CIE-1 Questions:

1. Define Internet of Things (IoT) and explain the characteristics of IoT.

2. With any block diagram, explain the four layers of the IoT protocol with respect to
physical design.
3. Explain the functional block diagram of IoT with respect to the logical design of IoT.
4. With a neat diagram, explain the concept of IoT enabling technologies.
5. Explain IoT system components with respect to IoT levels and deployment templates.
6. With any diagram, explain the concepts of all six IoT levels and deployment
templates.
7. With any diagrams, explain the concept of home automation and cities with respect
to domain-specific IoT.
8. With a neat diagram, explain the concept of the environment, health, and lifestyle
with respect to domain-specific IoT.
9. With a neat diagram, explain the concept of energy and retail with respect to
domain-specific IoT.
10. With a neat diagram, explain the concept of logistics, agriculture, and industry with
respect to domain-specific IoT.

1.

Definition of IoT:

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical objects, such as devices, vehicles,
buildings, and other items, that are embedded with electronics, circuits, software, sensors,
and network connectivity. These objects can collect and exchange data, allowing them to be
sensed and controlled remotely over existing network infrastructure. IoT enables the
integration of the physical world into computer-based systems, improving efficiency and
accuracy in various applications like healthcare, transportation, and more​(Module 1 & 2).

Characteristics of IoT:

1. Dynamic & Self-Adapting: IoT devices can adapt dynamically based on changing
environments or user contexts. For instance, surveillance cameras may adjust
modes (e.g., day or night, resolution) based on the presence of motion.
2. Self-Configuring: IoT devices have self-configuring capabilities, allowing multiple
devices to work together automatically, reducing the need for manual intervention.
For example, weather-monitoring systems can self-configure to collect data
effectively.
3. Interoperable Communication Protocols: IoT devices support a variety of
communication protocols and can communicate not only with other devices but also
with infrastructure, ensuring seamless data exchange.
4. Unique Identity: Each IoT device has a unique identity (e.g., IP address), which
allows it to be recognized within the network. This identity also helps in
communicating with users and other environmental contexts.
 5. Integrated into Information Networks: IoT devices are part of broader information
networks, which allow them to communicate with other devices, systems, or
applications. They can also describe themselves to other devices and users,
enabling easy discovery and integration​

2.

1. Link Layer:

The Link Layer is the foundational layer in the IoT protocol stack. It is responsible for
connecting IoT devices to the physical medium, ensuring communication between the
network nodes.

● Function: It manages how data is encoded and decoded into bits for physical
transmission, ensuring that the devices can interact with the physical network.
● Physical Medium: It deals with the methods and standards to transmit data over
mediums like Ethernet (wired), Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Bluetooth (wireless).
Examples:
○ Ethernet (802.3 standard): Transmission over coaxial cables, fiber optics,
twisted copper pairs.
○ Wi-Fi (802.11 standards): Wireless transmission over radio frequencies like
2.4 GHz and 5 GHz.
○ Table 1.1 in the document shows various communication standards and data
rates for different link-layer methods​(Module 1 & 2).

2. Network Layer (Internet Layer):

The Network Layer facilitates the routing of data between devices across different
networks. It determines how the data packets move from the source device to the
destination device across a range of networks.

● Function: This layer handles IP addressing (IPv4 or IPv6), packet routing, and
internetworking. It ensures the data is delivered across network boundaries, enabling
communication between devices in different physical locations.
Examples:
○ IPv4: Uses a 32-bit address scheme to identify devices on the network.
○ IPv6: Uses a 128-bit address scheme, which is more suited for IoT devices
with limited processing capacity.
○ 6LoWPAN: This protocol is specifically designed for low-power devices,
allowing them to communicate using IPv6 over wireless personal area
networks (WPAN).
● The Internet Layer facilitates these tasks by using hierarchical addressing and
routing methods to move data across networks​(Module 1 & 2).

