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Mechanization in Bangladesh: Way of Modernization in Agriculture

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DOI: 10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V67I9P212

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 67 Issue 9- Sep 2019

Mechanization in Bangladesh: Way of

Modernization in Agriculture
M. A. Hossen
Senior Scientific Officer
Farm Machinery and Post-harvest Technology Division
Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh

Abstract ̶ Mechanized agriculture is known as linkage among the different stakeholders; production
mechanize agriculture deal with tools, implements industries of the selective technologies; appropriate
and powered machinery as inputs to increase farm machinery selection, identification and dissemination
worker productivity greatly mechanizing the work based on soil, crops and cultures of 88 agro-
of agriculture. In recent times, powered machinery ecological sub regions; and strengthening
has replaced many farm jobs once carried out by standardization played an important roles in
manual labour. Agriculture modernization is mostly promotion of mechanization. Mechanization
depends on the promotion of agricultural strategies should be formulated with the specific
mechanization that helps to boost up the agricultural objectives of studying of soil types, land topography,
and food production. It is vital inputs for agricultural socio-economic conditions, cropping pattern,
crop establishment, protection, harvesting, average yield, yield potentiality and constraints in
processing and adding values which have been each sub regions; present status, potential needs in
neglected historically in Bangladesh. Lack of future marking the priority of different agricultural
available farm power in agriculture always machinery based on each operation of crop
compromise the timely and faster land cultivation, production and processing; region based impact of
labor productivity, crop management, post-harvest farm mechanization on yield, production cost,
losses, yield and value addition. Therefore, cropping intensity and employment of labor; and
development of any area in agriculture is understood present infrastructure facilities and future needs for
by the levels of agricultural mechanization. promotion of farm mechanization status,
Agricultural mechanization level of an area is manufacturing, marketing, after sale services, repair
identified in terms of kW per hectare, hectare per and maintenance facilities, available parts locally etc
tractor, number of tractors for 1000 hectare, and of agricultural machinery. Government strategies,
hectare per tractor. Agricultural mechanization has enhancement of research capacity, effective linkages
been accelerated in Bangladesh in the recent years. among the different GOs and NGOs, regional based
Over the last two and half decades, farm power potential assessment, priority ranking and subsidy on
increased significantly in the country. During last 58 quality machinery, manufacturing capacity building,
years, it has been increased from about 0.24 kW/ha formation of farmers groups, skilled manpower
in 1960 to about 1.82 kW/ha in 2018 which is still development, infrastructure reform, ensure sales
low compared to the major industrialized countries of after service and available spare parts and quality
Japan, Italy, France and UK. Many factors and materials are the major approaches to ensure
constraints are associated in promotion of sustainable mechanization as well as sustainable
mechanization level. Lacking of skilled and crop production.
experienced workforce almost in all levels of
Keywords ̶ Constraints of mechanization,
manufacturing, repair & maintenance and sales after
Appropriate machinery selection, Objectives of
services, scarcity of qualified and skilled manpower
mechanization strategy formulation and Available
related to design, drawing, reverse engineering and
farm power.
manufacturing process, lack of modern capital
machinery at producers’ level and lack of quality and I. Introduction
graded materials in production are the major hinders Bangladesh formally adopted the sustainable
in quality agricultural machinery production and development goals (SDGs) and started working on
promotion in competitive manner. Type of attaining SDGs in 2015 which is built on the
agricultural machines or required the level of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and focuses
mechanization in any region depends on the socio- on building a sustainable Bangladesh where
economic condition of the people, environmental environmental sustainability, social inclusion and
factors, availability of agricultural labour and economic development are equally valued. In
technological inputs. Promotional activities accordance of the SDGs to „Leave No one Behind‟,
(training, demonstration, subsidy on quality the Government of Bangladesh has been taken
machinery); formulates and execute effective short, holistic approach towards implementation of the
medium and long terms strategic plan; strengthening SDGs by 2030 [12]. The first and second goals - “No
capacities on research and development; effective Poverty” and “Zero Hunger” are associated with the

