Rotary Shouldered

Connections. Overview &

Inspection Procedure.

Rotary Shouldered Connections:

Overview & Outline Inspection Procedure

December 2005 1
 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Rotary Shouldered Connections

Rotary shouldered connections, frequently known simply as "connections"

or "threads" are an integral and extremely important part of every
drillstring tubular.

They are the only acceptable method of connecting drillstring tubulars

together and in many BHA components are the most common location for
damage and failures.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION

The main requirements of rotary shouldered connections are:

When screwed together, provide a pressure tight seal between the

bore of the drillstring and the hole.

Withstand repeated make ups and break outs

Rapid make up and break out

Easy stabbing with little chance of cross-threading

Withstand the tension, torsion, bending and buckling loads

associated with normal drilling operations.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

December 2005 4
 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Main Features.

The main features of rotary shouldered connections which, taken together,

attempt to satisfy the requirements detailed above are as follows:

A tapered thread results in the nose of the pin being significantly smaller
than the counterbore (dimension Qc) of the box.

This arrangement allows easy stabbing.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

A coarse thread pitch (number of threads per inch) means that cross
threading is unlikely and that make up and break out can be fast and
that the threads themselves can be large.

Large threads can withstand larger applied stresses and more damage
before requiring repair.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Thread forms with full root radii which are more resistant to fatigue

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

A wide sealing shoulder capable of handling the compressive forces

required to prevent mud under high pressure from leaking out through
the connection

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

A.P.I. presently specifies dimensions and tolerances for a total of 25

different rotary shouldered connections in 3 specific styles.

In addition to these, there are several proprietary connection styles in a

range of sizes available.

Fortunately, only 9 or 10 different API connections are in common use,

and of these, the most common are:

NC38, NC50, 6 5/8 REG and 7 5/8 REG

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

NUMBER (NC) STYLE

NC or numbered connections were adopted by A.P.I. in 1968 in an attempt to

simplify a confusing situation where many connections with different size and
style names were in fact equivalent and inter-changeable.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

The number in the connection number is the pitch diameter of the pin thread
at the gauge point rounded to units and tenths of inches.

For example, an NC50 connection has pitch diameter at the gauge point of
5.04170 inches, while an NC38 connection has a pitch diameter of 3.80800
inches.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

All 13 listed NC connections use the V-0.038R thread form and have 4
threads per inch (T.P.I).

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

The most common types have a taper of 2 inches per foot on the diameter
(T.P.F.), although tapers of 3 TPF and 5 TPF are specified for less popular
connections.

A.P.I.'s attempt at simplification has not been entirely successful since, even
today, some of the NC connections are still referred to by their old, now
obsolete names.

For example, NC38 is frequently still referred to as 3 1/2 IF (internal flush)

and NC50 as 4 1/2 IF or even 5XH (extra hole.)

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

REGULAR (REG) STYLE

This is the original A.P.I. rotary connection thread form, dating back
many years.

Regular threads will have either 4 or 5 TPI, 2 or 3 TPF and either the
V-0.040 or V-0.050 thread form.

Drill collars with an O.D. of 8" and above almost always have REG
connections.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

FULL HOLE (FH) STYLE

FH is older style connection which has seen a resurgence in its popularity in

recent years because it works well on the larger diameters of drill pipe now being
used in conjunction with downhole MUD MOTORS on highly directional wells.

A.P.I. lists two FH connections both of which have 4 TPI, 2 TPF, and the
V-0.050 thread form.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

OTHER FEATURES OF ROTARY SHOULDERED CONNECTIONS

Stress Relief Features:

One result of the way in which rotary shouldered connections are designed is
that when a pin and box are made up, unengaged threads are present near the
back of the box and the large diameter of the pin.

The roots of these unengaged threads can act as stress concentrators (especially
under bending loads), leading to fatigue failure.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Machining away the unengaged thread areas to leave a smooth surface with
no sudden changes in section can significantly reduce fatigue failures due to
bending stresses.

The machined area on the pin is called the stress relief groove and on the box is
called the boreback.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.
SRGs

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

STRESS RELIEF FEATURES

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Stress relief features are regarded as essential on all BHA connections

sized NC38 and larger, and beneficial on heavy wall drill pipe.

They serve no useful purpose on normal drill pipe.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Stress Relief Features.

December 2005 21
 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Cold Rolling:

Cold Rolling BHA threads roots and stress relief surfaces increases fatigue
life by placing a residual compressive stress in the thread roots.

Cold Rolling is also beneficial on heavy wall drill pipe threads, though not on
normal drill pipe threads.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Cold Rolling of BHA

Thread Roots.

December 2005 23
 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

MANUFACTURE OF ROTARY SHOULDERED CONNECTIONS:

Rotary shouldered connections are manufactured by removing metal from

the outer or inner surface of the drilling tubular while it is rotating in the
chuck of a lathe.

