Department Of Computer Engineering

OBJECT ORIENTE PROGRAMMING

Course Code:210243
(2019 PATTERN)

CASE STUDY:
Topic: Story of C++ invention by Bjarne Stroustrup
1.Introduction

C++ is a powerful and versatile programming language that has profoundly

influenced software development since its inception in the early 1980s.
Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs, C++ emerged as an enhancement
to the C programming language, integrating key principles of object-oriented
programming (OOP) to address the growing complexity of software projects.
The evolution of programming languages has been driven by the need for greater
efficiency, flexibility, and expressiveness. The C programming language, created
by Dennis Ritchie, revolutionized system programming with its powerful
constructs and low-level capabilities. However, as software systems became
more intricate, the limitations of procedural programming became evident,
prompting the exploration of OOP, which introduced encapsulation, inheritance,
and polymorphism. These concepts enabled developers to model real-world
entities, enhancing code reuse and maintainability.
Stroustrup recognized the potential of OOP during his exposure to the Simula
language but sought to create a language that retained the efficiency of C while
incorporating powerful abstractions. His vision was to allow developers to build
large, complex systems more effectively, minimizing redundancy and improving
organization.
2. Background: The C
Programming Language

2.1. Emergence of C
Developed by Dennis Ritchie in the early 1970s at Bell Labs, the C programming
language revolutionized system programming. Its efficiency, flexibility, and
close-to-hardware capabilities made it an ideal choice for developing operating
systems and application software. C provided low-level access to memory, which
was essential for resource-constrained systems.

2.2. Limitations of C
Despite its advantages, C had significant limitations, particularly in managing
large codebases. As software projects grew in size and complexity, developers
struggled with code organization, data abstraction, and reuse. The need for a
more structured approach to software design became increasingly clear.
3. Initial Development
of C++ (1979-1983)

3.1. C with Classes

In 1979, Stroustrup began working on "C with Classes," the first version of what
would become C++. This version introduced fundamental OOP features,
including:
Classes: Allowing encapsulation of data and functions, promoting data hiding.
Basic Inheritance: Enabling the creation of new classes based on existing ones,
fostering code reuse.
Function Overloading: Allowing multiple functions with the same name but
different parameters, enhancing flexibility.
3.2. Language Features
Stroustrup's early design focused on adding OOP features while ensuring
compatibility with existing C code. Key aspects included:
Static Type Checking: Providing stronger type checks during compilation.
Operator Overloading: Allowing operators to be redefined for user-defined
types, enhancing code readability.

4.The Transition to C++

(1983)
4.1. Renaming to C++
In 1983, Stroustrup officially renamed "C with Classes" to C++. The name reflects
the language's evolution and suggests an incremental improvement over C,
symbolized by the "++" operator.

4.2. New Features

With the transition to C++, several new features were introduced:

Multiple Inheritance: Allowing a class to inherit from more than one base
class, providing greater flexibility in class design.

Virtual Functions: Enabling polymorphism, allowing derived classes to

override base class methods.

Namespaces: Preventing name collisions in larger programs.

5. Standard Template
Library (STL)

5.1. Introduction of STL

In the early 1990s, the Standard Template Library (STL) was developed as part
of C++. The STL introduced a powerful set of template-based classes and
algorithms, including:
Containers: Such as vectors, lists, and maps, which allow for efficient data
storage and manipulation.
Algorithms: Generic algorithms for sorting, searching, and transforming
data.
Iterators: Abstractions for traversing containers, promoting flexibility in
code.

5.2. Impact of STL

The introduction of the STL marked a significant advancement in C++. It
demonstrated the power of generic programming, allowing developers to write
more reusable and efficient code. The STL became a cornerstone of C++
programming, widely adopted in various applications.
6. Standardization of C++
6.1. The Need for Standardization
As C++ gained popularity in the 1990s, the community recognized the need for
a standardized version to ensure consistency across compilers and platforms.
This was essential for facilitating collaboration and code sharing among Them.

6.2. C++98
In 1998, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published the
first official standard for C++, known as C++98. This standard codified the
features of C++ and the STL, providing a common reference for developers and
compiler vendors.

6.3. Subsequent Standards

C++03: Released in 2003, this version primarily addressed minor bugs and
inconsistencies in C++98.
C++11: A major update released in 2011, introducing several new features,
including:
Auto Keyword: Simplifying type declarations.
Range-based for loops: Making iteration over collections easier.
Smart Pointers: Enhancing memory management through automatic resource
management.
C++14: Released in 2014, it introduced several usability improvements and
small enhancements to the language.
C++17: Released in 2017, this version further improved usability, adding
features like optional types and parallel algorithms.
C++20: A landmark update, introducing concepts, ranges, coroutines, and
modules, modernizing C++ for contemporary software development.
7. Impact and Legacy of
C++
7.1. C++ in Industry
C++ has become a
foundational language
in various industries,
including
GAME
DEVELOPEMENT:
Used in game engines
like Unreal Engine for
its performance and
control.
Systems Programming: Ideal for developing operating systems, device
drivers, and embedded systems.

Finance: Utilized in high-frequency trading systems for its speed and

efficiency.Scientific Computing: Employed in applications requiring
intensive calculations and performance.

7.3. Influence on Other Languages

C++ has influenced many modern programming languages, including C#, Java,
and Rust. Concepts such as OOP, templates, and strong typing can be traced back
to C++, shaping the development of these languages.
8. Bjarne Stroustrup’s
Contributions
8.1. Publications
SThe C++ Programming Language: A comprehensive guide to C++
and its features.

Programming: Principles and Practice Using C++: Aimed at

beginners, emphasizing good programming practices.

8.2. Advocacy for Best Practices

Stroustrup has been a vocal advocate for modern C++ practices, emphasizing the
importance of writing safe and efficient code. His involvement in the C++
standards committee ensures that the language continues to evolve in a way that
meets the needs of developers.

9.Challenges and
Controversies
9.1. Complexity of C++
Despite its advantages, C++ has faced criticism for its complexity. The language’s
rich feature set can be overwhelming for new developers, leading to potential
misuse and bugs. Stroustrup has acknowledged these challenges, advocating for
simpler and clearer usage.
9.2. Performance vs. Safety
C++ provides powerful features that allow for fine-tuned performance, but this
can come at the cost of safety. The balance between performance and safety
continues to be a topic of discussion within the C++ community, influencing
language design and best practices.

Conclusion
The story of C++ is a remarkable journey of innovation and evolution in
programming languages. Bjarne Stroustrup’s vision of combining the efficiency
of C with the capabilities of OOP has created a powerful tool that continues to
shape the software development landscape. C++’s ongoing evolution through
standardization ensures its relevance in modern programming, making it a
crucial language for developers across various domains.

References
1. Stroustrup, B. (1986). *The C++ Programming Language*. Addison-Wesley.
2. ISO/IEC 14882:2003. Information technology – Programming languages C++
3. Sutter, H. (2005). *The C++ Standard Library: A Tutorial and Reference*.
Addison-Wesley.
4. D. Vandevoorde, N. Josuttis. (2017). *C++ Standard Library Tutorial and
Reference*. Addison-Wesley.
5. Stroustrup, B. (2018). *A Tour of C++*. Addison-Wesley.
6. Bjarne Stroustrup's official website: [www.stroustrup.com]

Name: Patil Hukumchand Maheshkumar

Roll No: 09 Subject Incharge
Class: S.E.(Computer) Sem: III (Prof. S. V. Kangane)