Dung Trinh, PhD HCMUT / 2019

Chapter 3
Scattering Matrix

Trinh Xuan Dung, PhD

[email protected]

Department of Telecommunications
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Ho Chi Minh city University of Technology
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Contents
1. Introduction
2. S Parameter Definition and Calculation
3. S Matrix Properties
4. S Parameter and Time Average Power
5. Generalized Parameters
6. Matrix Conversion
Problems

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1. Introduction
Review of [Z], [Y], [ABCD] matrixs
I1 VN
Port 1 V1 Port N
IN

N-Port
Network
I2
Port 2 Vj
Port j
Ij
V2

𝑉ത = 𝑍Ӗ 𝐼 ҧ 𝐼 ҧ = 𝑌ധ 𝑉ത

𝑉1 𝑍11 𝑍12 … 𝑍1𝑁 𝐼1 𝐼1 𝑌11 𝑌12 … 𝑌1𝑁 𝑉1

𝑉2 𝑍 𝑍22 … 𝑍2𝑁 𝐼2 𝐼2 𝑌 𝑌22 … 𝑌2𝑁 𝑉2
= 21 = 21
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮
𝑉𝑁 𝑍𝑁1 𝑍𝑁2 … 𝑍𝑁𝑁 𝐼𝑁 𝐼𝑁 𝑌𝑁1 𝑌𝑁2 … 𝑌𝑁𝑁 𝑉𝑁

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1. Introduction
Review of [Z], [Y], [ABCD] matrixs

[Z] Matrix [Y] Matrix

𝑉1 = 𝑍11 𝐼1 + 𝑍12 𝐼2 𝐼1 = 𝑌11 𝑉1 + 𝑌12 𝑉2

𝑉2 = 𝑍21 𝐼1 + 𝑍22 𝐼2 𝐼2 = 𝑌21 𝑉1 + 𝑌22 𝑉2

𝑉1 𝑉1 𝐼1 𝐼1
𝑍11 = ቤ 𝑍12 = ቤ 𝑌11 = ቤ 𝑌12 = ቤ
𝐼1 𝐼 𝐼2 𝐼 𝑉1 𝑉 =0 𝑉2 𝑉 =0
1
2 =0 1 =0 2

𝐼2 𝐼2
𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑌21 = ቤ 𝑌22 = ቤ
𝑍21 = ቤ 𝑍22 = ቤ 𝑉1 𝑉 =0 𝑉2 𝑉 =0
𝐼1 𝐼 𝐼2 𝐼 2 1
2 =0 1 =0

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1. Introduction
Review of [Z], [Y], [ABCD] matrixs

𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐 𝑉1 𝑉1
𝐴= ቤ 𝐵= ቤ
𝑉2 𝐼 𝐼2 𝑉 =0
2 =0 2
𝑉1 𝑨 𝑩 𝑉2
𝑽𝟏 𝐼1
= 𝑽𝟐
𝑪 𝑫 𝐼2 𝐼1 𝐼1
𝐶= ቤ 𝐷= ቤ
𝑉2 𝐼 𝐼2 𝑉 =0
2 =0 2

I1 I1a I 2a I1b I 2b I2

2-port 2-port
V1 V1a V2a V1b V2b V2
Network Network

𝑉1 𝑨 𝑩 𝑨 𝑩 𝑉2
=
𝐼1 𝑪 𝑫 𝒂 𝑪 𝑫 𝒃 𝐼2
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1. Introduction
❖ [Z],[Y] or [ABCD] are not preferred to use for microwave networks.
❖ Open and short conditions are difficult to achieve at microwave → error in
measurement.
❖ Open and short terminations may make active circuits unstable (oscillation) → error or
cannot meas.
❖ Microwave circuit analysis and design are based on the transmission & reflection of
waves. [Z] or [Y] do not reflect these natures.
❖ Impedance and admittance matrices relate the total voltages and currents at the ports.
✓ At microwave regime: Voltages, currents and power are represented in term of incident
and reflect qualities.
✓ S-parameters matrix, defined in terms of traveling waves, is used instead.
✓ The scattering matrix represents the relation between the voltage incident waves on the
ports to voltage reflected wave from the ports.
✓ S-parameters are measured with matched loads rather than open- or short-circuits.
✓ At microwave frequencies, matched loads are relatively easy to realize.
✓ S-parameters are measured using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA).
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1. Introduction

Port 1
Port 2

Vector Network Analyzer (VNA)

