡(𝐶𝑘 ) = sup𝜇𝐶𝑘 (𝑧ቁ
𝑧∈𝑍
• The first of the maxima is found as
𝑧 ∗ = inf {𝑧 ∈ 𝑍|𝜇𝐶𝑘 (𝑧) = ℎ𝑔𝑡(𝐶𝑘 )ቅ
𝑧∈𝑍
• (Alternatively) The last of the maxima is found as
𝑧 ∗ = sup{𝑧 ∈ 𝑍|𝜇𝐶𝑘 (𝑧) = ℎ𝑔𝑡(𝐶𝑘 )ቅ
𝑧∈𝑍

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 (7)FIRST (OR LAST) OF MAXIMA
a

In this case the first max is also the last max as

it is the distinct max. It is also the mean max
1.0

0.5

0
2 4 6 8 10

𝒛∗

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 COMPUTATIONS WITH EXAMPLE-2

• The maximum value occurs in the last trapezium and it is a

plateau
• So, the first max = 6
• The last max = 7

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 SUMMARY

• Q. Of the seven defuzzification methods presented, which is

the best?
• Ans. It is context or problem dependent
• Five Criteria of Hellendoorn and Thomas (1993):
• Continuity: A small change in the input of a fuzzy process
should not produce a large change in the output
• Disambiguity: The defuzzification method should always
result in a unique value for z*; i.e. there should not be any
ambiguity in the defuzzified value
• Plausibility: z* should lie approximately in the middle of the
support region of 𝐶𝑘 and have a high degree of membership
in 𝐶𝑘

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 SUMMARY

• Computational Simplicity: The more time consuming a

method is, the less value it should have in a computation
system
• Weighting Method: Which weighs he output fuzzy sets. It
compares the output values and finds the difference. This
criteria is not easy.

• NOTE: Other methods available are intended to seem as

superior to the simple methods presented here.

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 AN EXAMPLE

• Suppose there was an earth quack in India affecting 4regions

• Suppose the buildings in the area can be categorized into
one of the four categories; no damage, little damage,
medium damage and serious damage.
• Suppose the damage ratio in each region is given by

x1 x2 x3 x4
c1  0.2 0.2 0.6 0.3
 0.2 
c2  0.5 0.3 0.1
c3  0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 
 
c4  0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 EXAMPLE-2 CONTD…

• The three membership functions are given by

1
𝑩𝟏
0.5

(0,0) 1 2 3 4 5

1 𝑩𝟐

0.5

(0,0) 1 2 3 4 5

Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT

 EXAMPLE-2 CONTD…

0.5 𝑩𝟑

(0, 0) 1 2 3 4 5

• The logical union of the 3 fuzzy sets is given as

𝐴 𝐶 𝐸
1
𝐵
0.5 𝐷
𝐹
(0, 0)
1 2 3 4 5
Dr Chiranji Lal Chowdhary, VIT