Energies 16 03309
Energies 16 03309
Energies 16 03309
Article
AI and Expert Insights for Sustainable Energy Future
Mir Sayed Shah Danish
Energy Systems (Chubu Electric Power) Funded Research Division, IMaSS (Institute of Materials and Systems for
Sustainability), Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa Ward, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan; mdanish@nagoya-u.jp
Abstract: This study presents an innovative framework for leveraging the potential of AI in energy
systems through a multidimensional approach. Despite the increasing importance of sustainable
energy systems in addressing global climate change, comprehensive frameworks for effectively
integrating artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques into these systems
are lacking. The challenge is to develop an innovative, multidimensional approach that evaluates
the feasibility of integrating AI and ML into the energy landscape, to identify the most promising
AI and ML techniques for energy systems, and to provide actionable insights for performance
enhancements while remaining accessible to a varied audience across disciplines. This study also
covers the domains where AI can augment contemporary and future energy systems. It also offers a
novel framework without echoing established literature by employing a flexible and multicriteria
methodology to rank energy systems based on their AI integration prospects. The research also
delineates AI integration processes and technique categorizations for energy systems. The findings
provide insight into attainable performance enhancements through AI integration and underscore
the most promising AI and ML techniques for energy systems via a pioneering framework. This
interdisciplinary research connects AI applications in energy and addresses a varied audience through
an accessible methodology.
1. Introduction
The application of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies is witnessing a significant
Citation: Danish, M.S.S. AI and upward trend. Expected to reach a market value of 190.61 billion USD by 2050, AI involves
Expert Insights for Sustainable programming computers to make intelligent decisions by identifying patterns and enabling
Energy Future. Energies 2023, 16, 3309. them to learn from data [1]. This rapid development of AI is indelibly associated with
https://doi.org/10.3390/en16083309 multidimensional constraints, including the lack of expertise and professionals to deploy
Academic Editor: Alan Brent it as an emerging part of future technology, as well as institutional, behavioral, cultural,
psychological, ethical, and social concerns. Over time, from its early attempt to become
Received: 21 March 2023 expert in given systems to today’s revolution, AI has been defined by a singular statement;
Revised: 4 April 2023
this statement is straightforward: “Artificial Intelligence is the study of how to make
Accepted: 6 April 2023
computers do things at which, at the moment, people are better.”, if the term of “things”
Published: 7 April 2023
is ignored [2]. Interdisciplinary studies demonstrated a broad knowledge of the topics
involved. Energy systems analysis in the computational intelligence and data science
domain using machine learning (ML) methods is a data-driven model susceptible to data
Copyright: © 2023 by the author.
quality variation. Analysis of systems in the energy domain requires in-depth domain
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. knowledge. So, onboarding energy models, especially power systems, to a digestible
This article is an open access article data set for ML requires interdisciplinary domain knowledge. This study uses a simplified
distributed under the terms and representation to deal with the most used ML methods in energy systems. Hence, extracting
conditions of the Creative Commons high-quality datasets from the target model and incorporating domain knowledge, such as
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// physical and mathematical models, are crucial for accurate system modeling and analysis.
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ Standardizing energy systems for AI integration involves transitioning from a conven-
4.0/). tional parameter-based model to a data-driven model. In a parameter-based model, the
system is modeled and controlled using a predefined set of parameters, such as equipment
rating, operating conditions, etc. While this approach can be practical for primary control
and monitoring, it can be constrained in its ability to adapt to changing conditions and
optimizing performance. Conversely, a data-driven model uses real-time data from sensors
and other sources to train and update the model, allowing for more precise monitoring,
control, predictions, optimization, and so on. A data-driven approach can be utilized to
enhance performance and augment the overall efficiency of the energy system. Machine
learning and deep learning (DL), especially neural networks, can be employed to analyze
and interpret the datasets and construct model architectures that can supervise current
operating conditions and predict future system behavior. Standardizing energy systems for
AI integration also requires designing a roadmap that includes initiation, planning, design,
implementation, optimization, etc.; this roadmap can provide real-time interactions and
implement communication protocols that facilitate data sharing and integration with other
systems through different protocols and standards. This approach aims to transform energy
systems models from parameter-based to data-driven, enabling the integration of different
techniques and solutions on a single platform. Ultimately, standardizing energy systems
for AI integration can boost the performance and efficiency of these systems, ensuring
highly reliable operations and control. This, in turn, promotes long-term sustainability
while adhering to techno-economic constraints.