3. Transport Layer:

The Transport Layer is responsible for ensuring reliable data transfer between devices. It
provides error detection, flow control, and congestion control, ensuring data packets arrive
correctly and in order.

● Function: It manages the end-to-end communication between IoT devices. It

supports both connection-oriented and connectionless communication.
Protocols:
○ Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): Provides reliable,
connection-oriented communication. It ensures that data is delivered
error-free and in the correct sequence by retransmitting lost packets.
○ User Datagram Protocol (UDP): A simpler, connectionless protocol that
does not guarantee reliable transmission. It is useful for applications where
speed is prioritized over accuracy (e.g., video streaming).
● This layer is crucial for applications requiring reliability, like healthcare IoT systems,
where packet loss could be critical​(Module 1 & 2).

4. Application Layer:

The Application Layer is the topmost layer of the IoT protocol stack. It defines the
communication protocols and interface methods used by IoT applications to interact with the
devices and systems.

● Function: This layer handles how data is formatted, encoded, and interpreted by
applications. It supports various protocols designed for specific IoT use cases, such
as Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication, HTTP for web-based applications,
and CoAP for constrained devices.
Examples:
 ○ Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): The foundation of web communication,
allowing IoT devices to interact with cloud services and applications through
web requests (GET, POST, etc.).
○ Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP): A lightweight protocol designed
for Machine-to-Machine (M2M) applications, especially in constrained devices
with limited power and processing capabilities. It follows a request-response
model similar to HTTP.
○ WebSocket: Enables full-duplex communication between IoT devices and
servers over a single TCP connection, making it suitable for real-time
communication.
● This layer supports IoT applications like smart home systems, industrial automation,
and health monitoring systems​(Module 1 & 2)​(Module 1 & 2).

3.

The functional block diagram of IoT with respect to its logical design is presented in Fig
1.4 of the document. The logical design represents an abstract view of how various IoT
components interact and perform their functions. Here is a detailed explanation based on the
PDF:

Logical Design of IoT:

The logical design of an IoT system involves abstracting away the physical specifics and
focusing on the functions that IoT components must perform. The main components of this
design include devices, communication protocols, services, management, and
security.

Functional Blocks in the Logical Design of IoT:

1. Device:
○ Description: IoT devices are the core components of the system. These
devices perform sensing, actuation, monitoring, and control functions. They
can include sensors (to collect data), actuators (to perform actions), or a
combination of both.
○ Examples: Temperature sensors, surveillance cameras, smart appliances.
2. Communication:
○ Description: IoT communication involves the transfer of data between
devices and other systems (such as a cloud or centralized processing unit)
using various IoT protocols. Communication can be wired or wireless and
relies on interoperable communication protocols.
○ IoT Protocols: These include Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, LoRaWAN, and
more. The communication protocols ensure that data is transmitted and
received seamlessly.
3. Services:
○ Description: IoT services include device discovery, data publishing
services, and device monitoring/control services. These services manage
how devices communicate, how data is shared, and how control commands
are executed.
■ Device Discovery: The system automatically finds and connects to
IoT devices on the network.
■ Data Publishing: Devices send their collected data to servers or the
cloud for processing and analysis.
■ Device Control: IoT devices can be controlled remotely via the
network, either through manual input or automated systems.
4. Management:
○ Description: The management block governs the operation of the entire IoT
system. It includes device management (setup, configuration, and updates)
as well as system-wide management (ensuring smooth communication
between devices).
■ Examples: Remote firmware updates, network configuration, and
device health monitoring.
5. Security:
○ Description: Security is a critical aspect of IoT systems, ensuring that
devices and data are protected against unauthorized access, tampering, or
data breaches. It involves authentication, authorization, data integrity, and
secure communication.
■ Examples: Use of encryption for secure data transmission, user
authentication for device control, and role-based access control for
management functions.
4.

