Class X Science Chap 2 Notes
Class X Science Chap 2 Notes
Class X Science Chap 2 Notes
Introduction
→ The sour and bitter tastes of food are due to acids and bases present in them.
→ Acids are sour in taste and change the colour of blue litmus to red.
→ Litmus solution is a purple dye, which is extracted from lichen. When the litmus solution is
neither acidic nor basic, its colour is purple.
→ Other natural materials like red cabbage leaves, turmeric, coloured petals of some flowers
such as Hydrangea, Petunia and Geranium, which indicate the presence of acid or base in a
solution.
Properties of Acids
• The term ‘acid’ has been derived from the Latin word, 'acidus' which means sour.
• Acids have a sour taste. • They turn the blue litmus solution red.
• They give H+ ions in aqueous solution.
Properties of Bases
• These are the substances which are bitter in taste and soapy in touch.
• They turn red litmus solution blue.
• They give OH- ions in aqueous solution.
Types of Indicators:
(i) Natural indicators (ii) Synthetic indicators (iii) Olfactory indicators
(i) Natural indicators: Found in nature in plants. Examples: Litmus, red cabbage leaves
extract, flowers of hydrangea plant, turmeric.
(ii) Synthetic indicators: These are chemical substances. Examples: Methyl orange,
phenolphthalein.
(iii) Olfactory indicators: These substances have different odour in acid and bases.
• Acids react with metal to form metal salt and releases Hydrogen Gas.
Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen Gas
• Example: Zinc granules react with dilute Hydrochloric acid in a test tube.
2HCl + Zn → ZnCl2 + H2
• Bases react with metal to evolve hydrogen Gas. Also, note that all metals do not react with
bases. The metal must be more reactive than the metals present in the base for the reaction to
take place.
Base + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas
• Example: Zinc granules react with NaOH solution to form sodium zincate and evolve hydrogen
gas.
2NaOH + Zn → Na2ZnO2 + H2
• Hydrogen gas released can be tested by bringing burning candle near gas bubbles, it burst
with pop sound.
• Acids reacts with Metal Carbonates and Metal Hydrogencarbonates to form Salt, Carbon
dioxide and water.
Metal carbonate/Metal hydrogen carbonate + Acid → Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water
• Examples: (i) 2HCl + Na2CO3 → 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
(ii) HCl + NaHCO3 → NaCl + CO2 + H2O
• CO2 can be tested by passing it through lime water. It turns lime water milky.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
Reaction of Acid
(i) Acid + Metal Carbonate → Salt + CO2 + Water
(ii) Acid + Metal → Salt + H2
(iii) Acid + Metal Hydrogen Carbonate → Salt + CO2 + H2O
(iv) Acid + Metallic oxide → Salt +H2O
(v) Acid + Base → Salt + H2O
Reaction Of Base
→ While diluting acids, it is recommended that the acid should be added to water and not water
to acid because the process of dissolving a acid or a base in water is highly exothermic.
→ pH Scale: A scale for measuring H+ ion concentration in a solution. p in pH stands for ‘potenz’
a German word which means power.
• If value of ph is equal to 7 → neutral solution
• If value of pH is less than 7 → acidic solution
• If value of pH more than 7 → basic solution