Data-driven models have been extensively studied and posited as viable solutions
for several applications that span multiple interdisciplinary fields, particularly in smart
energy systems. The literature indicates that data-driven models possess the potential to
serve as a powerful tool for enabling parameter-based analysis of a system by leveraging
the rich information encoded in datasets to gain insight into the underlying dynamics
of a system and make predictions about its behavior. These models have demonstrated
their utility in a wide range of applications and are expected to continue playing a more
crucial role in advancing energy systems automation and control. However, it is essential
to note that, in order for these models to be widely adopted and utilized effectively, it is
necessary to demonstrate their scalability and real-world implementation capabilities [3].
Dobbe et al. [4] conducted case studies based on numerical formulation and data-driven
modeling regarding frequency regulation and distribution system control to provide general
guidelines on integrating learning capabilities for control purposes to make safety risks
a central design tenet. Zienkiewicz et al. [5] established a computationally simple, less
data-intensive, fast, and efficient data-driven model through a novel hybrid data-driven
model. Geneva et al. [6] propose a novel data-driven framework that improves model
predictions and provides probabilistic bounds for fluid quantities such as velocity and
pressure. Arridge et al. [7] aim to provide an account of some of the main contributions in
data-driven inverse problems. Singh et al. [8] introduced a novel ML-based fusion model,
known as PI-LSTM (Physics-Infused Long-Short-Term Memory Networks), that integrates
first-principles physics-based models and Long-Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks.
Kollmann et al. [9] developed a DL model based on a convolutional neural network (CNN)
that predicts optimal metamaterial designs. Runge et al. [10] offer a review of studies
published since 2000 that have applied artificial neural networks to forecast building energy
use and demand, focusing on reviewing the applications, data, forecasting models, and
performance metrics used in model evaluations. Baptista et al. [11] studied the applicability
of the Kalman filter to filter the estimates of the remaining useful life. Terzi et al. [12]
present work that integrates 1314 vertical profiles of PAR acquired by 31 BGC-Argo floats
operating in the Mediterranean Sea between 2012 and 2016 into a one-dimensional model
to simulate the vertical and temporal variability of algal chlorophyll concentrations. A
systematic method to select the optimal network architecture is proposed and tested in [13].
Bättig, P., and Schiffmann, J. [14] demonstrated that data-driven models were employed
to predict the stiffness and damping coefficients of various nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR)
O-ring sizes. These predictions were based on O-ring geometry, Shore hardness, squeeze,
and excitation frequency. The authors also suggested that the curvature ratio (d/D) should
Energies 2023, 16, 3309 3 of 27
Figure1.1. The
Figure The thematic
thematic framework
frameworkillustrates
illustratesthe
thesystematic
systematicprocess of of
process transferring thethe
transferring system pa-
system
rameter-based model to a data-driven based model.
parameter-based model to a data-driven based model.
The merits
The thematic andframework
demerits proposed
of data-drivenin Figure 1 offers
models a comprehensive
in the energy systems roadmap
shown for in
transforming an energy system into its decomposable components through
Figure 3 highlight the potential improvements that data-driven models can bring to var- a systematic
procedure.
ious aspectsThis approach
of the energy minimizes the probability
sector. Accurate of errors
forecasting by converting
is essential a system
for efficient energypa-
rameter-baseddata-driven
management; model to a data-driven
models excelmodel suitable for
at identifying ML analysis.
patterns A vital
and trends in advantage
historical
of this
data. framework
Optimal is its ability
allocation to ensure
of resources a process
is a priority inthat validates
the energy both and
sector, the these
system model
models
andanalyze
can the performance equivalency.
historical and real-time data to improve efficiency. Enhanced maintenance is
anotherA primary transition
key advantage, as in system modeling
predictive analytics approaches
can identifyfrom parameter-based
potential to data-
equipment failures,
driven models is required to keep energy systems aligned with fast-growing
thereby increasing reliability. Furthermore, the deployment of renewable energy resources technologies.
