DBMS - Storage System

9/6/24, 10:52 AM DBMS - Storage System
DBMS - Storage System
Databases are stored in file formats, which contain records. At physical level, the actual
data is stored in electromagnetic format on some device. These storage devices can be
broadly categorized into three types −
Primary Storage − The memory storage that is directly accessible to the CPU
comes under this category. CPU's internal memory (registers), fast memory
(cache), and main memory (RAM) are directly accessible to the CPU, as they are all
placed on the motherboard or CPU chipset. This storage is typically very small,
ultra-fast, and volatile. Primary storage requires continuous power supply in order
to maintain its state. In case of a power failure, all its data is lost.
Secondary Storage − Secondary storage devices are used to store data for future
use or as backup. Secondary storage includes memory devices that are not a part
of the CPU chipset or motherboard, for example, magnetic disks, optical disks
(DVD, CD, etc.), hard disks, flash drives, and magnetic tapes.
Tertiary Storage − Tertiary storage is used to store huge volumes of data. Since
such storage devices are external to the computer system, they are the slowest in
speed. These storage devices are mostly used to take the back up of an entire
system. Optical disks and magnetic tapes are widely used as tertiary storage.
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Memory Hierarchy
A computer system has a well-defined hierarchy of memory. A CPU has direct access to it
main memory as well as its inbuilt registers. The access time of the main memory is
obviously less than the CPU speed. To minimize this speed mismatch, cache memory is
introduced. Cache memory provides the fastest access time and it contains data that is
most frequently accessed by the CPU.
The memory with the fastest access is the costliest one. Larger storage devices offer slow
speed and they are less expensive, however they can store huge volumes of data as
compared to CPU registers or cache memory.
Magnetic Disks
Hard disk drives are the most common secondary storage devices in present computer
systems. These are called magnetic disks because they use the concept of magnetization
to store information. Hard disks consist of metal disks coated with magnetizable material.
These disks are placed vertically on a spindle. A read/write head moves in between the
disks and is used to magnetize or de-magnetize the spot under it. A magnetized spot can
be recognized as 0 (zero) or 1 (one).
Hard disks are formatted in a well-defined order to store data efficiently. A hard disk plate
has many concentric circles on it, called tracks. Every track is further divided into
sectors. A sector on a hard disk typically stores 512 bytes of data.
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Redundant Array of Independent Disks

RAID or Redundant Array of Independent Disks, is a technology to connect multiple
secondary storage devices and use them as a single storage media.
RAID consists of an array of disks in which multiple disks are connected together to
achieve different goals. RAID levels define the use of disk arrays.
RAID 0
In this level, a striped array of disks is implemented. The data is broken down into blocks
and the blocks are distributed among disks. Each disk receives a block of data to
write/read in parallel. It enhances the speed and performance of the storage device. There
is no parity and backup in Level 0.
RAID 1
RAID 1 uses mirroring techniques. When data is sent to a RAID controller, it sends a copy
of data to all the disks in the array. RAID level 1 is also called mirroring and provides
100% redundancy in case of a failure.
RAID 2
RAID 2 records Error Correction Code using Hamming distance for its data, striped on
different disks. Like level 0, each data bit in a word is recorded on a separate disk and ECC
codes of the data words are stored on a different set disks. Due to its complex structure
and high cost, RAID 2 is not commercially available.
RAID 3
RAID 3 stripes the data onto multiple disks. The parity bit generated for data word is
stored on a different disk. This technique makes it to overcome single disk failures.
RAID 4
In this level, an entire block of data is written onto data disks and then the parity is
generated and stored on a different disk. Note that level 3 uses byte-level striping,
whereas level 4 uses block-level striping. Both level 3 and level 4 require at least three
disks to implement RAID.
RAID 5
RAID 5 writes whole data blocks onto different disks, but the parity bits generated for data
block stripe are distributed among all the data disks rather than storing them on a
different dedicated disk.
RAID 6
RAID 6 is an extension of level 5. In this level, two independent parities are generated and
stored in distributed fashion among multiple disks. Two parities provide additional fault
tolerance. This level requires at least four disk drives to implement RAID.

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9/6/24, 10:52 AM DBMS - Storage System

DBMS - Storage System

Redundant Array of Independent Disks

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