Dung Trinh, PhD HCMUT / 2019

Chapter 2
Smith Chart and Impedance
Matching

Trinh Xuan Dung, PhD

[email protected]

Department of Telecommunications
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Ho Chi Minh city University of Technology
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Contents

1. Introduction
2. Smith Chart
3. Smith Chart Applications
4. Y Smith Chart
5. Impedance Matching
Problems

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1. Introduction
❖ Many of calculations required to solve T.L. problems involve the use of
complicated equations.
❖ Smith Chart, developed by Phillip H. Smith in 1939, is a graphical aid that
can be very useful for solving T.L. problems.
❖ The Smith chart, however, is more than just a graphical technique as it provides
a useful way of visualizing transmission line phenomenon without the need
for detailed numerical calculations.
❖ A microwave engineer can develop a good intuition about transmission line
and impedance-matching problems by learning to think in terms of the Smith
chart.
❖ From a mathematical point of view, the Smith chart is simply a representation
of all possible complex impedances with respect to coordinates defined by
the reflection coefficient.
❖ The domain of definition of the reflection coefficient is a circle of radius 1 in
the complex plane. This is also the domain of the Smith chart.

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1. Introduction

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2. Smith Chart
❖ We start from the general definition of reflection coefficient:
𝑍ൗ − 1
𝑍 − 𝑍0 𝑍0 𝑧−1
𝛤= = =
𝑍 + 𝑍0 𝑍ൗ + 1 𝑧 + 1
𝑍0
𝒁(𝒙)
❖ Now z can be written as:
1 + 𝛤 1 + Re 𝛤 + 𝑗 Im 𝛤 1 − Re2 𝛤 − Im2 𝛤 + 2𝑗 Im 𝛤
𝑧= = =
1 − 𝛤 1 − Re 𝛤 − 𝑗 Im 𝛤 1 − Re 𝛤 2 + Im2 𝛤
1 − Re2 𝛤 − Im2 𝛤 2 Im 𝛤
where: 𝑧 = 𝑟 + 𝑗𝑥 . Then: 𝑟 = 𝑥=
1 − Re 𝛤 2 + Im2 𝛤 1 − Re 𝛤 2 + Im2 𝛤

❖ These equations can be re-arranged into:

2 2
𝑟 2
1
Re 𝛤 − + Im 𝛤 =
1+𝑟 1+𝑟
2 2
1 1
Re 𝛤 − 1 2 + Im 𝛤 − =
𝑥 𝑥
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2. Smith Chart
𝑟
2 Center: ,0
𝑟 2 1 1+𝑟
Re 𝛤 − + Im2 𝛤 = : Resistance circles
1+𝑟 1+𝑟 1
Radius:
1+𝑟

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2. Smith Chart
1
2 2 Center: 1,
1 1 𝑥
2 : Reactance circles
Re 𝛤 − 1 + Im 𝛤 − =
𝑥 𝑥 1
Radius:
𝑥

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𝑧 = 𝑟 + 𝑗𝑥

𝑧−1
𝛤=
𝑧+1
1
Radius:
1+𝑟

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2. Smith Chart

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For the constant r circles:

2. Smith Chart
1. The centers of all the constant r circles
are on the horizontal axis – real part of
the reflection coefficient.
2. The radius of circles decreases when r
increases.
3. All constant r circles pass through the
point r =1, i = 0.
4. The normalized resistance r =  is at
the point r =1, i = 0.

For the constant x (partial) circles:

1. The centers of all the constant x circles
are on the r =1 line. The circles with x > 0
(inductive reactance) are above the r
axis; the circles with x < 0 (capacitive) are
below the r axis.
2. The radius of circles decreases when absolute value of x increases.
3. The normalized reactance x =  are at the point r =1, i = 0
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2. Smith Chart

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2. Smith Chart

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2. Smith Chart

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2. Smith Chart

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2. Smith Chart d =  / 2
2 2 
2 d = 2 d =2 = 2
  2
Constant circle

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2. Smith Chart

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2. Smith Chart

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2. Smith Chart

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3. Smith Chart Applications

A. Given 𝑍 𝑑 , find Γ 𝑑 or Given Γ 𝑑 , find 𝑍 𝑑 .

B. Given Γ𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍𝐿 , find Γ 𝑑 and 𝑍 𝑑 .

Given Γ 𝑑 and 𝑍 𝑑 , find Γ𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍𝑅 .