In other
into words,sector
the energy modeling and analysis
is an urgent methods
necessity in old-fashioned
to address and mitigateenergy systems
the impacts require
of climate
swapping
change. to utilize ML
Data-driven inputs
models can(datasets). Some
facilitate this byimmediate
accurately benefits
predictingof the power system
production from
data-driven
renewable modeltechnically
sources for variousandapplications
financially.compared to the parameter-based
The drawbacks system
of data-driven models are
stem
from the prevalent
summarized limitations
in Figure 2, whichand challenges
is idealized encountered
from [37]. while applying such models
within the energy sector. Data quality and availability are critical factors, and limitations in
these areas can hinder the effectiveness of models. The complexity of data-driven models
can present challenges with respect to the specialized knowledge and resources required,
which may be barriers for some energy utilities companies. Overfitting is another common
Energies 2023, 16, 3309 6 of 27
technical issue in data-driven models, which can lead to inaccuracies when applied to new,
unseen
Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW data. Adaptability is also crucial in the rapidly evolving energy sector; data-driven
6 of 26
models may struggle to keep up with new technologies, regulations, or competitive market
conditions.
Figure 2.
Figure 2. A
A visual
visual representation
representationof
ofthe
theadvantages
advantagesand
anddisadvantages of of
disadvantages data-driven models
data-driven in the
models in
energy sector shows the balance between the potential improvements and the challenges these mod-
the energy sector shows the balance between the potential improvements and the challenges these
els face in addressing the sector’s unique requirements and demands.
models face in addressing the sector’s unique requirements and demands.
The merits and
Engineering demerits
planning andofdesign
data-driven models
are crucial to in the energy
reliable supply systems shown
with high in Fig-
customer
ure 3 highlight the potential improvements that data-driven models can
satisfaction. Accurate system supply forecasting for maintaining stability and meeting bring to various
aspects and
current of the energy
future sector. necessitates
demands Accurate forecasting is essential
transcending for efficient
traditional energy
forecasting manage-
approaches
ment; data-driven models excel at identifying patterns and trends in historical
that solely depend on historical data and system parameters. When integrating renewable data. Opti-
mal allocation of resources is a priority in the energy sector, and these models
resources and smartness of supply-demand through instantaneous metering loads, systems can analyze
historical
operate andareal-time
using data tothat
dynamic nature improve efficiency.
traditional Enhanced
methods maintenance
cannot replicate. is another
Utilizing key
machine
advantage, as predictive analytics can identify potential equipment failures,
learning for load forecasting allows power systems to adopt a real-time measurement data thereby in-
creasing reliability.
approach rather thanFurthermore, the deployment
relying on system of renewable
parameter-based energy
data. This can resources
be appliedinto the
under
energy sector
steady-state is an urgent
conditions at anecessity to address
single operating and
point mitigate
without the impacts
observing of climatedynamic
the system’s change.
Data-driven
behavior [38].models can facilitate this by accurately predicting production from renewable
sources technically and financially. The drawbacks of data-driven models stem from the
prevalent limitations and challenges encountered while applying such models within the
energy sector. Data quality and availability are critical factors, and limitations in these
areas can hinder the effectiveness of models. The complexity of data-driven models can
present challenges with respect to the specialized knowledge and resources required,
which may be barriers for some energy utilities companies. Overfitting is another common
technical issue in data-driven models, which can lead to inaccuracies when applied to
new, unseen data. Adaptability is also crucial in the rapidly evolving energy sector; data-
Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 26
Figure3.3.An
Figure Anoverview
overviewofof
thethe
research process
research hierarchy
process recommended
hierarchy for research
recommended and development
for research and develop-
ofment
sustainable energy policies.
of sustainable energy policies.
Integrating
Engineering intelligent
planningtechnologies
and designinare thecrucial
energytosector willsupply
reliable significantly impact
with high policy
customer
and system modeling due to changing priorities, investments, and
satisfaction. Accurate system supply forecasting for maintaining stability and meeting competitive energy
markets. Developing
current and countries,
future demands particularly
necessitates those with predominantly
transcending rural communities
traditional forecasting approaches
adversely affected by climate change and financial instability, are more
that solely depend on historical data and system parameters. When integrating renewable vulnerable to these
shifts, as they may lack the resources necessary for significant initial investments. Feature
resources and smartness of supply-demand through instantaneous metering loads, sys-
engineering methods, which involve generating new features or attribute modifications,
tems operate using a dynamic nature that traditional methods cannot replicate. Utilizing
employ techniques such as creation, filtering, selection, expansion, transformation, or
machine learning for load forecasting allows power systems to adopt a real-time meas-
formulation or utilize time-based system performance values to develop novel features [39].
