Chemical Bonding Important Notes (24) STD 9 and 10$20240923104036

Chemical bonding _ Notes
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
1) Chemical bond:
The linkage or force which acts between two or more atoms to hold them together
as a stable molecule is called as chemical bond.
2) Electrovalent or ionic bond :

The chemical bond formed between two atoms by transfer of one or more
electrons from the atom of a (metallic ) electropositive element to an atom of a
(non-metallic) electronegative element.
3) Electrovalent compound:
The chemical compound formed as a result of complete transfer of one or more
electrons from the atom of a (metallic ) electropositive element to an atom of a
(non-metallic) electronegative element.
4) Electrovalency:
The number of electrons donated or accepted by the valence shell of an atom of
an element so as to achieve stable electronic configuration is called electrovalency.
5) Oxidation: loss of electrons

6) Reduction: gain of electrons
7) Covalent bond:
The chemical bond formed due to mutual sharing of electrons between the given
pair of atoms of non-metallic elements.
8) Covalent compound:
The chemical compound formed due to mutual sharing of electrons between the
given pairs of atoms thereby forming a covalent bond between them.
9) Covalency:
The number of electron pairs which an atom shares with one or more atoms of
the same or different kind to achieve stable electronic configuration is called
covalency.
24 /Notes /9 and 10 /Chemical bonding (PPSA/SI) Page 1

10) Non polar covalent compounds:
Covalent compounds are said to be non-polar when shared pair of electrons are
equally distributed between two atoms.
Examples: methane, carbon tetrachloride, nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine,

hydrogen
No charge separation takes place. These covalent molecules are symmetrical and
electrically neutral.
11) Polar covalent compounds:

Covalent compounds are said to be polar when shared pair of electrons are
unequally distributed between the two atoms.
Examples: water, ammonia, hydrogen chloride

Charge separation takes place. The atom which attracts electrons more strongly
develops a slight negative charge.
12) Lone pair of electrons:

Lone pair of electrons is a pair of electrons which do not take parts in covalent
bond formation.
13) Coordinate or Dative bond:

The bond formed between two atoms by sharing a pair of electrons, provided
entirely by one of the combining atoms but shared by both is called coordinate or
dative bond
Important:
Bond between metal and non-metal ➔ Ionic bond or electrovalent
bond
Bond between non-metal and non-metal ➔ Covalent bond
Mutual sharing ➔ covalent bond
Transfer of electrons ➔ Ionic bond or electrovalent bond
Mutual sharing of One pair ➔ Single Covalent bond
Mutual sharing of Two pair ➔ Double Covalent bond
Mutual sharing of three pair ➔ Triple Covalent bond

Electron dot structure
Covalent Bond:
The chemical bond formed due to mutual sharing of
electrons between the given pair of atoms of non-metallic
elements.
Non-polar covalent compounds Covalent
compounds are said to be non-polar when shared pair of
electrons are equally distributed between two atoms.
Examples: methane, carbon tetrachloride, nitrogen,
oxygen, chlorine, hydrogen
No charge separation takes place. These covalent molecules
are symmetrical and electrically neutral
Compound / Type Electron dot Dash structure
of bond structure
Hydrogen
Single covalent bond
Chlorine
Oxygen
Double covalent
bond

Nitrogen
Triple covalent bond
Carbon tetra chloride
Methane
Polar covalent compounds-

Covalent compounds are said to be polar when shared pair of electronsare
unequally distributed between the two atoms.
Examples: water, ammonia, hydrogen chloride
Charge separation takes place. The atom which attracts electrons more
strongly develops a slight negative charge.
Compound / Type of Electron dot Dash
bond
structure structure
Ammonia

Water
Hydrogen chloride
For reference

Ionic Bond
Electrovalent or ionic bond :
The chemical bond formed between two atoms by transfer of one or more
electrons from the atom of a (metallic) electropositive element to an atom
of a (non-metallic) electronegative element.
Formation of ionic compounds:
Sodium chloride
Magnesium chloride
Calcium Oxide

Formation of ions
1) Hydronium ion
H3O+
Type of bonds present: Covalent bond and Coordinate bond
Dash structure

2) Ammonium ion:
NH4+
Type of bonds present: Covalent bond and Coordinate bond
Dash structure
Only for reference – not in syllabus = hydroxide ion formation

Property Covalent compound Ionic compound
State --Gases, liquids or soft solids Crystalline hard solids
Reason:
molecules have weak force Reason:
of attraction between them Strong electrostatic force of
attraction between ions. So
they are closely packed
Volatility Volatile Non – volatile
Melting Low High
and boiling
point Reason: Reason:
molecules have weak force Strong electrostatic force of
of attraction between them attraction between ions. So
requires more heat energy to
break the attraction
Conduction Non-conductor Good conductor in aqueous
of or molten state
electricity Reason:
Contain only molecules, Reason:
absence of free ions. Presence of free (mobile) ions
(Polar covalent compound in molten or aqueous solution
can conduct electricity in state
aqueous solution state due to
the presence of free (mobile)
ions
Conduction Non conductor Good conductor
of heat
Solubility Soluble in organic solvent Soluble in water and insoluble
and insoluble in water in organic solvent
Reactions Undergo slow speed Undergo high speed ionic
molecular reactions reactions
Ions Undergo ionization (polar Undergo dissociation:
covalent) : formation of ions separation of ions

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Chemical bonding _ Notes

2) Electrovalent or ionic bond :

5) Oxidation: loss of electrons

24 /Notes /9 and 10 /Chemical bonding (PPSA/SI) Page 1

Examples: methane, carbon tetrachloride, nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine,

11) Polar covalent compounds:

Examples: water, ammonia, hydrogen chloride

12) Lone pair of electrons:

13) Coordinate or Dative bond:

24 /Notes /9 and 10 /Chemical bonding (PPSA/SI) Page 2

24 /Notes /9 and 10 /Chemical bonding (PPSA/SI) Page 3

Carbon tetra chloride

Single covalent bond

Single covalent bond

Polar covalent compounds-

Single covalent bond

24 /Notes /9 and 10 /Chemical bonding (PPSA/SI) Page 4

Single covalent bond

Single covalent bond

24 /Notes /9 and 10 /Chemical bonding (PPSA/SI) Page 5

24 /Notes /9 and 10 /Chemical bonding (PPSA/SI) Page 6

Electron dot structure

24 /Notes /9 and 10 /Chemical bonding (PPSA/SI) Page 7

Electron dot structure

Only for reference – not in syllabus = hydroxide ion formation

24 /Notes /9 and 10 /Chemical bonding (PPSA/SI) Page 8

24 /Notes /9 and 10 /Chemical bonding (PPSA/SI) Page 9

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