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Ethics Formation and Transformation of Self

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93 views19 pages

Ethics Formation and Transformation of Self

Uploaded by

SKYRunner 777
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Formation & of

Transformation SELF
MEMBERS:
Macaraeg, Sean Emmanuel C.
Silva, Kristine Louisse A.
Sonata, Angelica Joy R.
Philosophical Foundation of Self
THE SELF
The concept of the self refers to an individual’s sense of personal
identity, consciousness, and distinctiveness. It encompasses one's
thoughts, emotions, experiences, and sense of agency. Philosophically,
the self is often considered the subject of one’s own experiences and
actions, the essence of what it means to be a unique, autonomous
individual.
Historical Evolution
of the Self
ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY
Plato viewed the self as a dual entity:
the body and the soul. The soul was
the true self, immortal and separate
from the body, with the capacity for
reason and knowledge of eternal
truths.
Aristotle focused on the self as an
integrated being, emphasizing that a
person’s identity and ethical life are
shaped through the cultivation of
virtues, leading to eudaimonia
(flourishing).
MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY
Augustine saw the self as inherently
tied to God. He emphasized
introspection and self-awareness as
paths to understanding one’s
relationship with the divine.

Aquinas built on Aristotle’s ideas, stressing the


rational self as part of God’s creation, with
free will and the capacity to act morally in
pursuit of a virtuous life.
MODERN PHILOSOPHY
René Descartes revolutionized the concept of the self with
his famous "Cogito, ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am").
He positioned the self as a thinking, conscious subject,
separate from the material world.

John Locke introduced the idea of the


self as continuous consciousness, with
personal identity based on memory and
experience, which formed the basis of
individual moral responsibility.
ENLIGHTENMENT AND POST-
ENLIGHTENMENT

Immanuel Kant viewed the self as


an autonomous rational agent,
capable of moral reasoning. He
emphasized the self’s duty to follow
universal moral laws.

David Hume, in contrast, denied the


existence of a permanent self. He
saw the self as a bundle of
perceptions and experiences, with
no fixed or enduring essence.
EXISTENTIALISM
Jean-Paul Sartre emphasized radical
freedom, where the self is not fixed but
constantly created through choices. The self
is transformed through acts of responsibility
and authentic decision-making.

Friedrich Nietzsche critiqued traditional notions of the


self, advocating for the transformation of the self
into the "Übermensch" (overman), where individuals
transcend conventional morality to create their own
values.
CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES
(FEMINISM AND POSTMODERNISM)

Postmodern philosophers such


Feminist thinkers like Carol
as Michel Foucault critiqued the
Gilligan emphasized the
idea of a unified, stable self,
relational self, where
arguing that the self is
identity and morality are
constructed by societal norms
formed in connection with
and power dynamics,
others.
constantly evolving through
external influences.
Formation of the Self:
ETHICAL PERSPECTIVES
The concept of AUTONOMY AND THE RATIONAL SELF is the belief that people
01 are capable of making autonomous, reason-based decisions for themselves.
Autonomy in ethical theory refers to the freedom to act in accordance with
one's own logical will as opposed to being constrained by wants, emotions,
or other factors. This is especially true in Kantian ethics.

THE SOCIAL AND RELATIONAL SELF is the idea that who we are is shaped by
02 our relationships and interactions with others. Instead of being isolated
individuals, we develop our identity, values, and sense of self through
connections with family, friends, and society.

VIRTUE ETHICS according to Aristotle is the idea that being a good person
03 means developing good character traits, called virtues, like courage,
honesty, and kindness. Instead of focusing only on rules or consequences,
Aristotle believed that living a good life is about becoming the best version
of yourself through practice and habit.
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SELF
KOHLBERG’S STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development describe how


people’s understanding of right and wrong evolves as
they grow, helping to transform the self by improving
moral reasoning over time.
KEY STAGES
01 02 03
Pre-conventional Level: Conventional Level: Post-conventional Level:
Stage 1 (Obedience and Stage 3 (Conformity): People try Stage 5 (Social Contract): People
Punishment): People follow rules to do what others expect and understand that laws should be
to avoid punishment. want to be seen as "good." fair and benefit everyone.
Stage 2 (Self-Interest): People Stage 4 (Law and Order): People Stage 6 (Universal Ethical
make decisions based on follow rules and laws because Principles): People follow their own
personal gain. it maintains social order. principles of justice and equality,
even if it goes against laws.
Existentialism and Authenticity
Jean-Paul Sartre

Existence Precedes Essence: Sartre believed that people are not


born with a predefined purpose or nature. Instead, they create
their own essence through their actions and choices.
Freedom and Responsibility: Individuals have the freedom to
choose their paths, but with this freedom comes the responsibility
for those choices. Authenticity means living in accordance with
one’s true self rather than conforming to external expectations.
Simone de Beauvoir

The Other and Self: Beauvoir explored how individuals define


themselves in relation to others. She emphasized that women, in
particular, have been historically defined by men, and she called
for women to assert their own identity.
Authentic Existence: For Beauvoir, living authentically means
rejecting societal roles that limit personal freedom and self-
expression. It involves creating one's own values and identity.
Cultural and Social Influence on Ethical
Transformation
It refers to how the society and culture you are
part of shape your values, beliefs, and ethical
views, helping transform who you are.
KEY POINTS

CULTURAL NORMS SOCIAL INTERACTIONS SOCIAL MOVEMENTS


- The customs, values, and - Your relationships with - Participation in social or
traditions of a culture others, including family, political movements can lead to
influence how you see what is friends, and communities, a shift in ethical perspectives.
right and wrong. For example, impact your ethical For example, being involved in
cultural attitudes toward issues development. Conversations, movements for equality can
like gender roles or social experiences, and role models deepen your commitment to
justice can affect your ethical can challenge or reinforce justice and change.
beliefs and behaviors. your moral views.
Thank you!

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