The concept of IoT enabling technologies is explained in detail under "IoT Enabling
Technologies" in the document. Below is a detailed explanation:

1. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN):

● Description: WSN consists of distributed devices equipped with sensors to monitor

environmental and physical conditions. These devices work together to collect, route,
and process data.
● Components:
○ End Nodes: Responsible for sensing or monitoring environmental
parameters.
○ Routers: Route the data from the end nodes to coordinators.
○ Coordinators: Collect data from end nodes and connect the WSN to the
internet.
● Protocols: Zigbee is commonly used for communication in WSNs.

Example Applications:

● Weather monitoring systems

● Indoor air quality monitoring
● Surveillance systems
● Health monitoring systems

2. Cloud Computing:

● Description: Cloud computing delivers applications and services over the internet. It
provides on-demand computing, networking, and storage resources.
● Types of Services:
○ IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service): Renting infrastructure for computing.
○ PaaS (Platform as a Service): Providing development environments for
software applications.
 ○ SaaS (Software as a Service): Delivering software applications over the
internet on a subscription basis.

3. Big Data Analytics:

● Description: IoT generates massive amounts of data that can be analyzed using big
data technologies. Big data analytics involves collecting, processing, and visualizing
data for decision-making.
● Characteristics:
○ Variety: Different types of data, such as structured and unstructured.
○ Velocity: Speed at which data is processed (e.g., real-time, batch).
○ Volume: Amount of data collected (e.g., terabytes, transactions).

4. Embedded Systems:

● Description: Embedded systems consist of hardware and software designed to

perform specific tasks. These systems are optimized for real-time operations.
● Components:
○ Microprocessors or microcontrollers
○ Memory (RAM, ROM, Cache)
○ Input/Output units

5. Communication Protocols:

● Description: Communication protocols provide the backbone for IoT systems,

enabling devices to exchange data over the network. A mix of IP and non-IP-based
protocols can be used, depending on the use case.
● Layers:
○ Link Layer
○ Network Layer
○ Transport Layer
○ Application Layer
5.

The IoT system components and their relationship to IoT levels and deployment templates
are explained in the document under "IoT Levels and Deployment Templates." Here’s a
detailed explanation:

IoT System Components:

1. Device:
○ IoT devices are responsible for sensing, actuating, remote monitoring, and
control. These devices gather data from their environment and send it for
further processing or take actions based on received instructions.
2. Resource:
○ Resources are software components on IoT devices that manage sensor
information, control actuators, and enable network access. These are
responsible for accessing, processing, and storing the sensor data.
3. Controller Service:
○ This is a native service running on the device, interacting with web services. It
sends data from the IoT device to a web service and receives control
commands for the device.
4. Database:
○ Databases can be local or cloud-based, storing data generated by IoT
devices. The storage and management of large volumes of data is essential
for efficient data retrieval and analysis.
5. Web Service:
○ Web services act as the link between IoT devices, applications, databases,
and analysis components. These can be implemented using HTTP and REST
principles (REST service) or WebSocket protocols (WebSocket service).
6. Analysis Component:
 ○ This component processes the IoT data and generates results in an
easy-to-understand form. It enables meaningful insights by analyzing large
sets of IoT data.
7. Application:
○ The user-facing component of the IoT system. It allows users to control and
monitor IoT systems, view the status of the system, and access processed
data in an interactive interface.

IoT Levels and Deployment Templates:

IoT Level-1:

● System Structure: A single node/device performs sensing and/or actuation, stores

data, performs analysis, and hosts the application.
● Use Case: Low-cost, low-complexity solutions with minimal data and analysis
requirements.
● Example: Home automation systems.

IoT Level-2:

● System Structure: A single node that performs sensing/actuation and stores data
locally. The data is processed locally, and the application is cloud-based.
● Use Case: Solutions with large data volumes but not computationally intensive.
● Example: Smart irrigation systems.