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 67 Issue 9- Sep 2019

present demand of mechanization in rice production. year, although before that, it grew from 67.7 % in
Bangladesh is in the advanced stages of agricultural 1969 to 73.4 % in 1989 (Fig. 2). Though Bangladesh
transformation. Sustainable agriculture agricultural land as a share of land area fluctuated
mechanization will play a significant role to maintain substantially in recent years, it tended to decrease
this transformative. By 2050, Country population is through 1967 - 2016 period ending at 70.6 % in 2016
expected to reach 215.4 million. As a result, demand (Fig. 3). The average value of arable land for
of consumption of staple cereals is also expected to Bangladesh during that period was 66.2 percent with
increase radically. However, 44.6 MT of clean a minimum of 58.9 percent in 2012 and a maximum
rice will be required to ensure sustainable food of 73.4 percent in 1989 (Fig. 2).
security [16]. To ensure cereal food security alone in
2050, more than a doubling of production is required
[23] from gradually reduced arable land (hectares per
person) (Fig. 1). The average size of owned land
stood at 0.61 ha in 1988 and significantly declined
over time to peak at 0.48 ha in 2007 - a decline of
21 per cent over the last two decades and further
decreased to 0.39 ha in 2014 [3].
Total arable land (hectares) in Bangladesh was
7,764,210 as of 2015 [14]. Arable land as a share of
Fig. 1 Bangladesh: Arable land in Hectares per
land area for Bangladesh was 59.6 % in 2016.
Person [5]
Between 1989 and 2016, arable land as a share of
land area was decreasing on average by 0.72 % each

Fig. 2 Arable land as a share of land area [22]

Fig. 3 Agricultural land as a share of land area [22]

The yearly reduction of arable land (0.47%) to non- would be one of the most challenging issues for the
arable land due to population pressure, urbanization country ensuring appropriate mechanization.
and some non-agricultural purposes is a major The cropping pattern in Bangladesh
concern to agricultural community. Thus, getting agriculture dominantly consist of rice based crops.
more food from less and fragmented arable land About 75% of the total cropped area covered by rice

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 67 Issue 9- Sep 2019

when other crops covered the rest of the cropped

area (Fig. 4). Aus, Aman and Boro season separately
occupied 8.94, 49.12 and 41.94% area under rice
cultivation (Fig. 4). From 2013-14 to 2017-18, total
crop area increased about 8% when rice area
increased only 2% (Fig. 5).
Rice area, total production, rate of
production and cropping intensity increased
significantly over the last 45 year. Besides these,
employed labor in the agricultural sector decreased
remarkably due to increase rural to urban migration
with the expansion of non-farm employment
opportunities, causing seasonal rural labour
shortages [25]. From 1991 to 2018, the average
employment in agriculture during the period was
54.84 percent with a minimum of 40.15 percent in
2018 and a maximum of 69.51 percent in 1991
(Fig.6 ).
In addition, Bangladesh agriculture is
strongly interrelated with climatic factors. In
agriculture, rice production is affected by deviation
in temperature. The effects of climate change (early
flooding, flash flood, uneven distribution of rain,
severe fluctuation of temperature, seasonal drought,
tropical cyclones and storm surges) are already
evident in the agro-ecosystem of the country as
subtropical region. Introduction of climate resilience
variety, timely planting and harvesting and proper
management by ensuring appropriate mechanization
might help to mitigate the climatic impact on rice Fig. 4 Area under cultivation of different crops and
rice, 2015-2016 [1].
production.

