MAKERERE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF NATURAL SCIENCES

SCHOOL OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND PETROLEUM STUDIES

PGP 4106 RESERVOIR ENGINEERING

Assignment 2

Group Members
Name REG.No
BASIGAZI DRAKE 19/U/11810/PS
KAGIIGA SYLIAH 19/U/0304
NASASIRA BRUCE MIKE 19/U/9758/PS
MWEBAZE ALLAN 19/U/11007/PS

Lecturer: Mr. KAWULE WYCLIF

Date of submission: 6th December,2022

1
QUESTION 2 (60 marks): Determination of reservoir fluid properties from PVT tests

Bubble point pressure of a crude oil sample was found to be 3000psia using the Flash Expansion
technique. Afterwards, the oil sample with a volume of 300cm3 was tested using the differential
liberation technique. Initial pressure of the cell was 3000psia while the initial-temperature was
equal to reservoir temperature i.e. 180°F. The temperature was kept constant and the pressure was
reduced to 2500 psia by removing mercury from the PVT cell. The total volume of the hydrocarbon
system was increased to 346.51cm3. The liberated gas was then bled off at constant pressure (by
injecting mercury) and found to occupy a volume of 0.145scf. The volume of the remaining oil
was 290.8cm3. The previous process was repeated at 2000psia and the remaining oil was flashed
through a series of laboratory separators with the final separation stage representing stock tank
conditions. The recorded experimental data are given in table 1 below:

Table 1: PVT experiment data

Pressure (psia) Temperature (°F) Total Volume (cm3) Volume of liberated Volume of oil
gas (SCF) (cm3)
3000
2500

2000 180 392.3 0.290 281.5

14.7 60 0.436 230.8

Answer the following questions:

a. Calculate the gas solubility and oil formation volume factor at 3000, 2500 and 2000 psia.
b. Can you calculate Gas formation volume factor with the given data? If yes then report the
gas formation volume factor with all the other relevant results.

2
 SOLUTION

Filling the table;

From the given data:

At 3000psia and 1800F (Reservoir conditions), no gas was liberated because all the gas is dissolved
in solution hence volume of free gas = 0.00cm3. Therefore, the volume of oil (single phase) =
300cm3 and the total volume is 300 cm3.

When the reservoir pressure reduced to 2500psia and temperature maintained at 1800F, the total
volume of hydrocarbons in the reservoir increased to 346.51cm3 due to released gas from solution.
Volume of the remaining oil after bleeding off the gas =290.8cm3 at reservoir conditions.
Total volume of oil at 600 F and 14.7psia

The volume of gas liberated at reservoir conditions for 2500psia = (346.51 – 290.8) = 55.71 cm3
But: 1bbl = 159litres, and 1litre = 1000cm3. Hence 1bbl = 159000 cm3

55.71 𝑐𝑚3
Therefore, 55.71cm3 of gas = 159000𝑐𝑚3 ∕𝑏𝑏𝑙

= 3.5038*10-4 RB

The corresponding volume of this gas at surface conditions was measured as 0.145SCF

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 (𝑅𝐵)

Hence the gas formation volume factor, Bg = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 (𝑆𝐶𝐹)

3.5038∗10−4 RB
= 0.145 𝑆𝐶𝐹

Bg = 2.416*10-4 RB/SCF

At 600 F and 14.7psia, Vg at surface is 0.436 SCF,

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 (𝑅𝐵)
From Bg = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 (𝑆𝐶𝐹)

Therefore, volume of gas in RB = Bg * volume of the gas at surface SCF

= 0.436SCF *2.416*10-4 RB/SCF

= 1.05355*10-3 RB

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In cm3 the volume of liberated gas = 1.05355*10-3 RB * 159000

= 167.514cm3

Total volume of Hydrocarbons at Stock Tank Conditions

= (167.514+230.8) = 398.3cm3

Filled table of PVT experiment data

Pressure (psia) Temperature Total Volume Volume of liberated Volume of oil

(0F) (cm3) gas (SCF) (cm3)
3000 180 300 0.000 300
2500 180 346.51 0.145 290.8
2000 180 392.3 0.290 281.5
14.7 60 398.3 0.436 230.8
(a)

