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4 views33 pages

Notes Short

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axon03chunky
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MECH 2419 - Properties of Materials

Calender Entries:

Elements of atomic structure and bonding; crystal structure; structure of polymers; solidification and
phase diagrams; defects and plastic deformation in the crystalline state; TTT diagrams and heat treatment
of steels; metallurgy of fatigue; corrosion resistance and surface treatment; service behaviour of
plastics.

Recommended Texts:

(Basic): W.D. Callister, Materials Science and Engineering – An Introduction, Wiley.

(Advanced): R.E. Smallman and A.H.W. Ngan, Physical Metallurgy and Advanced Materials,
Elsevier.

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3. Point Defects

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Case Hardening of Steel Components

The surfaces of steel components (e.g. shafts) can be hardened by diffusion interstitial species like carbon or
nitrogen into the surface region.

In a process known as carburizing, the steel piece is exposed at an elevated temperature to an atmosphere rich in a
hydrocarbon gas, such as methane (CH4). Carbon from the atmosphere then diffuses into the surface of the steel
piece, strengthening it.

Graph showing concentration of carbon vs distance from surface of steel component.

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6. Yielding

Tensile experiments on pre-polished single


crystal show slip bands after testing.

During the tensile test, plastic elongation of


the single crystal is achieved by shear or slip
on specific crystallographic planes.

Slip System
e.g. FCC

Slip is characterized by (i) the vector of slip,


and (ii) the atomic plane on which slip takes
place, i.e.

Slip system = <slip vector> {slip plane}

e.g. For FCC, slip systems are of the form:


a
 110  {1 1 1}
2

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Recrystallization and Grain Size Control

Crystallization refers to a solidification process in which a melted liquid transforms to a crystalline (or
polycrystalline) solid state upon cooling past the melting temperature.

Recrystallization, on the other hand, refers to a process in which new grains nucleate and grow from a heavily
deformed metal upon heating (annealing) below the melting temperature. Unlike crystallization which is a
liquid-to-solid process, recrystallization is an all-solid-state process.

Recrystallization occurs because the deformed state of the metal has high density of defects such as
dislocations stored, and so the energy stored is very high. Upon annealing, the atoms can pick up enough
thermal activation to cause them to rearrange to into new, defect-free grains. Further annealing can cause the
grains to grow. Recrystallization can be used to control the grain size of a metal.

Deformed
microstructure
of brass.

Recrystallized
state with small
new grains.

Microstructure
after substantial
grain growth
has taken place.

Grain boundary migration during grain growth

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