Fig.5. Total rice area, total rice yield and rate of yield from 1970-71 to 2018-19 [2]

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 67 Issue 9- Sep 2019

Fig. 6: Percent of employment in Agriculture [2]

In order to make agriculture attractive and sustainable repairing, maintenance of mechanical devices
to future generation, rice mechanization is essential (powered machinery, implements, tools) and systems
for enhancing productivity. Such mechanization will in agricultural operations and their management in
allow timely and faster operation with less drudgery crop production with seeds, fertilizer, water, labour,
because young generation will not involve and time [9], but it is often associated solely with
themselves with the traditional agriculture as like as tractors and agricultural machinery. Agricultural
hapless farmer labouring behind a wooden plough mechanization is also recognized as one of the
drawn by a pair of bullocks tilling the fields greatest engineering achievements of the 20th
under the scorching sun. Only modernization in century that is still differs enormously across the
agriculture ensuring mechanization can attract the world. Clarke [7] also defined that the adoption of
young generation which will help to increase the machine in farming operation is increasing day by
cropping intensity by reducing the turnaround time day in worldwide as it is proven in saving of cost of
and faster all operation of agricultural activities. production and increasing net income of the farmers.
However, agricultural mechanization is played a key Therefore, one of the most important criteria for any
role in the agro-food value chain process for area development of agriculture is the levels of
sustainable production intensification [4]. Therefore, agricultural mechanization. It was argued that the
the present paper is mostly focused on the way of agricultural mechanization level of an area in terms
modernization in rice production. of kW per hectare, hectare per tractor, number of
tractors for 1000 hectare, and hectare per tractor [19].
II. Importance of mechanization Lack of available farm power in agriculture always
Agricultural mechanization is the process whereby compromise the timely and faster land cultivation,
equipments, machineries and implements are utilized labor productivity, crop management, post-harvest
to boost agricultural and food production. It is the losses, yield and value addition. Available power
application of machineries, equipments, implements supply to agriculture means that all tasks can be
and machinery technologies in different farm completed at the right time and faster way and quality
activities to increase marginal output in food of production can be controlled to ensure market
production and poverty eradication. It is vital prices while conserving natural resources. Effective
input for agricultural crop establishment, protection, and highly efficient technology helps to produce
harvesting, processing and adding values which have more crops by using less power. Sustainable
been neglected historically in Bangladesh. It agricultural mechanization assists to ensure
determines the efficiency and productivity of all postharvest operation, quality processing, marketing
inputs used as direct and indirect inputs in crop activities and development of value chain effectively
production. Mechanization in agriculture requires not as well. To ensure the future challenges in agriculture
only advances in machinery development but also the especially in rice production, agricultural
close cooperation of many issues such as modernization by improving level of affordable
environmental, agricultural, social and economic mechanization is earnest needed in Bangladesh.
conditions [18]. It is also benefits from technologic
innovations and it is site-specific and dynamic [20]. III. History of mechanization
According to FAO [11],
1) The 1960S – Initiation of machinery
agricultural mechanization generally involves inputs
introduction: The Government of East Pakistan
such as manufacture, selection, distribution, using,

