Power Quality Concerns with Integration of

RESs into the Smart Power Grid and

Associated Mitigation Techniques
Mohit Bajaj Surbhi Aggarwal Amit Kumar Singh
Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
National Institute of Technology National Institute of Technology National Institute of Technology
Delhi, India Delhi, India Delhi, India
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Abstract— Power distribution systems are advancing day today 2015, with the yearly market for new capacity up 25% over
with the integration of renewable energy vindicated by growing 2014. The yearly market was almost 10 times the size of
energy demands and the sake of the global environment. But, the cumulative world capacity just a decade back.
transformation of traditional grids into the smarter one has
affected the power quality (PQ) and has given rise to new power
quality concerns. The main cause, of these new power quality
concerns, is the integration of renewable energy sources (RESs).
Analysis of these power quality concerns is essential for predicting
the stochastic effects on the operation of the modern power system
and evaluating the appropriate solution. This paper presents an
overview of power quality concerns arose as a result of an increase
in grid integrated renewable energy systems and a mini review on
state of the art solutions, in the literature, to alleviate those
concerns. Besides, the opportunities for future research on
mitigation techniques are also highlighted.
Keywords— Power Quality, Solar Power, Wind Energy,
Harmonics, Voltage Control, Frequency Control.
I. INTRODUCTION Figure 1: Global capacity of PV and annual addition (2005-2015) [4]

P RIMARY purpose of the power system is to generate

quality power, transmit efficiently and deliver it to the
consumers at a reasonable price. In a traditional power
system, there was no crisis of energy sources and not an
environmental concern. During that period electricity used to be
The future benefits with RES based generation are exciting
but the integration of such resources based generation systems
with the existing transmission grid offers several power quality
challenges [5], [6]. Since the quality of power generated by
renewable energy generation systems like PV or wind is
generated by only fossil fuel energy resources using parallel controlled by unpredictable environmental conditions [7].
operating synchronous generators which supply pure sinusoidal Hence the application of renewable energy generation systems
voltage under quality standards and transmitted by either single- like PV, Wind and their frequent integration with the grid has
phase or three-phase overhead transmission system. It is the given rise to serious power quality concerns in the existing
responsibility of a utility grid to supply power at rated voltage networks. Thus generation practices of modern power system
magnitude and frequency to its every consumer [1]. Further, all infrastructure have given rise to new power quality challenges.
the consumers are needed to draw pure sinusoidal current at This paper presents a detailed discussion on power quality
nearly unity power factor. challenges emerged due to the increase in grid integrated RES
At present minimizing the fossil fuel energy resources based based generation and reviews the latest state of the art solutions
generation due to several related issues and saving of electrical in the literature to tackle those challenges. In addition, the
energy is the main priority of modern power system prospects for future research on each of the mitigation
infrastructure [2]. Hence it is preferred to generate electricity techniques are suggested. Such an article can be very valuable
using renewable energy sources because of that practice being for professionals belonging to academics as well as industries
in favor of the environment. Further RES based distributed for receiving insights into existing PQ challenges, mitigation
generation (DG) also has its own advantages like reduced techniques and future research direction for renewable energy
transmission losses and environment-friendly [3]. technologies.
Consequently, the penetration level of RES based generation Section II covers a brief discussion on present renewable
is increasing throughout the world in the present scenario of energy-based generation scenario and commonly used
smart grids. Norway, Iceland, and Sweden are among the topologies for that purpose. Further power quality challenges
countries fulfilling more than 50% of the total energy demand emerged because of grid integration of RES based generation
by RES based generation. Figure 1 shows the total proportion of and their state of the art solutions are meticulously discussed in
energy generated from PV around the world from the year 2005 this section III. In the end, part conclusions are drawn and future
to 2015 in addition to the added capacity in each particular year scope of research work is recommended.
[4]. Solar PV endured one more year of greatest evolution in