The connections are cut in accordance with the dimensions laid down by
A.P.I. Spec 7

The lathe may be controlled manually or more commonly these days, by

computer. After the connection is cut, it is visually inspected and then
dimensionally checked using one or more of the following gauges:

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Stand-Off Gauge:

This is the most commonly used gauge and is frequently the only gauge used to
check if a connection has been properly cut.

The stand-off gauge for the pin connection is known as the ring gauge.

It is screwed onto the pin thread hand tight and the distance from the front of
the gauge to the sealing shoulder is measured.

If the measured distance is within a pre-determined tolerance, then the pitch

diameter is correct and the sealing shoulder is in the correct position relative
to the threads.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

The stand-off gauge for the box threads is known as the plug gauge.

Stand-off gauges are only used on new connections, since wear and
minor damage on used connections can lead to erroneous readings.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Stand-off or Plug Gauge.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Taper Gauge:

This gauge is used to measure the increase in thread diameter over the
length of the thread.

Different gauges are needed for the pin and box.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Internal & External

Taper Gauges.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Internal & External Gauges.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Lead Gauge:

This gauge is used to measure the distance between a set number of threads
and is therefore used to measure thread pitch.

It is often used in field inspections to measure pin stretch which has been
detected by the profile gauge.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Internal & External Lead

Gauges

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

External Lead Gauge

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Lead Gauge Setting Standard

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Profile Gauge:

This gauge, also known as the comb gauge, meshes with threads and is used
to confirm that the thread form is correct.

It is used extensively in field inspections to detect the presence of pin

stretch.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Profile Gauge

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Comb Gauge.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

ROTARY SHOULDERED CONNECTION OPERATING

CONDITIONS:

Rotary shouldered connections are always subjected to large torsional

loads when in the hole.

However, the other conditions to which the connections will be subjected

will depend, in part, on their location in the hole.

In drill pipe torsional stress is the predominant factor whereas in drill

collars, bending stress is more important.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

FAILURES IN ROTARY SHOULDERED CONNECTIONS:

Drill Pipe

Fatigue failures in drill pipe connections are relatively rare because the tube
absorbs most of the cyclic stress.

Torsional failures have become common because of the excessive tool joint
wear and high downhole torque experienced during drilling highly deviated
wells.

Damage to the threads and sealing shoulders are probably the most common
non acceptable condition found during drill pipe inspections.

Both of these conditions can comprise the connection’s ability to hold

pressure, and if not detected and repaired can cause the connection to fail.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

BHA

The vast majority of BHA failures occur in the connections.

The main causes are bending stress, incorrect make up torque and
mechanical damage to the connection

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
FLANKS Inspection Procedure.
THREAD PROFILES
CREST
PITCH

GALLING / SCORING THREAD WEAR

Example of movement or loss of Example of material erosion through

material through friction or gouging continual rubbing

COMB GAUGE COMB GAUGE

Acceptable Unacceptable
- Good thread profile - Thread stretch
In order for components to function properly, threads should maintain their basic profile

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Washed –Out Shoulder Damage

Box.

Washed-out Pin
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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.
Stress Points

Pin Box

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Torsion - Tension

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

December 2005 46
 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

December 2005 48
 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Shoulder Damage

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

December 2005 53
 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Shoulder Damage
December 2005 54
 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Outline Inspection Procedure:

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

1.0: Purpose.

The purpose of this Procedure is to provide instructions to Personnel

for the Inspection of Rotary Shouldered Connections.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

2.0: Scope

This document establishes procedures for calibration and standardization of

Inspection equipment used in the Inspection of Used Drill Pipe.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

3.0 Standards & References:

A.P.I. 5D, Specification for Drill Pipe, Latest Edition

A.P.I. 7, Specification for Rotary Drilling Equipment, Latest

Edition

A.P.I. RP 7G, Recommended Practice for Drill Stem Design &

Operating Limits, Latest Edition

DS-1, Drill Stem Design & Inspection

NS-2, North Sea Drillstring Inspection Standard, Latest Edition

Relevant Client Standards and Procedures. If Client

specifications vary from this procedure it shall be noted on the
inspection report.
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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

4.0: Personnel Qualification & Certification:

Personnel performing work to this procedure shall be qualified

and certified in accordance with the requirements of a relevant
International Recognised Standard.

The test requirements of the procedure shall be carried out by

Level 2 or Level 3 certified personnel.

Level 1 personnel shall conduct the examination only under the

direct control & supervision of a Level 2 or Level 3 certified
person.

Evaluation of test results shall be performed by Level 2 or Level

3 certified personnel.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

5.0: Lighting Requirements

Inspections shall be performed under natural light conditions, or if

performed indoors the inspection area shall be illuminated with a
measured light intensity not less than 1000 Lux (100 foot candles).