From;

𝑅𝐵 𝑣 𝑅𝐵∕𝑅𝐵
𝐵𝑜 [𝑆𝑇𝐵] = 𝐶 𝑂𝑓 = [𝑆𝑇𝐵∕𝑅𝐵𝑏 ]
𝑏 𝑏

Where: Bo is the oil formation volume factor RB/STB

Vo is the relative total oil volume RB/RBb
𝐶𝑏 𝑓 is the oil shrinkage factor STB/RBb
230.8∕159000
𝐶𝑏 𝑓 = 300∕159000

Therefore, the oil shrinkage factor is = 0.7693 STB/RBb

Determination of oil formation volume factor (𝑩𝒐 )

At 2500psia
At 3000psia;
290.8∕159000
300∕159000 𝐵𝑜 = /0.7693
𝐵𝑜 = 300∕159000 /0.7693 300∕159000

= 1.25997 RB/STB
= 1.2998 RB/STB

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At 2000psia
281.5∕159000
𝐵𝑜 = /0.7693 = 1.2197 RB/STB
300∕159000

Determination of gas solubility Rs;

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 (𝑆𝐶𝐹)

Rs = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑖𝑙 (𝑆𝑇𝐵)

At 3000psia

All the gas is dissolved in the oil at reservoir temperature.

0.436+0.290+0.145 (𝑆𝐶𝐹)
Hence Rs = 300/(159000∗1.2998) (𝑆𝑇𝐵)

= 600.03 SCF/STB
At 2500psia

0.436+0.290 (𝑆𝐶𝐹)
Rs = 290.80
(𝑆𝑇𝐵)
159000∗1.25997

= 500.15 SCF/STB

At 2000psia

0.436 (𝑆𝐶𝐹)
Rs = 281.50
(𝑆𝑇𝐵)
159000∗1.2197

= 300.37 SCF/STB

Volume of gas at reservoir conditions = total volume – volume of oil

At 3000psia, Vg = 300-300 = 0.00 cm3

At 2500psia, Vg = 346.51- 290.8 =55.71cm3

At 2000psia, Vg = 392.3 – 281.5 = 110.8 cm3

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At 14.7 psia, Vg = 398.3- 230.8 = 167.5 cm3

The table below summarizes all the determined values.

P (psia) T VT Vg Vo Vg(cm3) Bo (RB/STB) Rs

(0F) (cm3) (SCF) (cm3) (SCF/STB)
3000 180 300 0.000 300 0.00 1.2998 600.03

2500 180 346.51 0.145 290.8 55.71 1.25997 500.15

2000 180 392.3 0.290 281.5 110.8 1.2197 300.37

14.7 60 398.3 0.436 230.8 167.5 1.000 0.00

b) The Gas formation volume factor can be determined using the given data.
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 (𝑅𝐵)
Bg = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 (𝑆𝐶𝐹)

At 2000psia and 1800F,

110.8
RB
159000
Bg = 0.290 𝑆𝐶𝐹 = 0.002402949 RB/SCF

55.71
RB
159000
At 2500psia, Bg = 0.145 = 0.002416396 RB/SCF
𝑆𝐶𝐹

167.5
RB
159000
At 14.7psia, Bg = = 0.002416191RB/SCF
0.436𝑆𝐶𝐹

Other relevant results include;

Gas compressibility, z:

2
 Bg(bbl/scf)∗ Pressure (psi)
Z= psi-1
0.00502∗(T+460)

0(bbl/scf)×3000 (psi)
At 3000psia, Z = =0
0.00502∗(180+460)

0.002416396(bbl/scf)×2500 (psi)
At 2500psia, Z = = 1.880288 psi-1
0.00502∗(180+460)

0.002402949(bbl/scf)×2000 (psi)
At 2000psia, Z = = 1.49586 psi-1
0.00502∗(180+460)

0.002416191(bbl/scf)×14,7 (psi)
At 14.7psia, Z = = 0.0110552 psi-1
0.00502∗(180+460)