C. Find dmax and dmin (maximum and minimum locations for the VSW pattern).

D. Find the VSWR.

E. Given 𝑍 𝑑 , find 𝑌 𝑑 or Given 𝑌 𝑑 , find 𝑍 𝑑 .

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3. Smith Chart Applications

A. Given 𝒁 𝒅 , find 𝜞 𝒅

1. Normalize the impedance:

𝒁 𝒅 𝑹 𝑿
𝒛 𝒅 = = +𝒋 = 𝒓 + 𝒋𝒙
𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝟎

2. Find the circle of constant normalized resistance r.

3. Find the circle of constant normalized reactance x.
4. Find the interaction of the two curves indicates the reflection coefficient in the
complex plane. The chart provides directly magnitude and the phase angle of
Γ 𝑑 .

Example 1: Find Γ 𝑑 given 𝑍 𝑑 = 25 + 𝑗100Ω and 𝑍0 = 50Ω

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𝑍 𝑑 = 25 + 𝑗100Ω
𝑍0 = 50Ω
𝒁 − 𝒁𝟎
𝚪 =
𝒁 + 𝒁𝟎

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3. Smith Chart Applications

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3. Smith Chart Applications

A. Given 𝜞 𝒅 , find 𝒁 𝒅

1. Determine the complex point representing the given reflection coefficient Γ 𝑑

on the chart.
2. Read the value of normalized resistance r and the normalized reactance x that
correspond to the reflection coefficient point.
3. The normalized impedance is: 𝒛 𝒅 = 𝒓 + 𝒋𝒙
4. The actual impedance is: 𝒁 𝒅 = 𝒛 𝒅 𝒁𝟎

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3. Smith Chart Applications

B. Given 𝜞𝑳 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒁𝑳 , find 𝜞 𝒅 and 𝒁 𝒅
The magnitude of the reflection coefficient is constant along a lossless T.L.
terminated by a specific load, since:

Γ 𝑑 = Γ𝐿 𝑒 −𝑗2𝛽𝑑 = Γ𝐿

1. Identify the load reflection coefficient Γ𝐿 and the normalized load impedance 𝑍𝐿
on the Smith Chart.
2. Draw the circle of constant coefficient amplitude Γ 𝑑 = Γ𝐿
3. Starting from the point representing the load, travel on the circle in the
clockwise direction by an angle 𝜃 = 2𝛽𝑑.
4. The new location on the chart corresponds to location d on the T.L. Here the
value of Γ 𝑑 and 𝑍 𝑑 can be read from the chart.

Example: Find Γ 𝑑 and 𝑍 𝑑 given 𝑍𝐿 = 25 + 𝑗100Ω, 𝑍0 = 50Ω and 𝑑 = 0.18𝜆

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𝑍𝐿 = 25 + 𝑗100Ω
𝑍0 = 50Ω
𝑑 = 0.18𝜆
𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎
𝚪𝑳 =
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎
𝚪 𝒛 = 𝒍 − 𝒅 = 𝚪𝑳 𝒆−𝟐𝜸𝒅
𝟏+𝚪
𝒁 = 𝒁𝟎
𝟏 − 𝚪𝑳

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3. Smith Chart Applications

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3. Smith Chart Applications

Example 3: Find Γ 𝑑 and 𝑍 𝑑
given 𝑍𝑅 = 100 − 𝑗50Ω,
𝑍0 = 50Ω and 𝑑 = 0.1𝜆

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3. Smith Chart Applications

C. Given 𝜞𝑳 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒁𝑳 , find 𝒅𝒎𝒂𝒙 and 𝒅𝒎𝒊𝒏

1. Identify the load reflection coefficient Γ𝐿 and the normalized load impedance 𝑍𝐿
on the Smith Chart.
2. Draw the circle of constant coefficient amplitude Γ 𝑑 = Γ𝐿
3. The circle intersects the real axis of the reflection coefficient at two points
which identify dmax (when Γ 𝑑 = real positive) and dmin (when Γ 𝑑 = real
negative).
4. The Smith chart provides an outer graduation where the distances normalized to
the wavelength can be read directly.