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1. Introduction

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2. S Parameter Definition
❖ 𝑉𝑛+ : the incident signal voltage (wave) entering port n.
❖ 𝑉𝑛− : the reflected signal voltage (wave) from port n.
❖ The scattering matrix, or [S] matrix, is defined in relation to these incident and
reflected voltage waves as:

𝑉1− 𝑆11 𝑆12 … 𝑆1𝑁 𝑉1+

𝑉2− 𝑆21 𝑆22 … 𝑆2𝑁 𝑉2+ 𝑉𝑖−
= 𝑺𝒊𝒋 = + อ
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ 𝑉𝑗
𝑉𝑘+ =0,𝑘≠𝑗
𝑉𝑁− 𝑆𝑁1 𝑆𝑁2 … 𝑆𝑁𝑁 𝑉𝑁+

❖ The incident waves on all ports = 0 → all ports are terminated in matched loads.
❖ 𝑺𝒊𝒊 reflection coefficient looking into port i when all other ports are matched.
❖ 𝑺𝒊𝒋 transmission coefficient looking from port j to port i when all other ports are
matched.

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2. S Parameter Definition
❖ For a two port microwave network:

𝑽+
𝟏 𝑉1− 𝑺𝟏𝟏 𝑺𝟏𝟐 𝑉1+ 𝑽+
𝟐
− =
𝑽−
𝟏
𝑉2 𝑺𝟐𝟏 𝑺𝟐𝟐 𝑉2+ 𝑽−
𝟐

❖ 𝑉1+ : the incident signal voltage (wave) entering the input port 1.
❖ 𝑉1− : the reflected signal voltage (wave) from the input port 1.
❖ 𝑉2+ : the incident signal voltage (wave) entering the output port 2.
❖ 𝑉2− : the reflected signal voltage (wave) from the output port 2.

o 𝑆11 : input reflection coefficient = 𝑉1−Τ𝑉1+ ȁห𝑉 + =0 = 𝚪𝐢𝐧

2

o 𝑆21 : forward transmission coefficient = 𝑉2−Τ𝑉1+ ȁห𝑉 + =0 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛

2

o 𝑆12 : reversed transmission coefficient = 𝑉1−Τ𝑉2+ ȁห𝑉 + =0 = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

1

o 𝑆22 : output reflection coefficient = 𝑉2−Τ𝑉2+ ȁห𝑉 + =0 = 𝚪𝐨𝐮𝐭

1
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2. S Parameter Definition
Incident 𝑺𝟐𝟏 Transmitted
𝑽−
𝟐
𝑽+
𝟏
Load
𝑺𝟏𝟏
Forward Reflected DUT Z0
𝑽−
𝟏 𝑽+
𝟐 =𝟎

𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉1− 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉2−

𝑆11 = = +ቤ 𝑆22 = = +ቤ
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉1 𝑉 + =0 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉2 𝑉 + =0
2 1
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉2− 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉1−
𝑆21 = = ቤ 𝑆12 = = ቤ
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉1+ 𝑉 + =0 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉2+ 𝑉 + =0
2 1

𝑽+
𝟏 𝑽−
𝟐
𝑺𝟐𝟐
Load
Z0
DUT
Reflected Reverse
𝑽+
𝟐
𝑽− Transmitted 𝑺𝟏𝟐 Incident
𝟏

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3. S Matrix Properties
❖ Reciprocal Network
▪ In the case of reciprocal networks, it can be shown that: 𝑺 = [𝑺]𝑻
where [𝑺]𝑻 indicates the transpose of 𝑺 . In other words, the equation is symmetric
about the main diagonal.

❖ Lossless Network
▪ If the network is lossless, no real power can be delivered to the network
𝟏 𝑻 ∗
𝟏
𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝕽𝒆 𝑽 𝑰 = 𝕽𝒆 𝑽+ 𝑻 + 𝑽− 𝑻 𝑽+ ∗ − 𝑽− ∗
𝟐 𝟐𝒁𝟎
𝟏
= 𝕽𝒆 𝑽+ 𝑻
𝑽+ ∗ − 𝑽+ 𝑻
𝑽− ∗ + 𝑽− 𝑻
𝑽+ ∗ − 𝑽− 𝑻
𝑽− ∗
𝟐𝒁𝟎
𝟏
= 𝑽+ 𝑻
𝑽+ ∗ − 𝑽− 𝑻
𝑽− ∗
=𝟎
𝟐𝒁𝟎
Total Incident Total Reflected
Power Power
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3. S Matrix Properties
▪ Lossless Network: 𝑽+ 𝑻
𝑽+ ∗
= 𝑽− 𝑻
𝑽− ∗