IoT Level-3:

● System Structure: Multiple nodes perform sensing/actuation, and data is stored in

the cloud. The application is cloud-based.
● Use Case: Scalable systems that require local and cloud data storage and analysis.
● Example: Industrial IoT applications where multiple machines collect data and it is
stored/analysed in the cloud.

IoT Level-4:

● System Structure: Multiple nodes perform sensing/actuation and local analysis.

Data is stored in the cloud, and the application is cloud-based.
● Use Case: Large-scale IoT solutions with multiple nodes and higher data complexity
requiring both local and cloud-based analysis.
● Example: Noise monitoring systems.

IoT Level-5:

● System Structure: Multiple end nodes and one coordinator node. The coordinator
node collects data and sends it to the cloud for storage and analysis. The application
is cloud-based.
● Use Case: Solutions based on wireless sensor networks where the data is large and
the analysis is complex.
● Example: Wireless sensor networks in smart cities.
IoT Level-6:

● System Structure: Multiple independent end nodes perform sensing/actuation and

send data to the cloud. The centralized controller analyzes data in the cloud and
sends commands to the end nodes. The application is cloud-based.
● Use Case: Complex systems with multiple independent nodes that require real-time
analysis and control.
● Example: Complex smart city deployments with independent sensing and actuation
at multiple points.

6.
SAME AS 5
7.

The concepts of Home Automation and Cities in relation to domain-specific IoT are
discussed under "Domain Specific IoTs" in the document. Below is a detailed explanation
along with references to relevant diagrams.

Home Automation:

Home automation systems use IoT technologies to make homes smarter and more efficient
by automating various processes and controlling devices remotely. Key aspects of home
automation include:

1. Smart Lighting:
○ Function: Smart lighting systems adapt to ambient conditions by turning
lights on/off or dimming them as needed, which helps save energy.
○ Application: These systems automatically adjust based on factors like
presence detection or user commands.
2. Smart Appliances:
 ○ Function: These appliances are connected to the internet and can be
remotely controlled, monitored, and managed. They provide real-time status
information and help in energy efficiency.
○ Application: Devices such as smart refrigerators, washing machines, and
ovens allow users to control them remotely.
3. Intrusion Detection:
○ Function: Security systems use cameras, PIR sensors, and door/window
sensors to detect unauthorized entry into a home. The system raises alerts
via SMS or email to notify homeowners.
○ Application: A network of security devices continuously monitors the house
and triggers alarms when suspicious activity is detected.
4. Smoke/Gas Detectors:
○ Function: Smoke and gas detectors monitor indoor environments to detect
hazardous conditions such as fire or harmful gases (e.g., carbon monoxide).
○ Application: When dangerous levels are detected, alerts are raised in the
form of alarms or messages.

Cities:

IoT is transforming urban infrastructure through various applications to build smart cities.
Key domain-specific IoT systems for cities include:

1. Smart Parking:
○ Function: Smart parking systems help drivers locate available parking spots
by detecting the number of empty slots and sending this information to a
smart application.
○ Application: Reduces time spent searching for parking, thus reducing
congestion and fuel consumption.
2. Smart Lighting for Roads and Public Spaces:
○ Function: Energy-efficient lighting systems automatically adjust street lights
based on ambient conditions (day/night, presence of pedestrians/vehicles).
○ Application: This helps in saving energy and providing safety in public areas.
3. Smart Roads:
○ Function: Sensors embedded in roads collect data on driving conditions,
traffic, and accidents. The system can provide real-time updates on road
conditions and warn of dangerous conditions.
○ Application: Useful in managing traffic, estimating travel times, and
improving road safety.
4. Structural Health Monitoring:
○ Function: Sensors installed on structures like bridges and buildings monitor
vibrations and other factors that could affect structural integrity.
○ Application: Helps in early detection of structural issues, allowing for timely
maintenance and avoiding potential failures.
5. Surveillance:
○ Function: Video surveillance systems aggregate video feeds into
cloud-based storage for real-time monitoring and security.
○ Application: Enables constant monitoring of public spaces to improve
security and response to incidents.
 6. Emergency Response:
○ Function: IoT systems for fire, gas, and water leakage detection can
generate alerts, helping emergency services respond faster to crises.
○ Application: Minimizes the impact of disasters on critical infrastructure by
providing timely warnings.