978-1-7281-6664-3/20/$31.00©2020 IEEE

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM. Downloaded on July 27,2020 at 14:46:31 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 II. RENEWABLE ENERGY BASED GENERATION Figure 3(a) shows the general topology of wind energy to
SCENARIO AND TOPOLOGIES electrical energy conversion system. Figure 3(b) shows the
With the social and environmental benefits of power systems additional meticulous topology of a grid-connected large wind
advancement, new technical challenges have emerged. Due to power plant [13]. The topology of grid-connected solar power
atmospheric concern with carbon dioxide, global warming plant differs from wind only by one initial stage of conversion.
emissions by fossil fuel-based generation of electricity and Figure 4 shows the complete topology of a grid-connected solar
human activities, renewable resources based generation has power based plant [14].
emerged as a clean source of energy [8]. According to a survey
in the United States, the electricity sector originates about 29
percent of the total global warming emissions [9]. Therefore,
renewable energy system like photovoltaic and wind provides
green energy and their penetration is increasing day by day
throughout the world. Figure 2 shows the measured renewable
energy portion of worldwide electricity production at last of
2017 [10]. Overall, renewable energy accounted for an
estimated 70% of net additions to global power capacity in 2017,
up from 63% in 2016 [11]. By the end of the year 2017, global
renewable power capacity totalled was around 2,195 GW.
Future of renewable resources based electricity generation
seems exciting due to advantages offered over fossil fuel-based
generation. For utilizing renewable energy, the solar and wind
power based plants need to be integrated with the existing grid
[12].

Figure 4: Detailed topology of a grid-connected solar power plant [14]

III. POWER QUALITY ISSUES AND SOLUTIONS

Application of renewable energy in standalone operation
does not create that many technical issues but the integration of
renewable energy generation systems with the grid introduces
new challenges for the power industry [15]. Quality of power
supplied by the utility grid is centrally controlled by its operators
Figure 2: Estimated Renewable Energy Share of Global Electricity without interfacing power electronics components. But the
Production, End-2017 [10] quality of power supplied by PV and wind generation system
Wind Turbine
Controlller Controller
depends on environmental parameters and power electronics
Diode Vdc (Vabc, Iabc)
Rectifier D Pulses control. As the penetration level of such renewable energy-based
Feeder
generation system is drastically increasing, therefore, the
DC DC Power
Vdc
+
- Grid potential risk to power quality due to such grid integration will
DC AC also increase [16].
PMSG Converter Inverter Transformer DG Bus As per IEEE standard 929-2000 quality of output power
Figure 3(a): General topology of the wind energy conversion system from solar energy system is evaluated by regulation of voltage,
frequency, and harmonics in output current [17].
A. Voltage and Frequency Fluctuations
The energy supplied by RES is highly spasmodic owing to
unpredictable weather conditions. For instance, output voltage
and power of photovoltaic module changes with the variation in
solar irradiation and temperature and output voltage of wind
energy system changes with the change in wind speed [18].
Hence the uncontrollable and intermittent nature of renewable
resources causes fluctuations in power obtained from the
conversion process which further causes fluctuations in voltage
and frequency [19]. Hence there is need of making weather
forecasting technologies more advanced so that controlling
system of PV or wind generation plants can be designed such
that in case of any change in environmental condition voltage
Figure 3(b): Detailed topology of a grid-connected large
wind power plant [13] sag or swell caused can be mitigated efficiently either by a