Gas Expansion factor, Eg: Itis given as the reciprocal of Bg in (SCF/bbl)

Eg = 1 / Bg (SCF/bbl)

Table showing values for Z, Eg, pressure, temperature and Bg

Pressure Temperature Temperature Bg (bbl/scf) Z psi-1 Eg (scf/bbl)

(psia) (0F) (0R)

3000 180 640 0 0 0

2500 180 640 0.002416396 1.880288 413.8395
2000 180 640 0.002402949 1.49586 416.1552
14.7 60 520 0.002416191 0.0110552 413.8746

From the results as pressure is reduced, the gas compressibility factor, Z decreases as more gas is
liberated from the solution and the gas expansion factor, Eg increases from bubble point pressure
up to 2000psia and decreases at 14.7psia.

3
QUESTION 2: Estimation of Hydrocarbon Reserves (40 Marks)
Part A
An oil reservoir has the following properties:
Average porosity 20% , Irreducible water saturation = 12%
Average initial water saturation = 10% , Initial oil formation volume factor = 1.13 RB/STB
Figure 1 shows the isopach map of the reservoir. The top of the reservoir is 29ft higher than the
OWC. The scale of the map is 1 inch = 1000ft
Table 2 show areas enclosed by each contour

Productive area Planimeter area (sq.in)

A0 19.64
A1 16.34
A2 13.19
A3 10.05
A4 6.69
A5 3.22
A6 0.00

Question: Determine the original oil in place (OOIP) and the stock-tank oil initially in place
(STOIIP)
suggested procedure:
i. Convert the given areas into acres from sq. in (in2)
ii. Calculate the bulk volume between two consecutive contours
iii. Calculate the total bulk volume of the reservoir
iv. Then calculate the OOIP and STOIIP

Part B:

4
Using the numerical scheme covered during lectures, calculate the area enclosed by contour A0.
Compare the OOIP/STOIIP obtained from the two approaches, do they match? Explain your
answer.
Suggested procedure:
i. Divide the contour into upper and lower curve
ii. Use 1cm grids for discretization
iii. Calculate the area below the lower curve
iv. Calculate the area below the upper curve
v. The difference of the above two areas will give you the area enclosed by contour A0
vi. Determine the OOIP and STOIIP

SOLUTION

PART A
I. A table of areas converted to acres from square Inches.
Productive area Planimeter area Planimeter area Planimeter area
(sq.in) (ft2) (acre)
A0 19.64 19640000 450.87
A1 16.34 16340000 375.11
A2 13.19 13190000 302.80
A3 10.05 10050000 230.72
A4 6.69 6690000 153.58
A5 3.22 3220000 73.9
A6 0.00 0.00 0.00

Given the isopach map scale 1inch = 1000ft

From 1 sq. in = 1000000ft2, and 1 acre = 43560ft2
Therefore, the Area of contours in acre
For contour Ao,
19.64 𝑥 1000000
Area = = 450.78acre
43560

5
For contour A1
16.34 𝑥 1000000
Area = = 375.11acre
43560

For contour A2
13.19 𝑥 1000000
Area = = 302.80acre
43560

For contour A3
10.05 𝑥 1000000
Area = = 230.72acre
43560

For contour A4
6.69 𝑥 1000000
Area = = 153.58acre
43560

For contour A5
3.22 𝑥 1000000
Area = = 73.92acre
43560

For contour A6
0.00 𝑥 1000000
Area = = 0.00acre
43560

A table of bulk volumes between two consecutive contours

Productive Planimeter Ratio of areas Contour Method Bulk volume,
area area (acre) (Ai+1/Ai) interval, h (ft) applied Vb Vb(acre-ft)

A0 450.87 0 5 Trapezoidal 0
Ao-A1 375.11 0.832 5 Trapezoidal 2064.95
A1-A2 302.80 0.807 5 Trapezoidal 1694.775
A2-A3 230.72 0.762 5 Trapezoidal 1333.8
A3-A4 153.58 0.666 5 Trapezoidal 960.75
A4-A5 73.9 0.481 5 Pyramidal 556.75
A5-A6 0.00 0 5 Pyramidal 123.2
Total bulk volume 6734.225

6
Trapezoidal formula: Pyramidal formula:
∆Vb=h/2[Ai+Ai+1] ∆Vb =h∕3[Ai+Ai+1+√(Ai*Ai+1)]
Rule of thumb
A commonly adopted rule says that “whenever the ratio of the areas of any successive isopach
lines is larger 0.5, the trapezoidal formula is applied. For the accuracy, the pyramidal formula
should be used. However, because of its simpler form, the trapezoidal formula is commonly used
which introduces an error of 2%, when the ratio of successive areas is 0.5.