▪ Using: 𝑽− = 𝑺 𝑽+ ↔ 𝑽+ 𝑻 𝑽+ ∗ = 𝑽+ 𝑻 𝑺 𝑻 𝑺 ∗ 𝑽+ ∗

𝑻 ∗ ∗ 𝑻 −𝟏
▪ So that for non-zero: 𝑺 𝑺 = [𝑼] or 𝑺 = 𝑺

▪ Expanding the above equation, we obtain:

∗ ∗ ∗
𝑆11 𝑆21 … 𝑆𝑁1 𝑆11 𝑆12 … 𝑆1𝑁 1 0 … 0
𝑆12 𝑆22 ∗
… 𝑆𝑁2 𝑆21 ∗ ∗
𝑆22 … 𝑆2𝑁
= 0 1 … 0
⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝑆1𝑁 𝑆2𝑁 ∗
… 𝑆𝑁𝑁 𝑆𝑁1 ∗ ∗ 0 0 … 1
𝑆𝑁2 … 𝑆𝑁𝑁
▪ This condition is equivalent to:
𝑁 𝑁
∗ ∗
෍ 𝑆𝑘𝑖 𝑆𝑘𝑖 = 1, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖 = 1, … , 𝑁. ෍ 𝑆𝑘𝑖 𝑆𝑘𝑗 = 0, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗.
𝑘=1 𝑘=1

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3. S Matrix Properties
▪ In other words, each column of the scattering matrix will have a magnitude equal to one

𝑆11 𝑆12 … 𝑆1𝑁

𝑆21 𝑆22 … 𝑆2𝑁
⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝑆𝑁1 𝑆𝑁2 … 𝑆𝑁𝑁

Matrix columns
while the inner product of dissimilar columns must be zero.

• Example of a unitary scattering matrix of a lossless device:

0 1ൗ 0
1ൗ 2 𝑗 3ൗ2
3
𝑁 2 0 0 𝑗 ൗ2
∗ 0
෍ 𝑆𝑘𝑖 𝑆𝑘𝑗 = 0, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗. 𝑗 3ൗ2 0 1ൗ
2
𝑗 3ൗ 1ൗ
𝑘=1 0 2 2 0

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3. S Matrix Properties
0.1 𝑗0.8
Example 1: The S matrix of a component is: 𝑆 =
𝑗0.8 0.2
a. Is the network reciprocal?
b. Is the network lossless?
𝑉1− 𝑺𝟏𝟏 𝑺𝟏𝟐 𝑉1+
=
a. The network is reciprocal because 𝑆 𝑇 = [𝑆] 𝑉2− 𝑺𝟐𝟏 𝑺𝟐𝟐 𝑉2+
𝑁
b. The network is lossy. ∗
෍ 𝑆𝑘𝑖 𝑆𝑘𝑖 = 1, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖 = 1, … , 𝑁.
𝑘=1
Taking the first column: 0.1 + 0.8  1
2 2
𝑁
∗
෍ 𝑆𝑘𝑖 𝑆𝑘𝑗 = 0, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗.
𝑘=1

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3. S Matrix Properties
Example 3: Given the following T network. Compute the scattering matrix of the
network?

𝑉1− 𝑺𝟏𝟏 𝑺𝟏𝟐 𝑉1+

=
𝑉2− 𝑺𝟐𝟏 𝑺𝟐𝟐 𝑉2+

• The network is reciprocal because network is symmetric

𝑆 𝑇 = [𝑆]
−Τ +ȁ
𝑍𝑖𝑛 − 𝑍0
𝑆22 = 𝑆11 = Γ11 = 𝑉1 𝑉1 ቚ + = =0
𝑉2 =0 𝑍𝑖𝑛 + 𝑍0
−Τ + ȁ
1
𝑆21 = 𝑆12 = 𝑉2 𝑉1 ቚ + =
𝑉2 =0 2
30dB 5W RF Attenuator
• The T network is a 3dB attenuator!
DC-18GHz
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3. S Matrix Properties
Example 4: The two port network has the following scattering matrix:

0.15∠00 0.85∠ −450

𝑆=
0.85∠450 0.2∠00
a. Determine if the network is reciprocal and lossless?
b. If port 2 is terminated with a matched load, what is the return loss seen at port 1?
c. If port 2 is terminated with a short circuit, what is the return loss seen at port 1?
𝑇
a. The network is NOT reciprocal because 𝑆 ≠ [𝑆]
2 2
The network is lossy because: 𝑆11 + 𝑆21 = 0.745 ≠ 1

b. Return loss seen at port 1: 𝑅𝐿 = −20𝑙𝑜𝑔10 Γ11 = 16.5(𝑑𝐵)

𝑉2−
c. Γ11 = 𝑉1−Τ𝑉1+ = 𝑆11 − 𝑆12 𝑉 +
1
𝑆12 𝑆21
= 𝑆11 − = −0.452
1 + 𝑆22
Return loss seen at port 1: 𝑅𝐿 = −20𝑙𝑜𝑔10 Γ11 = 6.9(𝑑𝐵)

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4. Time Average Power

❖ At port 1, the voltage is: 𝑉1 = 𝑉1+ + 𝑉1−
❖ The total time average power at that port is comprised of the two terms:

𝑉1+ 2 𝑉1− 2
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑐 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 =
2𝑍0 2𝑍0
❖ Since port 2 is matched, then: 𝑉2+ = 0. Consequently:
𝑉2− 2
𝑃𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 ቚ =
𝑉2+ =0 2𝑍0

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑉1− 2 𝟐
❖ At port 1: the Input Return Loss is defined as: ฬ = 2 = 𝑺𝟏𝟏
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑉 + =0 𝑉1+
2

𝑃𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑉2− 2 𝟐
❖ At port 2: ฬ = 2 = 𝑺𝟐𝟏
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑉 + =0 𝑉1+
2

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4. Time Average Power

❖ A shift in reference planes
• In terms of the incident and reflected
port voltages we have:
[𝑉 − ] = [𝑆][𝑉 + ]

[𝑉 ′− ] = [𝑆′][𝑉 ′+ ]
• From the theory of travelling waves on
lossless T.L, we relate:
𝑉𝑛′+ = 𝑉𝑛+ 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑛 𝑙𝑛 𝑉𝑛′− = 𝑉𝑛− 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑛 𝑙𝑛

𝑒 −𝑗𝜃1 … 0 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃1 … 0
• This gives: 𝑉− = ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ 𝑆 ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ 𝑉 + = [𝑆′][𝑉 ′+ ]
0 … 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃𝑁 0 … 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃𝑁
′ = 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜃𝑁 𝑆
• This equivalent to: 𝑆𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛

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5. Generalized Parameters
• If the characteristic impedances
are different for some ports, it
becomes necessary to redefine the
2
scattering parameters so that 𝑆𝑖𝑗
still relates to the time average
power flow.
• The time average incident, reflected and transmitted power are, respectively

𝑉1+ 2 𝑉1− 2 𝑉2− 2

𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑐 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑃𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 ቚ =
2𝑍0,1 2𝑍0,1 𝑉2+ =0 2𝑍0,2

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑉1− 2
• Consequently, 𝑆11 2 = ቤ = + 2
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑉 + =0 𝑉1
2

𝑉2− 2
𝑃𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 ൘𝑍
2 0,2
𝑆21 = ቤ = +2
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑉 + =0 𝑉1
2 ൘𝑍
0,1
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5. Generalized Parameters
2
• To preserve the useful interpretation of 𝑆𝑖𝑗 as a relative time average power flow
with matched ports, we need to redefine the S parameters when the ports are not
equal.
𝑉𝑛+
• The “wave amplitude” toward port n is defined as 𝑎𝑛 ≡ ൘
𝑍0,𝑛

𝑉𝑛−
• The “wave amplitude” away from port n is defined as 𝑏𝑛 ≡ ൘
𝑍0,𝑛

𝑏𝑖
𝑆𝑖𝑗 = ൗ𝑎𝑗 ฬ
• Then 𝑎𝑘 =0,𝑘≠𝑗

1
• And it can be shown that: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝑛 + 𝑍0,𝑛 𝐼𝑛
2 𝑍0,𝑛
1
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑉𝑛 − 𝑍0,𝑛 𝐼𝑛
2 𝑍0,𝑛

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6. S Parameter Conversion
[S] vs. [ABCD]