Diagrams:

● Home Automation: Refer to Fig 1.4 on page 9 for the functional block diagram of
IoT, which includes IoT devices, communication protocols, and services that can be
applied to home automation systems.
● Smart Cities: The document does not have a specific diagram for smart cities, but
the system architecture from Fig 1.4 on page 9 can also be applied to understand the
integration of multiple sensors and communication protocols used in smart city
applications​(Module 1 & 2).

8.

The concepts of Environment, Health, and Lifestyle with respect to domain-specific IoT
are explained in the document. Here’s a detailed explanation:

1. Environment:

IoT systems for environmental monitoring aim to collect real-time data from various
environmental sensors. Key applications include:

1. Weather Monitoring:
○ Function: IoT systems collect data on weather conditions using sensors
placed at multiple locations. The data is sent to cloud-based applications for
analysis and visualization.
 ○ Application: Helps in forecasting weather patterns, understanding climate
changes, and providing real-time weather information.
2. Air Pollution Monitoring:
○ Function: IoT systems monitor harmful gas emissions (CO2, CO, NO, NO2,
etc.) from factories and vehicles using gaseous and meteorological sensors.
○ Application: Data can be analyzed to make informed decisions about air
pollution control methods and regulations.
3. Noise Pollution Monitoring:
○ Function: Deployed sensors at various locations in a city collect data on
noise levels. The data is then aggregated and used to generate noise maps.
○ Application: These systems are helpful in tracking noise pollution trends and
mitigating the impact of high noise levels in urban areas.
4. Forest Fire Detection:
○ Function: Early detection of forest fires is made possible by using a network
of environmental sensors that monitor temperature, humidity, and gas
emissions.
○ Application: Provides alerts to authorities for timely intervention and
mitigation of fire damage.
5. River Flood Detection:
○ Function: IoT systems monitor water levels and flow rates using sensor
nodes deployed near rivers. These systems send data to cloud-based
applications that generate early flood warnings.
○ Application: Helps in predicting and managing flood risks to protect property
and human life.

2. Health:

IoT is revolutionizing healthcare by enabling real-time monitoring of health parameters,

providing better diagnosis, and improving patient care. Key applications include:

1. Health and Fitness Monitoring:

○ Function: Wearable IoT devices such as smartwatches and fitness bands
track vital health data like heart rate, physical activity, and sleep patterns.
○ Application: Helps individuals monitor their health, track fitness goals, and
share health data with healthcare providers for better diagnosis and
treatment.
2. Wearable Electronics:
○ Function: Devices like smartwatches, smart bands, and even smart clothing
use sensors to continuously monitor physiological parameters such as body
temperature, ECG, and oxygen levels.
○ Application: Real-time monitoring allows early detection of potential health
issues and provides continuous data to healthcare providers.
3. Remote Health Monitoring:
○ Function: IoT devices enable remote monitoring of patients with chronic
diseases. Data collected from these devices is transmitted to healthcare
professionals for analysis.
○ Application: Useful in reducing hospital visits and improving patient
outcomes through early detection of complications.
3. Lifestyle:

IoT in lifestyle aims to enhance the user experience by integrating technology into daily
activities for convenience and efficiency.

1. Wearable Devices for Lifestyle:

○ Function: Wearable IoT devices can track personal habits such as walking,
sleeping, and physical activities, providing insights into one’s lifestyle.
○ Application: Helps in promoting healthier lifestyle choices by providing
real-time feedback on activities.
2. Smart Homes:
○ Function: IoT-based smart homes integrate various devices like lighting,
HVAC, and security systems, all controllable via smartphones or voice
assistants.
○ Application: Improves comfort, energy efficiency, and security by automating
home functions.