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM. Downloaded on July 27,2020 at 14:46:31 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
spinning reserve(SR) or by sufficient energy storage systems Further voltage fluctuations can be mitigated by the
[20], [21]. Otherwise, these fluctuations of voltage should be application of distributed generation (DG) system based series
mitigated by some custom power device [22], [23]. There is a compensator. Transient response of DG based series
need for making a well-coordinated controlling system of compensator has been compared with a static transfer switch.
renewable energy-based systems so that such systems can be The study concludes that STS is an economical and efficient
integrated with grid anywhere in a self-regulating way. A solution to voltage quality problem [27].
different state of the art solutions exists in the literature for Virtual synchronous machine (VSM) based approach also can
mitigating the issue of voltage and frequency fluctuations. Some be used for mitigating voltage and frequency fluctuation of grid
approaches state the application of custom power devices (CPD) integrated renewable energy system [28]. This approach makes
for mitigation of voltage fluctuations. Figure 5 shows a broad overall grid interfaced renewable energy conversion system to
classification of basic techniques reported in the literature. act like an equivalent alternating current synchronous
One solution is Static Transfer Switch (STS) which consists machine(ACSM) so as to get the advantages of conventional
of two static switches for each phase and each static switch is synchronous machines. This approach helps in improving the
basically thyristors connected in anti-parallel [24]. In the case of power quality of grid-connected renewable resources up to a
voltage sag or interruption, it transfers the sensitive load to the considerable extent.
healthy phase. STS provides the most economical solution in Authors J. Zaragoza et al. proposes a field-oriented control
comparison to other custom power device options. Another CPD (FOC) based controlling of permanent magnet synchronous
option is Static VAR Compensator (SVC) which is a power generator (PMSG) based wind energy conversion system
electronically controlled passive element [24]. It controls the (WECS) for gaining control over generating current and speed
flow of reactive power between the point of common coupling regulation. The approach is based on proportional-integral (PI)
(PCC) and passive elements like a capacitor and reactor by control and zero-pole cancellation (ZPC) technique are
varying the firing angle. employed for tuning of the parameters [29]. The approach is
Voltage quality disturbances with renewable resources and based on optimizing the energy captured from the wind.
grid integration can be overcome by maximizing wind power Combining more precise forecasting of renewable resources
conversion by controlling the wind energy conversion and energy storage systems electrical energy obtained can be
system(WECS) in case of variation in renewable energy optimized [30]. Fluctuations of voltage and frequency at PCC
available [25]. Kelvin Tan et al. proposed controlling of can be minimized without the requirement of custom power
permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based grid- device and spinning reserve. There is the scope of extending this
connected WECS for tracking maximum power without research work for energy storage techniques applicable for short
application of any mechanical sensor [26]. It is elaborated that and long term. Li Wang et. al. also suggested a new control
maximum energy drawn from the wind varies from one control method for reduction of power fluctuations in grid integrated
strategy to another which is used for WECS. By providing wind farm by application of variable frequency transformer [31].
power mapping loop as well as frequency derivative loop of It is found from steady-state analysis of operating conditions that
PMSG, the control strategy of WECS allows the PCC voltage to the active power generated by the wind farm is possible to be
vary to maximum power point operation. transmitted to the main utility grid by controlling the torque
output of the dc drive motor of the variable frequency
STS transformer.
For improving the voltage quality during injection of wind
SVC energy into the grid, an improved grid interfacing architecture is
presented in reference [32]. A collection of series and parallel
CPD
grid interconnection system topologies have been presented.
STATCOM They are appropriate for distributed generation (DG) uses
voltage quality enhancement and transfer of power.
DVR The combination of energy storage and STATCOM may be
possibly utilized for reducing the PQ issues faced during the
incorporation of wind-farm with any power system network.
Mechanical Authors of reference [33] have demonstrated the same. Initially,
Solutions Energy the research work identifies the PQ issues in the Southern
Storage Electrical California Edison (SCE) system and it has plentiful wind
availability. Furthermore, it finds the path limitation problems
in one among the wind energy generation regions in that
Energy Chemical
Conversion territory containing the loads that are affected by PQ
Optimization disturbances.
Thermal A novel control approach for a grid-integrated doubly-fed
induction generator (DFIG) built WECS is proposed in [34]. The
Spinning
presented model comprises a battery-based energy storage
Reserve
system (BESS) to lessen fluctuations of the power on the grid
Figure 5: Broad classification of solutions to voltage and frequency because of changing nature and irregularity of wind. An analysis
fluctuations [15], [16] is done for the active power exchange between the DFIG and the