urement data approach rather than relying on system parameter-based data. This can be
Feature engineering deals with the existing system dataset to improve quality through
applied under steady-state conditions at a single operating point without observing the
optimal feature changes such as adding, modifying, expanding, transforming, filtering,
systemʹs dynamic behavior [38].
selecting, encoding, formulation, etc. [33]. In contrast to feature creation, the feature
Integrating intelligent technologies in the energy sector will significantly impact pol-
selection method (forward and backward selections) of the expansion of the existing data
icy and system modeling due to changing priorities, investments, and competitive energy
set is used to reduce the size of the feature set; this can cause redundancy and sparsity or
markets. Developing countries, particularly those with predominantly rural communities
multicollinearity in the data [40]. In addition, ML bestows accuracy with high processing
adversely affected by climate change and financial instability, are more vulnerable to these
speed, turns complicated knowledge-based status models of system performance and
shifts, as they may
interconnected lack the
behavior resources
into a simplenecessary for significant
output, creates modelsinitial
from investments.
real-time data, Feature
and
engineering methods, which involve generating
allows the machine to learn and map optimum output. new features or attribute modifications,
employ techniques
Generally, energysuch as creation,
systems consist filtering,
of variousselection, expansion,
setups aligned transformation,
together in a dynamicor for-
oper-
mulation or utilize time-based system performance values to develop
ation nature for a reliable and techno-economic supply. Dynamic and transient behavior of novel features [39].
Featureoffers
systems engineering deals with
sophisticated the existing
observation system datasetand
of multidimensional to improve
non-linearquality through
relationships
optimal
that feature
require changes such
a competency as adding,
analysis packagemodifying,
to overcome expanding, transforming,
these challenges. filtering,
In addition to
selecting, encoding, formulation, etc. [33]. In contrast to feature creation,
the challenge of assessing system insight, envisioning the system’s future for planning and the feature selec-
tion method
expansion (forward
presents and backward
significant difficultiesselections)
that are notof readily
the expansion
achievableof the existing
using data set
conventional
is used to reduce the size of the feature set; this can cause redundancy
tools and methods. AI and its specific subsets of ML and DL tools and techniques allow and sparsity or
multicollinearity in the data [40]. In addition, ML bestows accuracy
the energy sector to corroborate with optimizations using numerous packages of in-build with high processing
functions that support multidimensional-nonlinear-interrelated systems (subsystems) with
high accuracy and less computational time.
Energies 2023, 16, 3309 8 of 27
ing on implementation, promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency, evaluating the
effectiveness of policies, and supporting decision-making processes.
Integrating AI and ML into energy systems can be approached from many perspec-
tives and applied to various use cases. In this context, we focus on the techno-economic
energy balance landscape as an area of interest (Figure 4). This framework encompasses a
wide range of applications, including optimizing generation, economic dispatch, and man-
agement of energy resources and infrastructure. Incorporating AI and ML techniques into
this landscape can lead to more efficient and sustainable energy systems, enabling better
demand forecasting, capacity planning, and resource allocation. Furthermore, integrating
these advanced technologies can help identify new opportunities for cost reduction and
revenue generation while promoting cleaner energy sources and minimizing environmental
impacts. By harnessing AI and ML for techno-economic energy balance, decision-makers,
and policy developers can enhance the resilience and reliability of energy systems, en-
suring a stable power supply even amid fluctuating demand and resource availability.
Furthermore, AI and ML mitigate risks associated with extreme weather events, equipment
failures, and other unforeseen disruptions.
Choosing a method depends on various factors, necessitating an examination of the
problem’s nature and complexity, the availability of data, and the model’s accuracy and
interoperability. Nonetheless, the proposed ML methods are optimally suited for the
intended applications or operations.
Energies 2023, 16, 3309 10 of 27
Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 26
Figure 4. An overview of the techno-economic energy balancing landscape highlighting the integra-
tion of4.AIAn
Figure overview
and ML into of the techno-economic
various energy balancing
energy system applications landscape highlighting
by distinguishing the triangle ofthe
AI integra-
and
tion
MLof AI and ML into various energy system applications by distinguishing the triangle of AI and
methods.