500 Lux, (50 foot candles) allowed in the field.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

6.0: Temperature requirements

All gauges, measuring devices, equipment, must be turned on and allowed

to stabilise for a minimum period of 30 minutes prior to performing
calibrations.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

7.0: Equipment Calibration

All equipment used in this procedure shall be calibrated annually by

competent Third Parties as a minimum.
All equipment must be in current calibration dates and tags must be
affixed showing due dates.

A calibration log will be maintained on site which lists all equipment

certified and available for use on each job site. In the event a calibration
tag is not attached this log shall serve as proof of certification and the
instrument will be retagged as soon as practical.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Job calibration intervals shall be as follows:

• At the start of a job order

• After 50 lengths have been inspected
• At the end of a shift
• Prior to meal break
• At the start of a shift
• After meal break
• At the completion of a job order
• Any time malfunction is suspected
• After repairs have been made to the inspection equipment

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Re-calibration and re-inspection of all material inspected since the last

valid calibration is required if any of the following conditions exist:

Failure to detect any calibration notch, drilled hole or natural flaw during
a calibration run.

An average signal height variation greater than 30% during a calibration

run.

When damaged detectors are found during an inspection sequence or

calibration interval.

When normally detectable flaws are visually located after being passed
through the unit and not detected.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

8.0: Preliminary Inspection Procedure.

Reference is made to Drill Pipe but the procedure is relevant for tubing in
addition to drill pipe.

The inspector shall spot check 10 % of the drill pipe prior to beginning the
inspection. This will help insure that sufficient good pipe is present to fill
the order. The following initial information shall be compiled:

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Check pipe weight and grade stencils on tool joint flats

and pin necks to insure that the pipe is the correct
weight and grade.

Check the minimum tool joint outside diameter and tong

space to determine if a high reject rate is likely.

Check both the outside and inside diameter condition to

make sure the pipe can be easily inspected and classified.

Check for visually crooked pipe.

The Client should be notified of any condition found that

may lead to a high reject rate.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

9.0 General Requirements: Tool Joints,

The tool joints on each length of acceptable pipe will be inspected for
the following conditions:

• Minimum tool joint outside diameter

• Shoulder condition check for damage

Optional tool joint inspection services include the following:

• Measurement of shoulder width

• Thread profile check
• Box swell and / or pin stretch

Measurement of minimum tong space

Magnetic Particle Inspection

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Tool Joint Dimensions.

Dimension Check Locations

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Tool Joint
Dimensions.

A B C D E F
Pin Inside Diameter Box Outside Bevel Diameter Box Tong Space Pin Tong Box Shoulder
Diameter Space Width

G H I J K
Bevel Width Box Seal Width Box Counterbore Pin Neck Length Box Counterbore Depth
Diameter

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

10.0 Dimensional Checks:

Pin Inside Diameter.

The Pin inside diameter shall be measured under the last

thread nearest the shoulder, ± 6.35mm (0.25inch).

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Box Shoulder Width.

The box shoulder width shall be measured by placing a

straightedge longitudinally along the tool joint, extending
past the shoulder surface and then measuring the shoulder
thickness from this extension to the Counterbore (excluding
any I/D bevel). The shoulder width shall be measured at its
point of minimum thickness.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Tong Space.

Box and Pin tong space (excluding the O/D bevel). Tong space
measurements on hardfaced components shall be made from the
bevel to the edge of the hardfacing.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Box Swell.

I/D callipers shall be used to measure the box Counterbore at

the plane nearest the shoulder (excluding any I/D bevel)
Two measurements shall be taken at diameters 90 degrees
apart (± 10 degrees).

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Box Counterbore Depth.

The Counterbore depth shall be measured (including any I/D bevel).

Counterbore depth shall not be less than 14.29mm (0.5625inch).

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Box Counterbore Diameter.

The box Counterbore diameter shall be measured as near as possible to

the shoulder (excluding any I/D bevel or rolled metal) at diameters 90
degrees (± 10 degrees) apart.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Pin Lead.

Pin Lead shall be measured using a lead gauge over a 50.8mm (2.0inch) interval
beginning at the full thread nearest the shoulder.

Pin stretch shall not exceed 0.1524 (0.006inch) over this 50.8mm (2.0inch)
length.

Two lead checks at 90 degrees ± 10 degrees apart shall be performed.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Bevel Diameter.
The bevel diameter on the box and pin shall be measured.

Box Seal Width.

The box seal width shall be measured at its minimum point.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Shoulder Flatness.

Box shoulder flatness shall be verified by placing the straightedge across a

diameter of the tool joint face and rotating the straight edge at least 180
degrees along the plane of the shoulder.