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM. Downloaded on July 27,2020 at 14:46:31 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
grid considering the power stored or discharged by the BESS, within a solar or wind power plant are not that susceptible as
depending on the available wind energy. loads of distributed generation because of closely connected of
The combined operation of reactive power compensation and low voltage consumer loads.
the virtual synchronous machine has been proposed [35]. This For compensating the harmonics, the application shunt active
methodology gives better synchronization than STATCOM power filter is a conventional approach [7], [39]. While
based mitigation approach. A novel variable-speed WECS with presently there is the scope of research on making control
a PMSG and Z-source inverter is presented [36]. In this techniques of inverter interface such that harmonics emission is
topology, PMSG is controlled to maximize the energy minimum. Many methodologies have been proposed in the
conversion efficiency of WECS under different loading literature for making current supplied by the DG system purely
situations.
active and closer to pure sinusoidal.
Further, a number of approaches are available in the literature
Authors Jeyraj Selvaraj et al. proposed a multilevel inverter
for power quality control of grid integrated renewable energy-
topology for the integration of renewable resources with the
based systems.
grid. The proposed inverter topology works on a digitally
B. Current Harmonics Injection controlled proportional-integral controller-based sinusoidal
A renewable DG system topologically includes many power pulse with modulation (SPWM). The novel control scheme
electronic converter units and consequently behaves as a enables renewable energy systems to inject pure sinusoidal
nonlinear load that injects harmonics into the distribution power current into the grid.
grid [15], [16]. IEEE Standard 519 has specified some Reference [40] presented a classified analysis of three such
guidelines on the limits of current distortion permissible to a methods namely current-controlled mode [41], voltage control
customer load, which bounds the individual voltage distortion to mode [42] and hybrid control mode [43]. Operation of controller
3%, and the total voltage harmonic distortion to 5% at PCC, in each of the mode enables grid integrated DG system not even
which for renewable DG systems is defined as the point at which to control harmonics emission but also to compensate harmonics
they are connected with the grid network. All the streams of and improving voltage quality at the point of common coupling
harmonics mitigation techniques are shown in figure 6. (PCC). Table-1 shows a comparison of the flexibilities of those
three generalized compensation schemes [40].
L Filter Another novel virtual impedance-based method also has been
TABLE: 1
Passive Comparison of Different Schemes for Harmonic Compensation
LC Filter
Filters
CCM VCM HCM
Local load harmonics
LCL Filter compensation Yes Yes Yes
PCC harmonic voltage
compensation Yes Yes Yes
Shunt APF DG line current Yes Yes Yes
harmonic rejection
Active Grid impedance Insensitive Sensitive Insensitive
variations
Current Quality Power Series APF Stand-alone operation
Improvement Filters with voltage control No Yes Yes
Harmonics Sharing Yes Yes Yes
Smart Hybrid Filter
Impedance
reported in the literature [44]. The virtual impedance scheme can
CCM be used for both current and voltage source type converters for
fulfilling multiple objectives as shown in figure 7 [44]. The
Multi- accurate design of virtual impedance plays a very important role
Functional VCM in fulfilling all these objectives with the integration of DG
DGs systems.
Another alternative method is to use a multi-functional grid-
HCM tied inverter which is an advanced version of classical inverter
and is capable to integrate DG system to the grid which also
Figure 6: Broad classification of solutions to current harmonics [15], [16] performs harmonics compensation very effectively [45]. Hence
Grid integrated wind and solar energy systems can create eliminates the need for any additional compensation device for
interharmonic and supraharmonics [37]. Supraharmonics is a point of common coupling.
new type of harmonic that has recently drawn the interest of For minimizing supraharmonics injection by grid-connected
converters authors of reference [46] recommended applying
researchers and has a frequency range from 2 to 150 kHz [38].
random pulse width modulation technique instead of
A detailed study of field data on harmonics emission by grid-
conventional PWM. Random PWM is quite similar to the
connected renewable DG systems are needed to ensure better conventional PWM but differs in the aspect of the position of
power quality in power system infrastructure. Loads connected the pulses i.e. random positioning. The modulation technique