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 67 Issue 9- Sep 2019

imported Power Tillers and Power Pumps in the late Private sector bans on small engine imports are
1960s as a part of' „Green Revolution' activities. The removed, import duties are eliminated,
Government of Bangladesh also allowed continued standardization requirements for equipment are
import of farm machinery after independence to help abolished, and tube wells boring restrictions are
mechanize farming activities. During this decade, the withdrawn. Overall, during this decade STW and
4WT and irrigation equipment (DTW and LLP) were 2WTexperienced a major boost, the number of STWs
introduced in Bangladesh. The service of 4WT were increased from 93,000 in 1982 to 260,000 in 1990
promoted in the Cumilla area under the cooperative with a 200% growth [15]. These reforms probably
based model of BARD, Cumilla [17] whereas BADC contributed the most in accelerating the
installed DTW in the northern part of the country to mechanization in Bangladesh and continued in the
supply free of charge irrigation water resulted in latter decades. In 1995 import of power tiller/2WT
limited success [13]. The cooperative based 4WT was made duty free, along with credit support for
service were closed due to both technical and purchase of these machineries.
management problems at the end of 60s when BADC
4) The 1990s to date – growth of private
started its rental service of LLP with rental fees and
sector and increased demand of mechanization:
fuel at 75% subsidy. Throughout the 60s, popularity
Over the last two decades, a significant number of
of LLP increased with the increase of adoption of
rural people have migrated to urban centers, looking
boro HYV rice in the low lying areas of the country.
for higher paying jobs and an escape from
It is also noted that the overall irrigation system was
agricultural labor. Cropping intensity increased from
manual and improved IRRI varieties were yet to be
153.74% in 1980 to 180.88% in 2010. While research
popularized in the country.
organizations have been innovating and modifying
2) The 1970S- Public sector involvement: existing machines, private sectors are involved in
During the 1970s, public investment was made in modifying the machines imported mainly from China
installing DTWs and increased to around 9000 by and India. While there as many as fifteen
1978. BADC initially continued to own, operate and manufacturers producing and replicating a number of
manage a large number of DTWs and LLPs during locally designed machines, there are numerous
the 70s. By the mid of 70s, the total number of LLPs workshops supporting the current status of
was 35,000 and covered three quarters of the total mechanization. Documents suggest that around
irrigation area at the time. In 1980 government 40,000 small and medium sized metal workshops
reduced the tax to 15% and BADC stopped renting around the country have been supporting the sector
out the LLPs rather started selling the new and old by producing different non-precision machines
reconditioned LLPs to the farmers. In 1979, the (weeder, threshers etc.), supplying spare parts as well
government decided to change its policy of direct as providing much needed repair and maintenance
involvement in the input market and to privatize the services [26]. Importers of machines have been
marketing of irrigation equipment. This policy selling the products either through their designated
change involved the selling off of existing and new outlets (4WT) or through widely distributed dealers
LLPs and DTWs, initially to farmers‟ cooperatives and retailer network (2WT and Diesel engines
and later to individual farmers. The Bangladesh mainly). It should be noted that local level spare parts
Krishi Bank (BKB) BKB started its own program of manufacturers have been growing to produce specific
providing credit to facilitate the purchase of STWs spare parts of 2 WT, 4 WT and for pumps. It is
through its appointed private farms [13]. mainly expanded after national Agricultural Policy of
1999 which is emphasized to meet the deficit of
3) The 1980s – abolished standardization
animal draught power through import of machines
and deregulation: The 1980s was the most important
and raw materials needed for local fabrication with
decade for agricultural mechanization in Bangladesh.
tax relief, providing credit to both users and traders
In 1981-82, BADC starts offering rental DTWs for
and encouraging formation of user groups /
sale at subsidized prices with credit from commercial
cooperatives for owning or custom hiring of
banks and the private sector's import of small diesel
agricultural machinery to help mechanization. But
engines is banned in response to drawdown of aquifer
this was not yet implemented fully.
during the 1983 drought. President Ershad abolished
standardization requirements of imported
IV. Present development of mechanization
machineries in 1988 and made the market open for
import of agricultural Agriculture plays an extremely important role in
Bangladesh‟s economy as well as agricultural
machines (especially power tillers and pumps) at a
mechanization which has been accelerated
nominal tariff following a devastating flood that
in Bangladesh in the recent years. Its level of overall
caused loss of large population of draught animal.
development is still relatively low compared to other
This action, combined with market liberalization and
South Asian countries. Over the last two decades, the
the lowering of tariffs, resulted in what could be
use of mechanical farm power has increased rapidly.
termed as a flood of small engines and associated
However, agriculture contributes 14.23% to national
tillage, pumping and other equipment. In 1987-89,