Example 4: Find dmax and dmin for 𝑍𝐿 = 100 + 𝑗50Ω, 𝑍0 = 50Ω and 𝑑 = 0.18𝜆

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3. Smith Chart Applications

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3. Smith Chart Applications

D. Given 𝜞𝑳 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒁𝑳 , find 𝑽𝑺𝑾𝑹

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 1 + Γ𝐿
The VSWR is defined as: 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = =
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 − Γ𝐿

The normalized impedance at the maximum location of the SW pattern is given by:

1 + Γ 𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 1 + Γ𝐿
𝑧 𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅
1 − Γ 𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 1 − Γ𝐿

This quantity is always real and greater than 1. The VSWR is simply obtained on the
Smith Chart by reading the value of real normalized impedance at the location dmax
where Γ is real and positive.

Example 5: Find VSWR for 𝑍𝐿 = 25 ± 𝑗100Ω, 𝑍0 = 50Ω.

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3. Smith Chart Applications

E. Given 𝒁 𝒅 , find 𝒀 𝒅

❖ The normalized impedance and admittance are defined as:

1+Γ 𝑑 1−Γ 𝑑
𝑧 𝑑 = 𝑦 𝑑 =
1−Γ 𝑑 1+Γ 𝑑

𝜆 𝝀
❖ Since: Γ 𝑑 + 4 = −Γ 𝑑 → 𝒛 𝒅 + = 𝒚 𝒅
𝟒
❖ The actual values are given by:

𝜆
𝜆 𝜆 𝑦 𝑑+4
𝜆 𝜆
𝑍 𝑑+ = 𝑍0 𝑧 𝑑 + 𝑌 𝑑+ = 𝑌0 𝑦 𝑑 + =
4 4 4 4 𝑍0
Example 6: Find YL given 𝑍𝐿 = 25 ± 𝑗100Ω, 𝑍0 = 50Ω.

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3. Smith Chart Applications

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3. Smith Chart: Y Smith

1
Chart
𝑧−1 𝑦−1 𝑦−1
❖ The reflection coefficient is written as: 𝛤= = =−
𝑧+1 1+1 𝑦+1
𝑦
𝑧−1
𝛤= : Z Smith Chart
𝑧+1
𝑦−1
−𝛤 = : Y Smith Chart
𝑦+1

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3. Smith Chart: Y Smith Chart

𝑧−1
𝛤= : Z Smith Chart
𝑧+1
𝑦−1
−𝛤 = : Y Smith Chart
𝑦+1

❖ Since related impedance and

admittance are on opposite
sides of the same Smith
Chart, the imaginary parts
always have different sign.
Numerically we have:
1
𝑧 = 𝑟 + 𝑗𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑔 + 𝑗𝑏 =
𝑧
𝑟
𝑔= 2
𝑟 + 𝑥2
𝑥
𝑏=− 2
𝑟 + 𝑥2
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3. Smith Chart Applications L

22.5nH
Example 7: Find impedance of a C1
10p
complex circuit using Smith Chart where C2
𝑅0 = 50Ω and 𝜛 = 109 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠. 12p R
50

R + 1/ j C1
zRC1 = = 1− j2
R0

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3. Smith Chart Applications L

22.5nH
Example 7: Find impedance of a C1
10p
complex circuit using Smith Chart where C2
𝑅0 = 50Ω and 𝜛 = 109 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠. 12p R
50

R + 1/ j C1
zRC1 = = 1− j2
R0

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3. Smith Chart Applications

Example 8: A 50Ω
lossless T.L. of length
3.3𝜆 is terminated by a
load impedance
𝑍𝐿 = (25 + 𝑗50)Ω.
a. Find Γ.
b. Find VSWR.
c. Find dmax and dmin.
d. Find Zin of T.L.
e. Find Yin.

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More Examples
Example 11: A 50Ω lossless line
0.6 long is terminated in a load 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟒𝝀
with 𝑍𝐿 = (50 + 𝑗25)Ω . At 0.3
from load, a resistor with resistance
𝑅 = 30Ω is connected as shown in
following figure. Use the Smith 𝒛𝑳 = 𝟏 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟓
Chart to find 𝑍𝑖𝑛 .
𝒚𝑨 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟒𝟓
𝒚𝑩 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟒 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟒𝟓

𝒛𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟗 − 𝒋𝟏. 𝟒

𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟒𝝀
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = (𝟗𝟓 − 𝒋𝟕𝟎)𝜴
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Q&A

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More Examples
Example 12: Use the Smith Chart to find 𝑍𝑖𝑛 of the 50Ω feedline shown in following
figure. 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟖𝝀

𝒛𝟏 = 𝟏 + 𝒋

𝒚𝒊𝒏𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟕 + 𝒋𝟏. 𝟎𝟐
𝒚𝒋𝒖𝒏𝒄 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟒
𝒚𝒊𝒏𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟕 − 𝒋𝟏. 𝟎𝟐
𝒛𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟓 − 𝒋𝟏. 𝟕𝟗
𝒛𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝒋

𝒁𝒊𝒏 = (𝟖𝟐. 𝟓 − 𝒋𝟖𝟗. 𝟓)𝜴 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟐𝝀

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4. Impedance Matching
Maximum power transfer
Impedance Matching What are Applications ?