AZ 02 + B − CZ 01Z 02 − DZ 01
S11 =
AZ 02 + B + CZ 01Z 02 + DZ 01
A = (1 + S11 − S 22 − S ) Z 01 / Z 02 / 2 S 21
2( AD − BC ) Z 01Z 02
B = (1 + S11 + S 22 + S ) Z 01.Z 02 / 2 S 21 S12 =
AZ 02 + B + CZ 01Z 02 + DZ 01
C = (1 − S11 − S 22 − S ) / 2 S 21 Z 01.Z 02 2 Z 01Z 02
S 21 =
D = (1 − S11 + S 22 − S ) Z 02 / Z 01 / 2 S 21 AZ 02 + B + CZ 01Z 02 + DZ 01
S = S11S12 − S12 S 21 − AZ 02 + B − CZ 01Z 02 + DZ 01
S 22 =
AZ 02 + B + CZ 01Z 02 + DZ 01

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Exercises
Exercise 1: Find the scattering parameters for the series and shunt loads shown
below. Show that 𝑺𝟏𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝑺𝟏𝟏 for the series case and 𝑺𝟏𝟐 = 𝟏 + 𝑺𝟏𝟏 for the shunt
case. Assume the characteristic impedance 𝑍0

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Dung Trinh, PhD HCMUT / 2019

Exercises
Exercise 1: Find the scattering parameters for the series and shunt loads shown
below. Show that 𝑺𝟏𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝑺𝟏𝟏 for the series case and 𝑺𝟏𝟐 = 𝟏 + 𝑺𝟏𝟏 for the shunt
case. Assume the characteristic impedance 𝑍0

Z V1− −Z0 V1−

S11 = S 22 = = + S11 = S 22 = = +
Z + 2 Z 0 V1 Z 0 + 2 Z V1
2Z + 2Z 0 +
V1 = V1+ + V1− = V1 V1 = V1+ + V1− =
2Z
V1+
Z + 2Z 0 Z 0 + 2Z
Z0 2Z 0
V2 = V2− = V1 = V1+ V2 = V2− = V1
Z 0 + Z Z + 2Z 0
V2− 2Z 0 V2− 2Z
S12 = S 21 = + = S12 = S 21 = + =
V1 Z + 2Z 0 V1 Z 0 + 2Z
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Dung Trinh, PhD HCMUT / 2019

Exercises
Exercise 2: A lossless, reciprocal 3-port device has S-parameters of 𝑆11 = 1Τ2,
𝑆31 = 1ൗ 2, and 𝑆33 = 0. It is likewise known that all scattering parameters are real.
Find the remaining 6 scattering parameters 𝑁
∗
1 ෍ 𝑆𝑘𝑖 𝑆𝑘𝑗 = 0, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗.
ൗ2 𝑆12 𝑆13
𝑘=1
𝑆 = 𝑆21 𝑆22 𝑆23
1ൗ 𝑆32 0
2

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Dung Trinh, PhD HCMUT / 2019

Exercises
Exercise 3: A 3 port network is characterized at certain frequency by the scattering
matrix:
0 0.2 0.5
𝑆 = 0.5 0 0.2
0.5 0.5 0
A matched load is attached at port 2 while a short circuit has been placed at port 3.
a. Find the reflection coefficient at port 1?
b. Find the transmission coefficient from port 1 to port 2?

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Dung Trinh, PhD HCMUT / 2019

Exercises
Exercise 4: A four-port network has the scattering matrix shown as follows.
(a) Is this network lossless? Is this network reciprocal?
(b) What is the return loss at port 1 when all other ports are terminated with matched
loads?
(c) What is the insertion loss and phase delay between ports 2 and 4 when all other
ports are terminated with matched loads?
(d) What is the reflection coefficient seen at port 1 if a short circuit is placed at the
terminal plane of port 3 and all other ports are terminated with matched loads?

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Dung Trinh, PhD HCMUT / 2019

Exercises
Exercise 5: A four-port network has the scattering matrix shown as follows. If ports 3
and 4 are connected with a lossless matched transmission line with an electrical length
of 45◦, find the resulting insertion loss and phase delay between ports 1 and 2.

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Dung Trinh, PhD HCMUT / 2019

Dept. of Telecoms Engineering 34

Dung Trinh, PhD HCMUT / 2019

Exercises
Exercise 6: At reference plane A, for the circuit shown below, choose an appropriate
reference impedance, find the power wave amplitudes, and compute the power
delivered to the load. Repeat this procedure for reference plane B. Assume the
transmission line is lossless.

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Dung Trinh, PhD HCMUT / 2019

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Q&A

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