ML methods.
Energies 2023, 16, 3309 11 of 27
Figure 5. Analysis process flowchart of policy building block scenarios and AI techniques, offering a
consistent and structured approach to weighing nonquantitative factors, prioritizing, and comparing
the scenario.
Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 26
Energies 2023, 16, 3309 Figure 5. Analysis process flowchart of policy building block scenarios and AI techniques, offering
12 of 27
a consistent and structured approach to weighing nonquantitative factors, prioritizing, and compar-
ing the scenario.
4.1.
4.1. The
The Process
Process Flow
Flow
This
This study
study focuses
focuses onon multicriteria
multicriteria objective
objective analysis
analysis using
using the
the Analytic
Analytic Hierarchy
Hierarchy
Process
Process (AHP)
(AHP) (Python
(Python codes
codes are
are given
given inin Appendix
Appendix A). AHP is
A). AHP is a
a structured
structured decision-
decision-
making technique that compares alternatives based on multiple criteria and
making technique that compares alternatives based on multiple criteria and sub-criteria. sub-criteria.
The
The methodology
methodologyinvolves
involvesconstructing
constructinga ahierarchy
hierarchyofofcriteria, assigning
criteria, assigning weights
weights to to
criteria
crite-
and sub-criteria, and evaluating alternatives based on each sub-criterion. The
ria and sub-criteria, and evaluating alternatives based on each sub-criterion. The final final output
out-
for
puteach alternative
for each is a normalized
alternative scorescore
is a normalized that that
reflects its overall
reflects preference,
its overall following
preference, followingthe
steps in Figure 6.
the steps in Figure 6.
Figure 6. The two-stage decision-making process consists of the evaluation framework and decision
Figure 6. The two-stage decision-making process consists of the evaluation framework and decision
analysis.
analysis.
The proposed
The proposed flowchart
flowchart andand the
the framework
framework aimaim to
to assess
assess the
the potential
potential applications
applications
of AI and ML techniques (referenced in Table 1) in various energy policy scenarios
of AI and ML techniques (referenced in Table 1) in various energy policy scenarios while while
considering sustainability requirements. To achieve this objective, the following criteria
considering sustainability requirements. To achieve this objective, the following criteria are
are identified
identified to evaluate
to evaluate the impact
the impact of AIofand
AI and
ML ML methodologies
methodologies in energy
in energy systems:
systems:
•• Technical feasibility
Technical feasibility (TF)
(TF)
•• Environmental Impact
Environmental Impact (EI) (EI)
•• Economic Viability
Economic Viability(EV)
(EV)
•• Social Acceptability (SA)
Social Acceptability (SA)
•• Regulatory Compliance
Regulatory Compliance (RC) (RC)
These criteria are subsequently assessed through a sub-criteria evaluation to gain
deeper insights into the relevant and measurable aspects. The sub-criteria for the five cri-
teria prioritize environmental impact, focusing on carbon emission reduction (as depicted
in Figure 7).
Energies 2023, 16, 3309 13 of 27
Table 1. The relationship between scenario codes and AI techniques, where 1 indicates that the
technique is used in the given scenario and 0 indicates that it is not.
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
[65–67]
[58,60]
[61–63]
[71,72]
[74,75]
[58,59]
[70]
[73]
[56]
[61]
[64]
[68]
[69]
[61]
[69]
[71]
[57]
References
Scenario
EEDM
SATM
Code
AIEC
EVCI
ICEC
EMD
EMD
CPM
EDA
ERD
ECS
ETP
RPS
NM
ESST
RETI
CCS
FIT
EB
EE
1 AI and
Machine
Learning
Methods
2 Neural Networks 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
3 Decision Trees 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
4 Linear Regression 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
5 Support Vector Machines 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 Computer Vision 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
7 Natural Language Processing 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
8 Time Series Analysis 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9 Clustering 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 Interdisciplinary Tools 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 Deep Learning 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
12 Evolutionary Algorithms 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
13 Particle Swarm Optimization 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
14 Convolutional Neural Networks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
15 Generative Models 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
16 Sentiment Analysis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
17 Text Classification 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
18 Random Forest 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Figure 7. Evaluating criteria using sub-criteria for the five evaluation criteria, focusing on environ-
Figure 7. Evaluating criteria using sub-criteria for the five evaluation criteria, focusing on environ-
mental impact.
mental impact.