Bulk volume;

For contours Ao andA1 ,

From ∆Vb=h/2[Ao+A1]

∆Vb =5/2(450.87+375.11) = 2064.95acre-ft

For contours A2 andA1

From ∆Vb =h/2[A1+A2]

∆Vb =5/2(375.11 + 302.80) = 1694.775acre-ft

7
for contours A2 andA3 ,

From ∆Vb =h/2[A2+A3]

∆Vb =5/2(230.72+302.80) acre-ft

= 1333.8acre-ft

for contours A3 andA4

From ∆Vb =h/2[A3+A4]

∆Vb =5/2(230.72+153.58) acre-ft

= 960.75acre-ft

for contours A4 andA5

From ∆Vb = h∕3[A4+A5+√(A4*A5)]

∆Vb =5/3(153.58+73.92+(153.58*73.92)0.5) acre-ft

= 556.75acre-ft

for contours A5 andA6

From ∆VB=h∕3[A5+A6+√(A5*A6)]

∆Vb =5/3(73.92 + 0.00+(0.002*73.922)0.5) acre-ft

= 123.2acre-ft

I. The bulk volume of the reservoir, Vb total = sum of bulk volumes between two consecutive
contours.
Vb total = (2064.95 + 1694.775 +1333.8 +960.75 +556.75+ 123.2) acre-ft
Vb total = 6734.225 acre-ft
II. OOIP, N =7758𝑉𝑏𝜑 (1 − 𝑆𝑤𝑖)
Where,
Vb = reservoir bulk volume (acre-feet), φ = average porosity (fraction)
Swi = average initial water saturation (fraction)

OOIP = 7758*6734.225 *0.2*(1-0.1) RB

1
 = 9403941.159RB
OOIP = 9404000RB

7758𝑉𝑏 𝜑(1−𝑆𝑤𝑖 )
iii) STOIIP, N = 𝐵𝑜𝑖

Where: Vb = bulk volume (acre-feet)

φ = average porosity (fraction)
Swi = initial water saturation (fraction)
Boi = average initial oil formation volume factor (RB/STB)
7758 𝑥6734.225 ∗0.2(1−0.1)
N= 1.13

= 8,322,071.822 STB
STOIIP, N = 8177340.14 STB

Part B
Area below the lower curve
Diameter of the circle of area A0 = 10.3cm

Area under the curve per column

2
A = [(yi + yi+1)/2] *∆x
Where,
∆x = column width = 1cm, constant.
Yi and yi+1 are the lengths as shown above for column 2.
Column 1 Column 5 Column 9
6+2.8 0.8+0.7 1.5+2.4
A=( ) ×1 = 4.4 cm2 A=( )×1 = 0.75 cm2 A=( )×1 = 1.95 cm2
2 2 2

Column 2 Column 6 Column 10

2.8+1.8 0.7+0.8 2.4+4
A=( )×1 = 2.3 cm2 A=( )×1 = 0.75 cm2 A=( )×1 = 3.2 cm2
2 2 2

Column 3 Column 7 Column 11

1.8+1.2 0.8+1.0 4+6
A=( )×1 = 1.5 cm2 A=( )×1 = 0.9 cm2 A=( )×0.3 = 1.5 cm2
2 2 2

Column 4 Column 8
1.2+0.8 1.0+1.5
A=( )×1 = 1 cm2 A=( )×1 = 1.25 cm2
2 2

Total area A = ∑Ai

A = 4.4+2.3+1.5+1+0.75+0.75+0.9+1.25+1.95+3.2+1.5 = 19.5 cm2
1 in. = 2.54 cm, Implying that1 in2 = (2.54)2 cm2 = 6.4516 cm2
19.5
A = 6.4516 = 3.022506045 in2

