Chapter 6: Applications of Trigonometry

Section 6.1, Vectors in the Plane

Learning Targets:
-to become introduced to 2 dimensional vectors
-to perform vector operations
-to define unit vectors
-to find the directions of angles
-to apply vectors to real life problems

Graphing Vectors 9th

A vector has both _______________
direction and _______________. From a geometric point of view, vectors are
magny
represented by directed line segments, where the length of the directed line segment is the _______________
magnitude
and the _______________
direction is from P to Q in the example below:

Vectors are denoted with a bold character, or written with an arrow over the top of
the letter. For example, in the graph to the right, the vector is called v or _____.
U

Equivalent Vectors

The vectors below are equal because they have the same _______________
direction and the same _______________.
Magnitude
Notice that where you start
__________ and where you __________ does not define the equality of the vector.
end
 1 4,6 2
3,4

Magnitude of a vector
length

Norlull

Find the magnitude of vector PQ where P = (-3,4) and Q = (-5,2)

Vector Operations

Two methods of vector addition:

Practice, perform the following operations:

Let u = <-1,3> and v = <4,7>

u+v 3u 2u + (-1)v 12,61 14 71 6

3,10 311,3 43,9

v
Unit Vectors

Definition: A vector u for which |u| = 1 is called a unit vector or direction vector

You can find the unit vector of any direction vector v by dividing by its magnitude:

Example: Find the unit vector in the direction of v = <7,-2>

th EE
553 Es 55 755,15
Then confirm this vector is a unit vector by finding it magnnitude.

E.it FEE Es I
Standard unit vectors:

i = <1,0> and j = <0,1>

thus any vector v = <a,b> can be written as a linear combination of i and j

a and b are called horizontal and vertical components of a vector

Example: Add and Subtract Vectors Algebraically

     
If v = 6i - 2 j = 6, -2 and w = 2i + 5 j = 2,5 , find the following:
   
(a) v + w (b) v - w

6 2 4,5 6,2 2,5

18,3 47
Example: Find a Scalar Multiple and the Magnitude of a Vector
     
If v = 6i - 2 j = 6, -2 and w = 2i + 5 j = 2,5 , find the following:

(a) 5v

5161 22730210

 
(b) 3v - 2w
316 2 2 ZitSj


1 18 6j 4itl.gl
(c) v

Direction Angles

-the direction angle is the angle the vector makes with the positive x-axis
-each component of the vector can be calculated using the magnitude with sin or cos

Example: Find the components of a vector with a direction angle of 92° and a magnitude of 7

I
Example: Find the magnitude and direction of the following vectors:

<4, 5> <-3,-7>

NIE
Applications:

Example: Velocity and Wind

A Boeing 737 jumbo jet maintains an airspeed of 550 miles per hour in a southwesterly direction. The velocity
of the jet stream is a constant 100 miles per hour from the west. Find the actual speed and direction of the
aircraft.
(a) Sketch a graph of the situation in order to express the velocity v a of the 737 relative to the air and the
velocity v w of the jet stream in terms of i and j.

II assay
T.IE
(b) Find the velocity v g of the 737 relative to the ground. In other words, find the resultant vector v g .

4 2 magnitude
484
mph
Extra

(c) Find the actual speed and direction of the 737 relative to the ground.

Example: Model with Vectors: Static Equilibrium

Some weight is suspended from a ceiling. The weight is 1000 pounds. There are two ropes holding this item in
the air. One of the rope forms an angle of 45º and the other forms an angle of 30º. Find the tension of the two
ropes.
 Chapter 6: Applications of Trigonometry
Section 6.2, Dot Product of Vectors

Learning Targets:
-to calculate the dot product of two vectors
-to find the angle between vectors
-to project one vector onto another

Vectors have some operations that are unique them themselves, one is called the dot product.

**note the dot product is a _____________________________

scalar
Find each dot product:

5
113

Note from property 2 above the. magnitude of a vector is the square root of its dot product.
We can use the dot product to find the angle between two vectors
by using the law of cosines.

µ ul vill
Find the angles between the vectors in the problems below:

Qeos.fiE 10511
cosC a
1051550
135

Orthogonal Vectors

Find the angle between vectors

12 1 0540 90
cos

When vectors have angles between them of 90° we call them perpendicular or orthogonal.
Vector projection

That product

Example: We can use vector projection to decompose any vector into two orthogonal vectors.

project YE v
s
22
or

ss
Example: We can use vector projection to find a force in a certain direction

Example:
We can use vectors to calculate the work done by a force moving an object from A to B is
 Chapter 6: Applications of Trigonometry
Section 6.3 Parametric Equations and Motion

Learning Targets:
-to define parametric equations and curves
-to be able to rewrite parametric equations eliminating the parameter
-to be able to find parametric equation of lines and line segments
-to simulate projectile motion with parametric equations

Parametric equations give an ordered pair (x,y) where each coordinate is defined by a function.

x = f(t) and y = g(t)

here t is our parameter

To graph a pair of parametric equation you vary the t value to determine the x and y values.

Example: Graph the parametric equations x = t2-2

and y = 3t on the coordinate axis

You can do this on desmos by entering

It is often useful to determine an equation with x and y, eliminating the parameter. To do this
use substitution:

4 22
437
41st

Likewise, it is often helpful to develop a parametric equation for an equation with two variables.

Example: Find a parametric equation for x2+y2=1

Here we let the parameter be q, the angle made from the x-axis. Use what you know about the x
and y coordinates to find the parametric equations.

x=
cost y=
sint

gradius
Eliminate the parameter for x = 2 cos t and y = 2 sin t
*do this algebraically and also using desmos to guess/check

sin
2ios sin

What would be the parameters for a circle with center (5,2) and radius 2?
Example:

8 31 2
31 2
y

Projectile motion and parametrization activity:

For the problem above,

1) Come up with a quadratic equation that models the situation when the flare is shot
straight up.

2) Change this equation to a set of parametric equations where x = t

 3) Change this equation to model a situation where the flare is not shot straight up. The
initial vector is < v0 cos q, v0 sin q > a set of parametric equations where v0 is the initial velocity.
Notice, the vector differentiates between the horizontal velocity and vertical velocity.

Enter the equation above with q = 30, 45 and 60 degrees on desmos (make sure you have desmos
set to degrees!)

4) Now make the degrees another parameter in desmos, m. Type in the equation above but let q
= m and put m on a slider between 0 and 100. Use you graph to find the following heights (y
values) for the given information below. (it might be easier to enter a vertical line for the x value,
like x = 10 and find the intersection with that line and the parabola).

*y is height - if it is < 0 enter NA

x m y
10 72

30 50

50 80

70 85

90 7

110 61

130 20

140 70

150 30

170 12

What is the relationship between angle measure at launch and distance traveled vertically?
What is the relationship between the angle measure at launch and distance traveled horizontally?

What seems to be the maximum x value that yields a y value? What does this mean in context of
the problem? About what angle measure will shoot the flare the furthest distance horizontally?

5) Change your parametric equations so that the flare is launched at ground level (sea level).
What angle measure will shoot the flare the furthest distance horizontally now?