Ibn Hazm

Ibn hazm:
Ibn Hazm[a] (Arabic: ‫ابن حزم‬, romanized: Ibn Ḥazm; November 994 – 15 August 1064) was
an Andalusian Muslim polymath, historian, traditionist, jurist, philosopher, and theologian,
born in the Córdoban Caliphate, present-day Spain.[6] Described as one of the
strictest hadith interpreters, Ibn Hazm was a leading proponent and codifier of the Zahiri
school of Islamic jurisprudence,[4] and produced a reported 400 works, of which only 40 still
survive.[7][6]
In all, his written works amounted to some 80,000 pages.[8] Also described as one of the
fathers of comparative religion, the Encyclopaedia of Islam refers to him as having been one
of the leading thinkers of the Muslim world.[4][9]
Personal life:
Ibn Hazm's grandfather Sa'id and his father, Ahmad, both held high advisory positions in the
court of Umayyad Caliph Hisham II.[10] Scholars believe that they were Iberian Christians who
converted to Islam (Muwallads).[11]
Works:Much of Ibn Hazm's substantial body of works,[5][3][4][7] which approached that

of Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari and As-Suyuti's, was burned in Seville by his sectarian and
political opponents. His surviving works, while criticised as repetitive, didactic and abrasive
in style,[20] also show a fearless irreverence towards his academic critics and authorities.
Apart from his rational works, Ibn Hazm's The Ring of the Dove (Tawq al-hamamah) is
considered a major work of Arabic literature from Al-Andalus.[22] The manuscript of Ṭawq al-
ḥamāma (MS Or. 927) is kept at Leiden University Libraries and is also available digitally
Career Summary:Ibn Hazm was educated in the Caliphate of Córdoba and became a key
figure in the Zahiri school of Islamic thought. After the civil war in 1008, he faced
imprisonment for supporting the Umayyads. By 1031, he retreated to his estate and began
writing, producing around 400 works, though only 40 survive.He sought asylum in Majorca
in the 1040s, continuing his work there before returning to Andalusia. Known for his sharp
words, he opposed allegorical interpretations of religious texts and shifted from the Maliki to
the Zahiri school, becoming its most prominent scholar. In 1029, he was expelled from the
main mosque in Córdoba for his views.
Logic Summary:
Ibn Hazm wrote Scope of Logic, emphasizing that sense perception is key to knowledge. He
argued that the main sources of knowledge are our senses, reason, and understanding
language. He criticized traditional theologians who opposed logic, stating that early Muslims
witnessed revelation directly, while later generations face diverse beliefs, making logic
necessary to uphold true Islamic teachings. The work was republished in Arabic in 1959 and
again in 2007.
Reception:
Muslim scholars, especially Zahirists, have praised Ibn Hazm for his knowledge and
perseverance. Yemeni preacher Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i admired him as a model of the
prophetic tradition, encouraging a Zahiri approach to Fiqh. Similarly, Pakistani cleric Badi' ud-
Din Shah al-Rashidi taught Al-Muhalla in Mecca, while al-Wadi'i taught it in Medina. Abu
Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri has published numerous works about Ibn Hazm.
The modern revival of his critiques of Islamic legal theory includes Ahmad Shakir's re-
publication of Al-Muhalla and biographies by Muhammad Abu Zahra and others in the late
20th century.
Ibn bajjah:
Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyà ibn aṣ-Ṣā’igh at-Tūjībī ibn Bājja (Arabic: ‫أبو بكر محمد بن‬
‫)يحيى بن الصائغ التجيبي بن باجة‬, best known by his Latinised
name Avempace (/ˈeɪvəmpeɪs/;[2] c. 1085 – 1138), was an Andalusi polymath,[1] whose
writings include works regarding astronomy, physics, and music, as well
as philosophy, medicine, botany, and poetry.[1][3]
He was the author of the Kitāb an-Nabāt ("The Book of Plants"), a popular work on botany,
which defined the sex of plants.[4] His philosophical theories influenced the work of Ibn
Rushd (Averroes) and Albertus Magnus.[1] Most of his writings and books were not
completed (or well-organized) due to his early death. He had a vast knowledge
of medicine, mathematics, and astronomy. His main contribution to Islamic philosophy was
his idea on soul phenomenology, which was never completed.
Avempace was, in his time, not only a prominent figure of philosophy but also of music and
poetry.[5] His diwan (Arabic: collection of poetry) was rediscovered in 1951. Though many of
his works have not survived, his theories in astronomy and physics were preserved by Moses
Maimonides and Averroes respectively,[1] and influenced later astronomers and physicists in
the Islamic civilization and Renaissance Europe, including Galileo Galilei.[6]
Avempace wrote one of the first (argued by some to be the first) commentaries
on Aristotle in the Western world. While his work on projectile motion was never translated
from Arabic to Latin, his views became well known around the Western world and to
Western philosophers, astronomers, and scientists of many disciplines. His works impacted
contemporary medieval thought, and later influenced Galileo and his work
Biography: Avempace, of Arab descent, was born in Zaragoza, Spain, around 1085 and died
in Fes in 1138. He formed a close relationship with the Almoravid governor Ibn Tifilwit,
becoming his vizier and enjoying a life of music and poetry. After Ibn Tifilwit's death in 1116,
Avempace composed elegies in his honor. Following Zaragoza's fall to King Alfonso in 1118,
he sought refuge with another Almoravid leader, Yusuf Ibn Tashfin, serving as his vizier for
twenty years. Avempace faced hostility and imprisonment under Ibn Tashfin and remained
in the Almoravid empire until his death, possibly by poisoning. He was also a talented
musician and poet, known for his contributions to Arabic music theory and poetry.

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Works:Much of Ibn Hazm's substantial body of works,[5][3][4][7] which approached that

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