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM. Downloaded on July 27,2020 at 14:46:31 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
suggested results in a considerable reduction of high-frequency current references. The comparative analysis of proposed and
harmonics emission by inverters. classical adaptive current control schemes [51] is also discussed.
Authors M. Rezkallah et al. discussed a novel controlling It validates the improved performances of the aforementioned
technique of grid integrated solar power plant [47]. In this control technique in case of changing dynamics of the system.
presented work the classical Lyapunov function designed Further, a number of approaches are reported in the literature for
control technique for compensator is extended and modelled dealing with harmonics [52], [53].
with the functionality of active power injection into the grid
along with balancing grid supply currents at nearly unity power IV. CONCLUSION
factor (UPF), and harmonics compensation also of the load A detailed assessment of power quality challenges in grid
currents. A new sliding mode control based maximum power integration of RES based generation has been done in this paper.
point tracking (MPPT) technique is developed for drawing State of the art solutions to these new challenges have also been
maximum power of PV panels. Thus the proposed approach can conferred. Traditional approaches to mitigating power quality
help reducing power fluctuation during varying solar irradiation. issues may not be that effective in the present scenario.
Therefore, it is needed to perform a detailed analysis of the latest
field data obtained after taking modern generation practices into
Subsynchronous
Oscillation Damping consideration.
Active Stabilization Some recommendations on the future scope of research are as
Harmonics Instability
follows:
Mitigation 1) Present ongoing changes in generation practices of
Virtual Impedances for VSCs and CSCs

power system make the need for serious monitoring of

associated power quality disturbances. Further analysis of
P/Q Control of Converters immunity of power system components to these new type of
Power Flow Control disturbances is also very essential so that the existing standards
can be improved.
FACTS Controllers 2) A novel control technique for grid interfacing inverter
should be designed that can mitigate voltage and frequency
fluctuation caused by renewable energy variation and grid side
Harmonics
Current/Voltage Reduction disturbances simultaneously.
Harmonics 3) There is a need for giving more attention to studying the
Compensation data obtained from field measurement on the harmonics
Non-Linear Load Sharing spectrum of grid integrated RES based systems.
4) Smooth switching of RES based microgrid from
islanded mode to grid-connected and back to islanded mode as
Fault Current Limiting well is also very necessary. Monitoring and mitigation of power
quality challenges in that can also be an active area of research.
Fault Ride-Through
Inrush Current Mitigation REFERENCES
[1] N. K. Singh, A. K. Singh, and M. Tripathy, “Short-term load/price
Figure 7: Classification of virtual impedances [44] forecasting in deregulated electric environment using ELMAN neural
network,” in 2015 International Conference on Energy Economics and
A repetitive controller is presented in [48], for voltage Environment (ICEEE), 2015, pp. 1–6.
harmonic mitigation of islanded micro-grids based on the [2] S. Aggarwal and P. Nijhawan, “Review on solar and wind power potential
voltage-source inverter (VSI) and phase lead filters. Further, an in India,” in 2016 7th India International Conference on Power
Electronics (IICPE), 2016, pp. 1–5.
innovative design approach of the time advance unit in repetitive [3] H. Kuang, S. Li, and Z. Wu, “Discussion on advantages and
controllers for improved system stability is presented in this disadvantages of distributed generation connected to the grid,” in 2011
work. International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering, 2011,
In reference [49] collective performance of the DFIG and pp. 170–173.
efficient CPD, for instance, DVR, STATCOM, and UPQC with [4] “REN21: ‘Renewables 2016- Global Status Report’ Technical Report.,”
2016.
joint distributed generation (DG) is considered. Enhanced [5] P. Kumar and A. K. Singh, “Grid Codes: Goals and Challenges,” in
multilevel inverter based configurations of DVR, STATCOM, Renewable Energy Integration. Green Energy and Technology, 2014, pp.
and UPQC with DFIG and PV are presented in this work. The 17–39.
presented technique is capable in solving the power quality [6] M. Bajaj and A. K. Singh, “Power Quality Challenges Associated with
Distributed Generation Planning: A Simulation-based Demonstration,” in
issues such as voltage sag/swell, voltage interruption, flicker, 2019 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer
unbalance neutral current, voltage, and current harmonics, Engineering (UPCON), 2019, pp. 1–6.
reactive power, etc. in the distribution system network. [7] M. Bajaj and A. S. Rana, “Harmonics and Reactive Power Compensation
Authors of reference [50] worked on the development of an of Three Phase Induction Motor Drive by Photovoltaic-based
adaptive current control-detuned harmonics removal scheme in DSTATCOM,” Smart Sci., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 319–329, Oct. 2018.
[8] Environmental Protection Agency, “Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas
grid interfaced RES for power quality improvement. This Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2017,” 2017.
scheme uses a variable leaky factor to avoid wavering of weights [9] Energy Information Agency (EIA), “How much of the U.S. carbon
playing a role in the process of detection and extraction of dioxide emissions are associated with electricity generation?,” 2017.
[10] REN21:, “Renewables 2016- Global Status Report,” 2018.