Diagrams:

For a neat diagram related to IoT systems, refer to Fig 1.4 on page 9 of the document,
which provides a functional block diagram applicable to environmental, health, and lifestyle
applications​(Module 1 & 2).

9.

1. Energy:

IoT plays a critical role in optimizing energy production, distribution, and consumption. Key
applications include:
 1. Smart Grids:
○ Function: Smart grids use IoT to integrate data communication networks with
traditional electrical grids. They collect real-time data on power transmission,
distribution, and consumption, providing predictive information and
recommendations for optimizing energy management.
○ Application: IoT sensors monitor the health of equipment, evaluate grid
integrity, and enable demand-response mechanisms to ensure efficient
energy use.
○ Example: Predictive maintenance of power grid equipment, real-time energy
monitoring for utility companies, and automated energy distribution based on
real-time consumption patterns.
2. Renewable Energy Systems:
○ Function: IoT-based systems monitor renewable energy sources like wind
and solar power. They measure electrical variables and monitor how much
energy is fed into the grid from these sources.
○ Application: Closed-loop controls can be used in wind energy systems to
regulate voltage and optimize turbine outputs, providing real-time adjustments
based on environmental conditions.
○ Example: Wind farms using IoT to monitor turbine performance and regulate
power input to the grid in real time.
3. Prognostics:
○ Function: Specialized electrical sensors, such as Phasor Measurement Units
(PMUs), are used to collect real-time data on power grids. This data helps in
estimating the system’s state and predicting potential failures.
○ Application: Improves the reliability of energy systems by forecasting failures
and allowing for preventive maintenance.
○ Example: IoT sensors in power plants detecting anomalies in equipment,
enabling early intervention to prevent outages.

2. Retail:

IoT in retail helps businesses streamline operations, improve customer experiences, and
reduce costs. Key applications include:

1. Inventory Management:
○ Function: IoT systems enable real-time remote monitoring of inventory using
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags and sensors. This allows
businesses to track stock levels accurately and manage supply chains
efficiently.
○ Application: Retailers can use IoT to automate stock replenishment and
prevent out-of-stock situations, reducing waste and improving efficiency.
○ Example: Smart shelves in supermarkets that track product quantities and
automatically send restock alerts to suppliers when levels are low.
2. Smart Payments:
○ Function: IoT systems enable contactless payments using technologies such
as Near Field Communication (NFC) and Bluetooth.
 ○ Application: Customers can make quick, secure transactions using
smartphones or smart cards, improving the shopping experience and
reducing checkout times.
○ Example: Mobile payment systems like Apple Pay or Google Wallet that allow
customers to pay by tapping their smartphones at the point of sale.
3. Smart Vending Machines:
○ Function: IoT-enabled vending machines are equipped with sensors that
monitor the operational status of the machine (e.g., stock levels, temperature)
and send data to the cloud for predictive maintenance.
○ Application: These machines can optimize restocking schedules, reduce
downtime, and improve operational efficiency.
○ Example: Coca-Cola’s IoT-powered vending machines that monitor stock
levels and send alerts for refills when needed.

10.

The concepts of Logistics, Agriculture, and Industry with respect to domain-specific IoT
are explained in the document under "Domain Specific IoTs." Here's a detailed explanation
for each, along with references to diagrams.