ZS ❖ T.L.
Impedance ❖ Amplifier Design PA, LNA
Matching ❖ Component Design
ZL ❖ Equipment Interfaces
Network

❖ Using lump elements ❖ Matching with Lumped Elements

❖ Using transmission lines ❖ Single-Stub Matching Networks
❖ ADS Smith Chart tool ❖ Quarter-wave Transformer

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Goal of impedance matching using Smith chart: move the input impedance to
the point =0 or x=1 or y=1
Im()

Matched impedance

 = 0, r = 1, x = 0
Shorted circuit
 = −1, z = 0 Open circuit
r = 0, x = 0  = 1, z = 

Re()

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4. Impedance Matching
❖ The purpose of the matching network is
to eliminate reflections at terminal MM’
for wave incident from the source. Even
though multiple reflections may occur
between AA’ and MM’, only a forward
travelling wave exists on the feedline.

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4. Impedance Matching
A. Quarter wavelength Transformer Matching:

𝑍0 = 50 𝑍𝐿 = 40 Ω

❖ In case of complex impedance:

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4. Impedance Matching
B. Lumped-Element Matching: choose d and YS to achieve a match at MM’.

❖ The input admittance at MM’ can be written as:

𝑌𝑖𝑛 = 𝑌𝑑 + 𝑌𝑠 = 𝐺𝑑 + 𝑗𝐵𝑑 + 𝑗𝐵𝑠

❖ To achieve a matched condition at MM’, it is necessary that 𝑦𝑖𝑛 = 1, which translates

into two specific conditions, namely:

𝑔𝑑 = 1
𝑏𝑠 = −𝑏𝑑
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4. Impedance Matching
B. Lumped-Element Matching: choose d and YS to achieve a match at MM’.

Example 9: A load impedance

𝑍𝐿 = 25 − 𝑗50Ω is connected to
a 50Ω T.L. Insert a shunt
element to eliminate reflections
towards the sending end of the
line. Specify the insert location d
(in wavelengths), the type of
element and its value, given that
𝑓 = 100𝑀𝐻𝑧.

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4. Impedance Matching
B. Lumped-Element Matching: choose d and YS to achieve a match at MM’.
Example 10: Repeat Example 9
but use a shorted stub to match the
load impedance.

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4. Impedance Matching
B. Lumped-Element Matching: choose d and YS to achieve a match at MM’.

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Lumped elements matching networks

Lumped
element
R0 ZL
matching
networks

X1 X1

R0 X2 ZL R0 X2 ZL

 Matching network Matching network

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Goal of  matching impedance network:

1
y = 1  y = yt + jb2  Im( yt ) + jb2 = 0  yt =  zt = z L + jz1
zt

Example:
R0 = 50 (), Z L = 10 − j 40 () ,  = 109 ( rad / s)
jx1

1 ZL
jb2 = zL = = 0.2 − j 0.8
jx2 R0

y = yt + jb2 = 1 zt = z L + jx1 zL
 z = 1/ y = 1 1
yt =
 Z = R0 .z = R0 zt

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b = −2 = b2 ,  jx2 = 1/ jb2  x2 = 0.5
 L2 = 25(nH )

yt = 1 + j 2
C

zt = 0.2 − j 0.4
X1
B
A

z L = 0.2 − j 0.8 R0 X2 ZL
x = 0.4 = x1  0
 L1 = 20(nH )
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b = 2 = b2 ,  jx2 = 1/ jb2  x2 = −0.5

zt = 0.2 + j 0.4  C2 = 40( pF )
E

F
yt = 1 − j 2 X1
A

z L = 0.2 − j 0.8
x = 1.2 = x1  0 R0 X2 ZL
 L1 = 60(nH )
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Goal of  matching impedance network:

1
z = 1  z = zt + jx1  Im( zt ) + jx1 = 0  zt =  yt = y L + jb2
yt

Example:
R0 = 50 (), Z L = 10 − j 40 () ,  = 109 ( rad / s)
jx1

jb2 ZL
zL = = 0.2 − j 0.8
R0

z = zt + jx1 = 1 yt = yL + jb2 zL
 Z = R0 .z = R0 1 1
zt = yL = = 0.3 + j1.18
yt zL

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b = −0.72 = b2 ,  jx2 = 1/ jb2  x2 = 1.39

B
 L2 = 70(nH )
yL = 0.3 + j1.18
C
yt = 0.3 + j 0.46

zt = 1 − j1.55

x = 1.55 = x1  0 A
z L = 0.2 − j 0.8
 L1 = 77.5(nH )
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b = −1.64 = b2 ,  jx2 = 1/ jb2  x2 = 0.61
 L2 = 30.5(nH ) B
yL = 0.3 + j1.18

zt = 1 + j1.55

x = −1.55 = x1  0
 C1 = 13( pF )
C
yt = 0.3 − j 0.46

A z L = 0.2 − j 0.8

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Single stub matching networks

l Shorted circuit
RS

R0 ZL

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Goal of single stub impedance network:

 l
Im( yd ) + Im( ys ) = 0  → ys
yt = 1  yt = yd + ys    d
Re( yd ) = 1  yL → yd
Example: 50
R0 = 50 (), Z L = ()
2 + j (2 + 3)
Stub : RS = 100 ()

l Shorted circuit
RS

1 R0
R0 ZL yL = = = 2 + j 3.73
zL Z L

d
Yt = Yd + YS YS Yd
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Constant circle g=1

0.215

A
yL = 2 + j 3.73

C
d = (0.302 − 0.215).

yd = 1 − j 2.6 B

0.302
Constant circle S 1
Need : BS = 2.6 = 0.052 [ S ]
R0
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l = 0.469  

BS = 0.052
 bS = BS .RS = 0.052 100 = 5.2
B yS = j 5.2

y=
A
l
RS

Shorted
Constant circle S circuit

yS = j 5.2 ( refer to : RS )
YS = j 0.052 [ S ]
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More Examples
Example 13: A 50Ω lossless line is to be matched to an antenna with 𝑍𝐿 = (75 −
𝑗20)Ω using a shorted stub. Use the Smith Chart to determine the stub length and
distance between the antenna and stub.
𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟕𝝀
𝒚 = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟓𝟐
𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟏𝝀

𝒛𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟓 − 𝒋𝟎. 𝟒
𝒛𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟓 − 𝒋𝟎. 𝟒

𝒚 = −𝒋𝟎. 𝟓𝟐
𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟕𝝀
𝒅𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝝀, 𝒍𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟑𝝀 𝒅𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟒𝝀, 𝒍𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟕𝝀
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Q&A

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Exercises
Exercise 8: Consider the circuit below. A generator with 𝑅0 = 75Ω is connected to a
complex of 𝑍𝐿 = 100 + 𝑗100Ω through a T.L. of arbitrary length with 𝑍0 = 75Ω and
𝑣𝑃 = 0.8𝑐. Using the Smith Chart, evaluate the line for stub matching. The generator
is operating at 100MHz. Find
a. The electrical length of 𝜆 of the T.L.
b. The normalized load impedance.
c. The closest stub location as measured from the load.
d. The length of the stub at the closest location.
e. The lumped load element value that could take the place of the stub at the nearest
location.

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Exercises
Exercise 9: A Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) is attached to the end of a lossless, 15m
long T.L. (50Ω, 𝜖𝑟 = 2.3) operating at 220MHz. The VNA shows an input impedance
of 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 75 − 𝑗35Ω. Using the Smith Chart:
a. Find the VSWR on the line.
b. Find the normalized, denormalized and equivalent circuit of the load impedance 𝑍𝐿
at the far end of the line. The equivalent circuit must show the correct schematic
symbols (L and/or R and/or C) and the values of each symbol.
c. Find the normalized load admittance YL at the far end of the line. The length of the
stub at the closest location.
d. Find the distance in meters from the load to the first matching point.
e. What is the normalized admittance at the first match point?
f. Find the shortest stub to match the susceptance found at the first match point. Give
the length of the stub in meters.
g. If fabrication of a coaxial stub was not feasible but a lumped matching element was
necessary, draw the component schematic symbol and give its value.
h. After the matching network is connected, where do standing waves exist and where
do they not exist in this system? What is the SWR at the input to the line?
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