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM. Downloaded on July 27,2020 at 14:46:31 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
[11] 2017 International Energy Agency, “2016 Snapshot of Global Energy Society General Meeting, 2011, pp. 1–8.
Photovoltaic Markets,” 2017. [34] V. C. Ganti, B. Singh, S. K. Aggarwal, and T. C. Kandpal, “DFIG-Based
[12] M. K. Hossain and M. H. Ali, “Statistical analysis of ramp rates of solar Wind Power Conversion With Grid Power Leveling for Reduced Gusts,”
photovoltaic system connected to grid,” in 2014 IEEE Energy Conversion IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 12–20, Jan. 2012.
Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2014, pp. 2524–2531. [35] C. Li, R. Burgos, I. Cvetkovic, D. Boroyevich, “Evaluation and control
[13] W. WGMG, “Wind Power Plant Power Flow Representation,” 2010. design of virtual-synchronous-machine-based STATCOM for grids with
[14] International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) White papers, “Grid high penetration of renewable energy,” in 2014 IEEE Energy Conversion
integration of large-capacity Renewable Energy sources and use of large- Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2014, pp. 5652–5658.
capacity Electrical Energy Storage,” 2012. [36] R. Jegatheeswaran and R. Rajesh, “Variable speed wind energy
[15] M. Bajaj and A. K. Singh, “Grid integrated renewable DG systems: A conversion system using PMSG & Z-Source inverter,” in 2015
review of power quality challenges and state-of-the-art mitigation International Conference on Innovations in Information, Embedded and
techniques,” Int. J. Energy Res., vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 26–69, Jan. 2020. Communication Systems (ICIIECS), 2015, pp. 1–7.
[16] Bajaj, M., Singh, A.K., “An analytic hierarchy process based novel [37] K. Yang, M. H. J. Bollen, E. O. A. Larsson, “Measurements of harmonic
approach for benchmarking the power quality performance of grid emission versus active power from wind turbines,” Electr. Power Syst.
integrated renewable energy systems,” Electr. Eng., Feb. 2020. Res., vol. 108, pp. 304–314, Mar. 2014.
[17] R. M. Hudson, T. Thorne, F. Mekanik, M. R. Behnke, S. Gonzalez, and [38] S. Rönnberg, “Emission and Interaction from Domestic Installations in
J. Ginn, “Implementation and testing of anti-islanding algorithms for the Low Voltage Electricity Network, up to 150 kHz,” 2013.
IEEE 929-2000 compliance of single phase photovoltaic inverters,” in [39] M. Bajaj, S. Rautela, and A. Sharma, “A comparative analysis of control
Conference Record of the Twenty-Ninth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists techniques of SAPF under source side disturbance,” in 2016 International
Conference, 2002., pp. 1414–1419. Conference on Circuit, Power and Computing Technologies (ICCPCT),
[18] W. E. C. C. M. and V. W. G. WECC Renewable Energy Modeling Task 2016, pp. 1–7.
Force, “WECC PV Power Plant Dynamic Modeling Guide,” 2014. [40] Y. W. Li and J. He, “Distribution System Harmonic Compensation
[19] C. Shiva, R. Bhavani, and N. R. Prabha, “Power quality improvement in Methods: An Overview of DG-Interfacing Inverters,” IEEE Ind. Electron.