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 67 Issue 9- Sep 2019

GDP and employs about 40.6% of the country‟s Bangladesh increased from 0.4 Kw/ha in 1990 to
population [8]. Raising more crops with high around 1.4 Kw/ha in 2011 whereas India‟s power has
productivity is a path for meeting the future food also achieved steady growth from 0.92 Kw/ha in
requirement of Bangladesh. Development, 1995/96 to 1.84 Kw/ha in 2012. Many countries
introduction and adoption of high capacity, precision, witnessed remarkable growth in mechanization. For
reliable and energy efficient machinery is the serious example: China‟s power availability per hector
need for conservation and sensible use of production reached 3.56 Kw in 2011 and its overall
inputs. mechanization rate raised from 35% in 2004 to 59%
in 2013 [6].
V. Available power in agricultural operation
Farm Power is an essential input in agriculture for
timely field operations for operating different types
of farm equipment like operating irrigation
equipment, tillers/ weeders/ threshers/ shellers/
cleaners/ graders and other post harvest equipment.
Level of available power in agriculture is one of the
key indicators for measuring the degree of
mechanization. During last 58 years, the average
farm power availability in Bangladesh has increased
from about 0.24 kW/ha in 1960 to about 1.82 kW/ha
in 2018 (Figure 7). Farm power availability in major
industrialized countries such as, Japan, Italy, France Fig. 7 Status of mechanical power in agriculture over
and UK are 8.75, 3.01, 2.65, and 2.50 kW/ha, the period
respectively [21]. The power availability in
Table 1. Operation based mechanization level in Bangladesh
Operation Methods Percentage
Land preparation Tractor (2 WT and 3 WT) (Tractor, Leveller, Plough, Tillage 98
equipment, Harrower)
Animal/Traditional 2
Planting Mechanical (Planting machine, Transplanter, Seeder) 5
Manual/Traditional 95
Intercultural Operation
Weeding Mechanical (Power weeder, manual weeder) 8
Manual 92
Fertilizer Mechanical (applicator) 5
Manual 95
Pesticide /Herbicide application Mechanical 92
Manual 8
Harvesting Reaper (PTO reaper, Self-propelled reaper, Combine 7
Harvester, Reaper, Tripper, Stripper header)
Manual (Sickle) 93
Threshing (rice) Mechanical 97
Manual 3
Post-harvest Mechanical (Dryer ) 5
Manual 95
Processing Mechanical (De-husker, Whitener, Separator, Polisher) 98
Traditional 2
Storage Modern 15
Traditional 85
Source: BARC, BRRI, BARI, DAE, BAU, MoA, Mechanization road map of Bangladesh, 2016.

VI. Factors involved to increase mechanization  Research and development efforts

level in Bangladesh
 Research facility and capacity of the research
 Appropriate policies and strategies preparation organization
and implementation
 Target oriented extension service opening
 Subsidies/credit/taxation (import duties, tax on agricultural engineering wings over the country
industry) based on importance of the technology

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 67 Issue 9- Sep 2019

 Farm structure and farm road quality compared with the imported machines
and spare parts especially imported from China.
 Specialized services establishing
entrepreneurship (more accessibility and VIII. Up-take of appropriate machinery for rice
affordability to farmers through custom mechanization
hiring/leasing). Mechanization in this study is regarded in its
 Appropriate training, machinery service broadest sense of implying any tool or practice used
provider, available spare parts and skilled to plant, produce and harvest or process an
operator agricultural crop. The major factors of up-take
machinery can be stated as follows-
 Effective linkage among different stakeholder.
 Machinery user capacities are important factors
VII. Constraints of Agricultural-Machinery to invest in agricultural machinery, and to
Manufacturing provide services and thus create access to
As a promising sub-sector, agricultural machinery machinery for the other users.
manufacturing industries are running through many  Farm holding, land size and agricultural
constraints. practices significantly and positively affected
 There is lacking of skilled and experienced the adoption of agricultural machinery
workforce almost in all levels of manufacturing, ownership in Bangladesh.
repair & maintenance and sales after services.  Appropriate machinery and technology suitable
 There is scarcity of qualified manpower in this in our conditions, sales after services, repair &
sub-sector and therefore, lacking of knowledge maintenance facility, availability of spare parts
and skill related to design, drawing, reverse also played an important role to expand the
engineering, manufacturing process and quality machinery status.
control, which resulted in production of poor  Subsidy on machinery and loan facilities
products compromising with the quality significantly and positively affects agricultural
and faces hard in marketing and achieve machinery ownership.
sustainability in the field.
 The provision of subsidize purchase and loan
 Lack of modern capital machinery at producers‟ facilities played an important role to increase
level resulted in low productivity, poor quality the rate of adoption of appropriate machinery.
of products, delay delivery of products, increase
 Farm infrastructure positively affects the
production cost etc because mostly inexperience
adoption of agricultural machinery in any
small and medium enterprises are involved in
country. It is thus important to improve the
this sub sector.
infrastructure in parallel to expand the up-take
 Lack of quality and graded materials in status of agricultural machineries under any
production. Foundries, pump and spare parts program/project.
manufacturing solely depend on the imported
raw material of pig iron, ship breaking scraps Up-take of appropriate machinery for rice
and local scrap iron, steel, brass etc. The supply mechanization is depends on many other factors
which can be summarized in Fig. 8. Appropriate
of old ships for ship breaking industries technology/machinery, type of agricultural machines
decreases in recent years due to international or the level of mechanization needed in any region
competition, especially with China and India. depends on the socio-economic condition of the
 The high price and unavailability of raw people, environmental factors of the respective
materials creates a great threat to the domestic regions, availability of agricultural labour in that
Agricultural-machinery and spare parts region and technological inputs.
production in terms of production cost and