The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is used to assign weights to criteria to reflect
The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is used to assign weights to criteria to reflect
their relative importance. This involves creating a pairwise comparison matrix to show
their relative importance. This involves creating a pairwise comparison matrix to show each
each criterion’s importance when compared to others, normalizing the matrix, and calcu-
criterion’s importance when compared to others, normalizing the matrix, and calculating
lating priority weights. The consistency ratio (CR) is estimated to check the consistency of
priority weights. The consistency ratio (CR) is estimated to check the consistency of the
the pairwise
pairwise comparison
comparison matrix;
matrix; if it if
is it is less
less thanthan
0.1, 0.1, the matrix
the matrix is considered
is considered consistent.
consistent.
Evaluating alternatives involves several steps, including assessing
Evaluating alternatives involves several steps, including assessing each item each item based
based on
on sub-criteria, normalizing the data, calculating the weighted scores,
sub-criteria, normalizing the data, calculating the weighted scores, and ranking the items. and ranking the
items.each
First, First,item
eachisitem is evaluated
evaluated on a of
on a scale scale
1 toof5,1based
to 5, based on well
on how how itwell it satisfies
satisfies each each
sub-
sub-criterion. Then, the data are normalized by dividing each element
criterion. Then, the data are normalized by dividing each element by the sum of its column.by the sum of its
column.
The The weighted
weighted scorecalculated
score is then is then calculated
for eachfor each
item byitem by multiplying
multiplying its normalized
its normalized score
score for each sub-criterion by the weight of that sub-criterion and proceeding
for each sub-criterion by the weight of that sub-criterion and proceeding with summing with sum-
these products across all sub-criteria. Finally, the items are ranked according to their their
ming these products across all sub-criteria. Finally, the items are ranked according to total
total weighted
weighted score,score, with higher
with higher scoresscores indicating
indicating betterbetter performance.
performance.
Analyzing
Analyzing AI AI and
and ML
ML techniques
techniques in in energy
energy systems
systems provides
provides insight
insight into
into promising
promising
areas of
areas of focus.
focus. High-ranked
High-ranked itemsitems are prioritized for
are prioritized for investment
investment andand promotion,
promotion, while
while
lower-ranked items
lower-ranked items require further evaluation.
require further evaluation. TheThe model
model involves
involves defining
defining the
the objective,
objective,
identifying criteria and sub-criteria, assigning weights using AHP, evaluating
Energies 2023, 16, 3309 15 of 27
identifying criteria and sub-criteria, assigning weights using AHP, evaluating alternatives,
and interpreting results. The weights can be adjusted to reflect priorities and preferences.
The consistency of the pairwise comparison matrix must be checked. The proposed model
offers a structured and comprehensive approach to evaluating AI and ML energy system
deployment techniques.
A is the pairwise comparison matrix with dimensions (n × n), where n is the number
of elements being compared.
Criteria weights: Calculating the criteria weights can be performed using various
methods, including the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the Analytic Network Process
(ANP), or direct weighting, to quantify the relative importance of each criterion in the
decision-making process. If wi is the weight of criterion i, the weights of the criteria are
represented as the following vector [76]:
W = (w1 , w2 , . . . , wn ) (2)
where i = 1, 2, ..., n.
Sub-criteria Weights: Similar to criteria weights, sub-criteria weights calculated weight-
ing to create pairwise comparison matrices for each criterion and calculate the correspond-
ing weights for each sub-criterion. For each criterion i, wij is the weight of sub-criterion j.
Then, the sub-criteria weights for the criterion i vector are given as follows [76]:
Wi = wi1 , wi2 , . . . , wimi (3)
where j = 1, 2, ..., mj .
Alternatives and weighted performance matrix: The performance matrix (P) is a
prerequisite to track the performance of each alternative regarding each criterion. Multiply
each column of the performance matrix (P) by the corresponding weight from the weight
vector of the criteria (W). The weighted performance matrix Pw is given as:
Pw = P·W (4)
S = Pw · W (5)
scores to obtain the normalized scores (Sn ). Normalized scores contribute to comparing
alternatives on a scale from 0 to 1, as given below [76]:
n
Sum = ∑ Si (6)
i=1
Si
Sni = n For all i = 1, 2, . . . , n. (7)
∑i=1 Si
where, n is the number of alternatives, and S and Sn are the original and normalized
score vectors.