1. Logistics:

IoT plays a significant role in optimizing logistics operations, from tracking fleets to
monitoring shipments. Key IoT applications in logistics include:

1. Route Generation and Scheduling:

○ Function: IoT-backed systems provide real-time route generation and
scheduling services. Data collected from various sensors help optimize
routes, ensuring timely deliveries and reducing fuel consumption.
 ○ Application: IoT systems help logistics companies generate efficient routes
and schedules, especially when dealing with a large transportation network.
○ Example: IoT systems in delivery services like Amazon and UPS, where
real-time data is used to optimize delivery routes.
2. Fleet Tracking:
○ Function: GPS-enabled IoT devices track the real-time location of vehicles in
a fleet. This allows for real-time monitoring of vehicle movements, providing
logistics managers with crucial information about their fleet.
○ Application: Real-time tracking ensures improved fleet management, fuel
efficiency, and timely delivery.
○ Example: UPS uses IoT fleet tracking systems to monitor its delivery trucks in
real-time.
3. Shipment Monitoring:
○ Function: IoT sensors (e.g., temperature, humidity) are used to monitor the
conditions of goods during transport. This is particularly important for
perishable items such as food or pharmaceuticals.
○ Application: Monitoring shipments ensures that products are kept in optimal
conditions during transit, reducing spoilage or damage.
○ Example: IoT-based cold chain monitoring systems used by companies like
DHL for pharmaceuticals and food products.
4. Remote Vehicle Diagnostics:
○ Function: IoT devices installed in vehicles monitor various subsystems
(speed, RPM, fuel levels, etc.) and send data to a cloud system for analysis.
○ Application: Helps logistics managers diagnose issues with vehicles
remotely, ensuring preventive maintenance.
○ Example: Vehicle diagnostics systems used in large transport fleets to
monitor vehicle health and predict failures.

2. Agriculture:

IoT is revolutionizing the agricultural sector by improving efficiency, reducing waste, and
optimizing the use of resources like water and fertilizer. Key IoT applications in agriculture
include:

1. Smart Irrigation:
○ Function: IoT sensors monitor soil moisture levels and automatically adjust
the irrigation systems based on real-time data.
○ Application: Reduces water consumption by ensuring irrigation is only
applied when necessary, optimizing water use.
○ Example: IoT-enabled smart irrigation systems used in precision farming to
reduce water waste.
2. Greenhouse Control:
○ Function: IoT sensors and actuators are used to monitor and control the
environmental conditions inside a greenhouse, such as temperature, humidity,
and CO2 levels.
○ Application: Ensures optimal growing conditions for plants, resulting in
higher yields and better resource management.
 ○ Example: Smart greenhouses that automatically adjust ventilation, heating,
and watering systems based on real-time data.
3. Soil and Crop Monitoring:
○ Function: IoT sensors embedded in fields monitor soil conditions, nutrient
levels, and crop health. Data collected is used for analyzing the best practices
for farming.
○ Application: Helps farmers make informed decisions about when to plant,
fertilize, and harvest, improving overall efficiency and yield.
○ Example: IoT-based systems used in large-scale farms for data-driven
precision farming.

3. Industry:

IoT is widely applied in industries to enhance operational efficiency, monitor machinery, and
improve production processes. Key IoT applications in the industrial sector include:

1. Machine Diagnosis and Prognosis:

○ Function: IoT devices attached to industrial machines monitor their
operational status, collecting data on performance parameters like
temperature, vibrations, and wear.
○ Application: Predictive maintenance systems use this data to forecast
potential failures and optimize machine uptime, reducing downtime and
maintenance costs.
○ Example: IoT-based systems used in manufacturing plants to monitor
machinery and predict when maintenance is needed.
2. Indoor Air Quality Monitoring:
○ Function: IoT sensors monitor air quality inside industrial facilities, checking
for pollutants, particulate matter, and other hazardous substances.
○ Application: Ensures that the air quality within factories or plants meets
safety standards, providing a safer working environment.
○ Example: IoT air quality monitoring systems used in industries such as
chemical manufacturing or heavy metal processing.

Diagram:

For the neat diagram related to logistics, agriculture, and industry IoT systems, refer to Fig
1.4 on page 9, which presents a functional block diagram that illustrates the IoT system
architecture, applicable to all these domains​(Module 1 & 2).