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 67 Issue 9- Sep 2019

Rice mechanization

Socio-economic relations Environmental factors Technological inputs

 Rural development  Soils  Seeds
 Organize farming  Crops  Nutrients/chemicals
 Farm road  Cropping pattern  Irrigation/drainage
 Skilled operator  Climate  Mechanization
 Labor demand/supply  Rainfall distribution - tillage/weed control
 Marketing facilities  Topography - crop maintenance/
 Rural migration protection
- harvesting/threshing
- post-harvesting
processing
Fig. 8. General aspects of machinery up-take for mechanization

IX. Ways of promote sustainable farm

mechanization  Quality machinery and technology: Quality
Training, demonstration, subsidy on quality is the first priority. Ensure standards quality
machinery, formulates and execute short, medium for power tiller, tractor, rice transplanter and
and long terms strategic plan, strengthening combine harvester; standard specifications
capacities on research and development, effective for all machinery and technology; revive and
linkage among the different stakeholders, selective strengthen testing institute and implement
technology based production industries and ANTAM code for certification mandatorily.
disseminate appropriate machinery based on soil,  Formulate short, medium and long-term
crops and cultures of different areas. mechanization strategy for each Agro-
 Training: Enhanced effective and hands-on- Ecological Zones of Bangladesh. There are
training on farm machinery and technology. 30 Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZ) in
Farm Machinery and Technology Training Bangladesh. This 30 AEZ are sub divided
Institute might be established for providing into 88 agro-ecological sub regions. Again
long and short term training. these are divided into 535 agro-ecological
units. Mechanization strategies should be
 Demonstration: Season, soil, crop and formulated with the specific objectives stated
location wise large scale demonstration of all as follows:
modern machinery and technology at
a. To study the soil types, land topography and
farmers‟ field.
socio-economic conditions of all agro-
 Subsidy for Purchase of machinery: Subsidy ecological sub regions.
through a specialized program for all
b. To study the cropping pattern in each AEZ/sub
categories of farmers based on priorities of
regions, average yield, yield potentiality and
the technology and locations ensuring special
constraints.
benefit to establish custom hiring services.
c. To identify the present status, potential needs in
 Selection and identification of appropriate future marking the priority of different
machinery and technology for- agricultural machinery started from land
 Haor agriculture preparation to the post-harvest processing for
different crops/cropping systems in each sub
 Hill agriculture
regions.
 Gender friendly equipment and
machinery d. To identify the potential needs for short,
medium and long terms mechanization
 Soil, crop and location specific strategies in each AEZ/sub regions based on
machinery and technology each operation of crop production and
 Reverse engineering and manufacturing processing.

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 67 Issue 9- Sep 2019

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