From the scale

1 in. = 1000ft
A = 3.022506045×106 ft2
I ft2 = 2.29568×10-5 acres
Ab = 3.022506045×106×2.29568×10-5 = 69.38719112 acres

2
Computation of area below the upper curve

o Column 1 o Column 5 10.7+10.2

A=( )×1 = 10.45
2
6+8.8 10.9+11 2
A=( )×1 = 7.4 cm2 A=( )×1 = 10.95 cm
2 2
cm2 o Column 9
o Column 2
o Column 6 10.2+9.4
8.8+9.8 2 A=( )×1 = 9.8 cm2
A=( )×1 = 9.3 cm 2
2 11+11
A=( )×1 = 11 cm2 o Column 10
2
o Column 3
o Column 7 9.4+7.6
9.8+10.5 A=( )×1 = 8.5 cm2
A=( )×1 = 10.15 2
2 11+10.7
cm2 A=( )×1 = 10.85 o Column 11
2
2
cm 7.6+6
o Column 4 A=( )×0.3 = 2.04 cm2
2
10.5+10.9
o Column 8
A=( )×1 = 10.7
2
cm2

Total area Au = ∑Ai

A = 7.4+9.3+10.15+10.7+10.95+11+10.85+10.45+9.8+8.5+2.04 = 101.14 cm2
1 in. = 2.54 cm 1 in2 = 2.542 cm2 = 6.4516 cm2
101.14
A =6.4516 = 15.67673135 in2

From the scale

3
1 in. = 1000ft
A = 15.67673135 ×106 ft2
I ft2 = 2.29568×10-5 acres
Au = 15.67673135 ×106×2.29568×10-5 = 359.8882312 acres

Total reservoir area = area below upper curve - area below lower curve
= Au – Al= 359.8882312 - 69.38719112
= 290.5010401 acres

From the given data:

Average porosity ɸ = 0.2. Irreducible water saturation Swc = 0.12.
Average initial water saturation Swi = 0.1. Reservoir thickness, h = 29ft.
Oil formation volume factor Boi = 1.13 RB/STB
ℎ
Bulk volume, Vb = 3 ×AR
29
Vb = × 290.5010401 = 2808.176721 acre-ft
3

OOIP, N =7758𝑉𝑏𝜑 (1 − 𝑆𝑤𝑖)

= 7758×2808.176721×0.2×(1 – 0.1)

OOIP = 3921450.3 RB

7758𝑉𝑏 𝜑(1−𝑆𝑤𝑖 )
STOIIP, N = 𝐵𝑜𝑖

7758 𝑥 2808.176721 𝑥 0.2(1−0.1)

= 1.13

STOIIP = 3,470,310 STB

Comparison:

The OOIP and STOOIP obtained in the two approaches are different because in approach two in
the area under a curve, some parts of the contours are left out since the contours are not perfectly
shaped. This result into lower areas hence lower values of OOIP and STOOIP (3921450.3RB
and 3,470,310 STB respectively). Whereas in the first approach, perfect circles were used and
4
the areas determined are exact and higher hence higher values of OOIP and STOOIP
(9404000RB and 8177340.14 STB respectively).

REFERENCES

1. Amyx, J.W., Bass, D.M. and Whiting, R.L., 1960. Petroleum Reservoir Engineering -
Physical Properties, McGraw-Hill: 176-196.
2. Craft, B.C. and Hawkins, M.F., Jr., 1959. Applied Petroleum Reservoir Engineering.
Prentice-Hall, Inc. New Jersey: 393-406.
3. Dake L. P (1978), Fundamentals of reservoir engineering. ELSEVIER SCIENCE B.V. All
rights reserved.
4. Stiles, W.E., 1 949. Use of Permeability Distribution in Water Flood Calculations.Trans.
AIME,186:9.
5. W. Kawule, Reservoir engineering Lecture notes 2022

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