a grid integrated solar PV system,” in 2017 IEEE International Mag., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 18–31, Dec. 2014.
Conference on Intelligent Techniques in Control, Optimization and [41] Yun Wei Li, “Control and Resonance Damping of Voltage-Source and
Signal Processing (INCOS), 2017, pp. 1–6. Current-Source Converters With $LC$ Filters,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
[20] J. T. Liu, S. H. Feng, K. Wang, X. R. Guo, and L. Z. Xu, “Method to Electron., vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1511–1521, May 2009.
determine spinning reserve requirement for a grid with large-scale wind [42] J. He, Y. W. Li, and M. S. Munir, “A Flexible Harmonic Control
power penetration,” J. Eng., vol. 2017, no. 13, pp. 1686–1691, Jan. 2017. Approach Through Voltage-Controlled DG–Grid Interfacing
[21] M. R. Tur, A. Erduman, A. Shobole, and M. Wadi, “Determining the most Converters,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 444–455, Jan.
appropriate spinning reserve depending on demand,” in 2016 IEEE 2012.
International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and [43] J. He and Y. W. Li, “Hybrid Voltage and Current Control Approach for
Applications (ICRERA), 2016, pp. 1062–1067. DG-Grid Interfacing Converters With LCL filters,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
[22] S. Rana, A. S., Bajaj, M., & Gairola, “Optimal Power Flow Solution in Electron., vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 1797–1809, May 2013.
Smart Grid Environment Using SVC and TCSC,” in Advanced [44] X. Wang, Y. W. Li, F. Blaabjerg, and P. C. Loh, “Virtual-Impedance-
Communication and Control Methods for Future Smartgrids, Intechopen, Based Control for Voltage-Source and Current-Source Converters,” IEEE
2019, pp. 1–22. Trans. Power Electron., vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 7019–7037, Dec. 2015.
[23] M. F. Zahra, T. Hamza, B. Mohamed, and O. Boughazi, “Design of PI [45] Z. Zeng, H. Yang, S. Tang, and R. Zhao, “Objective-Oriented Power
and BACKSTEPPING controllers for distributionstatic compensator,” in Quality Compensation of Multifunctional Grid-Tied Inverters and Its
2018 International Conference on Applied Smart Systems (ICASS), 2018, Application in Microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 30, no. 3,
pp. 1–6. pp. 1255–1265, Mar. 2015.
[24] A. Sannino, J. Svensson, and T. Larsson, “Power-electronic solutions to [46] S. K. Ronnberg, A. G. Castro, A. Moreno-Munoz “Solar PV inverter
power quality problems,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 71– supraharmonics reduction with random PWM,” in 2017 11th IEEE
82, Jul. 2003. International Conference on Compatibility, Power Electronics and
[25] P. Srivastava, M. Bajaj, and A. S. Rana, “IOT based controlling of hybrid Power Engineering (CPE-POWERENG), 2017, pp. 644–649.
energy system using ESP8266,” in 2018 IEEMA Engineer Infinite [47] M. Rezkallah, S. K. Sharma, A. Chandra, “Lyapunov Function and
Conference (eTechNxT), 2018, pp. 1–5. Sliding Mode Control Approach for the Solar-PV Grid Interface System,”
[26] K. Tan and S. Islam, “Optimum Control Strategies in Energy Conversion IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 785–795, Jan. 2017.