Any visible gaps shall be cause for rejection.

This procedure shall be repeated on the pin with the straightedge placed
across a chord of the shoulder surface.

Any visible gaps between the straightedge and the shoulder surface shall be
cause for rejection.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Pin Neck Length.

Pin neck length (the distance from the 90 degree pin shoulder to the
intersection of the flank of the first full depth thread with the pin neck) shall
be measured.

Pin neck length shall not exceed 14.29mm (0.5625inch)

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

11.0: Dimensional Checks, Rotary Shouldered Connections

on Drill collars, BHA components and Heavy Weight Drill Pipe.
(Figure Nos. 01, 02 & 03)

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Figure No. 03,

Eccentricity Measurement.
L1-L2 < 3.18mm (0.125inch)
Figure No. 01 & 02:
BHA Connection Dimensions.
(Includes stress relief pin A: Pin Inside Diameter
groove and boreback box).
B: Box Outside Diameter
C: Bevel Diameter
D: Box Counterbore Diameter
E: Pin Relief Groove Diameter
F: Pin Relief Groove Width
G: Pin Length
H: Boreback Cyl. Length
I: Box Counterbore Depth
J: Boreback Cyl. Diameter

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Connection Box Outside Diameter.

The outside diameter of the box connection shall be measured 101.6mm

(4.0inch), ± 6.35mm (0.25inch) from the shoulder.

At least two measurements shall be taken spaced at intervals of 90 degrees

± 10 degrees.

For Drill Collars, the box outside diameter in combination with the Pin
inside diameter shall result in a BSR within the Client’s specified range.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Pin Inside Diameter (I/D).

The pin I/D shall be measured under the last thread nearest the shoulder
± 6.35mm (0.25inch).

Box Counterbore Diameter.

The box Counterbore diameter shall be measured as near as possible to the

shoulder (excluding any I/D bevel or rolled metal) at diameters 90 degrees
± 10 degrees apart.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Box Counterbore Depth.

The Counterbore depth shall be measured (including any I/D

bevel) on drill collars.

Pin Stress Relief Groove.

The diameter and width of the API pin stress relief groove
(if present) shall be measured.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Boreback.

The diameter and length of the boreback cylinder (if present) shall be
measured.

Bevel Diameter.

The bevel diameter shall be measured on both pin and box.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Drill Collar Pin length.

The length of the connection pin shall be measured.

Pin Neck Length.

Pin neck length (the distance from the 90 degree pin shoulder to the
intersection of the flank of the first full depth thread with the pin neck)
shall be measured.

Pin neck length shall not exceed the Counterbore depth less 1.59mm
(0.0625inch)

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Shoulder Flatness.

Shoulder flatness shall be verified on boxes by placing the straightedge across a

diameter of the tool joint face and rotating the straight edge at least 180
degrees along the plane of the shoulder.

Any visible gaps shall be cause for rejection.

This procedure shall be repeated on the pin with the straightedge placed across
a chord of the shoulder surface nearest the pin neck.

Any visible gaps between the straightedge and the shoulder surface shall be
cause for rejection.

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 Rotary Shouldered
Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

12.0: Reporting

The appropriate report format shall be submitted to the Client.

The inspection summary shall contain the following information:

Number of Premium Class lengths:

Field repairable tool joints
Shop repairable tool joints

Number of Class Two lengths:

Field repairable tool joints
Shop repairable tool joints

Number of Class Three lengths

Number of Class Four lengths.

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Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

13.0 Dimensions and Drawings of Rotary Shouldered Connections.

Reference should be made to the Latest Edition of:

A.P.I. RP 7G or A.P.I. 7

Or

Relevant Client Specification

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Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

14.0 Reporting Formats

Report No.
Threaded Connection Inspection Report Page of

Client: Pipe O/D: Grade: Weight: Range:

P.O. No: Connection: Specification: Nominal Wall: New / Used

Work Location: Procedure No:

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Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

O/L Pin F.
I/D No. Description Thread O.D. Cond.
Length T Space Thread O. D. I. D. Cond. Neck

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Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Pin Dimensions Box Dimensions

Stress Relieve Bore Back
Pin Internal Stress Relieve Counterbore Counterbore Outside Bore Back
Groove Pin Length Bevel Diameter Cylinder
Diameter. Groove Diameter Depth Diameter Length
Diameter Diameter

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Connections. Overview &
Inspection Procedure.

Abbreviations T.D. S.D. B.B. H.C R.F. C F W P ST

used in this Thread Seal Belled Heat Field Washout Pitting Stretched
Report Form: Refaced Crack
Damage Damage Box Cracking repaired Threads

Operator: Signature: Qualifications: Date:

We hereby certify that the items described above were

thoroughly examined and the details are correct

December 2005 93