Figure 8. Criteria (equal importance assigned to all five criteria) and sub-criteria weights (varying
Figure 8. Criteria
importance (equal
assigned importancewithin
to sub-criteria assigned
eachtocriterion).
all five criteria) and sub-criteria weights (varying
importance assigned to sub-criteria within each criterion).
Energies 2023, 16, 3309 18 of 27
Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 26
Figure 10. (a) Weighted performance matrix (performance scores of the alternatives across all sub-
criteria), and (b) Normalized scores (relative performance of alternatives, calculated by dividing the
Figure
weighted10.performance
(a) Weightedmatrix
performance matrix
scores by their(performance
sum). scores of the alternatives across all sub-
Figure 10. (a)
criteria), andWeighted performance
(b) Normalized matrix
scores (relative (performance
performance scores of the
of alternatives, alternatives
calculated across
by dividing theall sub-
criteria), andperformance
weighted (b) Normalized
matrixscores
scores(relative performance of alternatives, calculated by dividing the
by their sum).
weighted performance matrix scores by their sum).
Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 19 of 26
Energies 2023, 16, 3309 19 of 27
Figure
Figure11.
11.Exploring
Exploringthe
theinfluence
influenceof
ofthe
theproposed
proposedsub-criteria
sub-criteriaon
onai-powered
ai-poweredenergy
energypolicy
policythrough
through
visualization
visualization of
of sub-criteria
sub-criteria weights
weights across
across five
five criteria.
criteria.
Energies 2023, 16, 3309 20 of 27
5. Conclusions
The study applied a multicriteria and multiobjective approach to evaluate various
scenarios. This proposed method enables decision-makers in the energy sector to structure
complex problems, prioritize factors, and systematically compare options. Moreover, the
proposed models and a systematic roadmap can be applied to various decision-making
scenarios, including business strategy, resource allocation, project management, and circular
economy. This study showcases its versatility and adaptability in interdisciplinary settings.
Therefore, this is a novel contribution to interdisciplinary endeavors from methodological,
comprehensiveness, and implementation perspectives. This research does not replicate the
existing literature or validate previous findings but presents an innovative thesis.
Additionally, this study exhaustively examines the pros and cons of data-driven
models in energy systems, comparing them with model-based system parameters. This
analysis provides a balanced perspective on the potential benefits and challenges associated
with the use of data-driven models in the energy sector, empowering stakeholders and
utilities to make informed decisions about adopting these methodologies. Simultaneously,
integrating AI and ML within the techno-economic energy balancing landscape presents
a promising opportunity to enhance the efficiency, sustainability, and resilience of energy
systems. This has the potential to catalyze transformative change across the industry.
Appendix A
This appendix contains the Python language code used to analyze potential AI and ML
techniques applications in various energy policy scenarios while considering sustainability
requirements. The code performs the following steps:
• Define criteria and sub-criteria related to energy policy scenarios.
• Construct a pairwise comparison matrix for criteria.
• Normalize the pairwise comparison matrix to obtain criteria weights.
• Define the weights for the criterion of sub-criteria.
• Calculate the overall weights of sub-criteria.
• Define alternatives for exploration.
• Create a performance matrix for each alternative, evaluating their performance against
the sub-criteria.
• Multiply the performance matrix by the overall sub-criteria weights to obtain a
weighted performance matrix.
• Normalize the weighted scores for each alternative.
• Print the results, including criteria weights, sub-criteria weights, overall sub-criteria
weights, weighted performance matrix, and normalized scores.
The code provides insights into the relative importance of different criteria and sub-
criteria for energy policy scenarios and the evaluation of alternative solutions. The results
can be used to inform decision-making processes and guide the development of energy
policies that leverage AI and ML techniques while addressing sustainability requirements.
Energies 2023, 16, 3309 22 of 27
Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 21 of 26
import numpy as np
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.colors import LinearSegmentedColormap
])
# Alternatives exploration
alternatives = ['A1', 'A2', 'A3', 'A4', 'A5']
weighted_performance_matrix = performance_matrix @
overall_sub_criteria_weights
print("Sub-criteria weights:")
print(sub_criteria_weights)
print("Normalized scores:")
print(normalized_scores)
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