of PMSG Wind Turbine System Without Mechanical Sensors,” IEEE [48] S. Yang, P. Wang, Y. Tang, and L. Zhang, “Explicit Phase Lead Filter
Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 392–399, Jun. 2004. Design in Repetitive Control for Voltage Harmonic Mitigation of VSI-
[27] M. Bajaj, “Design and Simulation of Hybrid DG System Fed Single- Based Islanded Microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 64, no. 1,
Phase Dynamic Voltage Restorer for Smart Grid Application,” Smart Sci., pp. 817–826, Jan. 2017.
pp. 1–15, Apr. 2020. [49] K. Sarker, D. Chatterjee, and S. K. Goswami, “Grid integration of
[28] H.-P. Beck and R. Hesse, “Virtual synchronous machine,” in 2007 9th photovoltaic and wind based hybrid distributed generation system with
International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation, low harmonic injection and power quality improvement using
2007, pp. 1–6. biogeography-based optimization,” Renew. Energy Focus, vol. 22–23,
[29] J. Zaragoza, C. Spiteri Staines, A. Arias, “Comparison of speed control pp. 38–56, Dec. 2017.
strategies for maximum power tracking in a wind energy conversion [50] M. Patowary, G. Panda, and B. C. Deka, “An adaptive current control-
system,” in Melecon 2010 - 2010 15th IEEE Mediterranean detuned harmonics elimination schemes for enhancement of power
Electrotechnical Conference, 2010, pp. 961–966. quality in RES interfaced AC-grid network,” Sustain. Energy Technol.
[30] H. Han, T. K. A. Brekken, A. von Jouanne, A. Bistrika, and A. Yokochi, Assessments, vol. 25, pp. 11–23, Feb. 2018.
“In-lab research grid for optimization and control of wind and energy [51] Y. W. Li, D. M. Vilathgamuwa, and P. C. Loh, “Robust Control Scheme
storage systems,” in 49th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control for a Microgrid With PFC Capacitor Connected,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.,
(CDC), 2010, pp. 200–205. vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 1172–1182, 2007.
[31] Li Wang and Long-Yi Chen, “Reduction of Power Fluctuations of a [52] F. H. Gandoman, S. H. E. Abdel Aleem, F. Jurado, Z. M. Ali, A. Ahmadi,
Large-Scale Grid-Connected Offshore Wind Farm Using a Variable and K. Shamkhani, “A methodology for imposing harmonic distortion’s
Frequency Transformer,” IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. penalty in customers bill,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 183, p. 106268,
226–234, Jul. 2011. Jun. 2020.
[32] F. Wang, J. L. Duarte, and M. A. M. Hendrix, “Grid-Interfacing [53] M. Bajaj, M. Pushkarna, A. S. Rana and M. T. Khan, "An improved SRF
Converter Systems With Enhanced Voltage Quality for Microgrid based control algorithm for D-STATCOM under abnormal source
Application—Concept and Implementation,” IEEE Trans. Power voltage," 2015 Annual IEEE India Conference (INDICON), New Delhi,
Electron., vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 3501–3513, Dec. 2011. 2015, pp. 1-6.
[33] B. Gudimetla, S. Teleke, and J. Castaneda, “Application of Energy
Storage and STATCOM for grid quality issues,” in 2011 IEEE Power and

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM. Downloaded on July 27,2020 at 14:46:31 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.