Why Electric Vehicles?

• Global warming
• Air Pollution caused by fossil fuel powered vehicles
• Stringent Emission Norms
• Increasing Prices
• Limited Availability
• Indian Government Schemes
• NEMMP, FAME
• 30% e-mobility by 2030

Image Source:epa.gov
Image: Annual global electric vehicle sales, by market,Bloomberg New Energy Finance
ICEV and EV - Comparison
EV Savings Calculator
https://cef.ceew.in/solutions-factory/tool/electric-
mobility/savings-calculator/new

• https://www.energy.gov/eere/electricvehicles/electric-vehicle-
benefits
Image Source:nature
• Participant benefits include
• increased comfort, less operating cost, and noise reduction.
• Societal benefits include
• better air quality and health
• reduced healthcare costs,
• domestic economic development
• national security benefits
• job creation benefits, and environmental benefits.
• Utility Benefits
• EVs can serve as an additional revenue source that provides flexible and interruptible load
• more stable energy prices,
• bidirectional charging, EVs could provide valuable grid resources
• a more resilient and reliable energy system,
• lower transmission and distribution costs
Historical development of Automobiles
 Electric car - History
7

Gustave Trouvé's tricycle

(1881), world's first electric car

• 1897 – French Krieger Co. EV: Top Speed – 15 mi/h, Range 50 miles/charge.
• 1900 – French B.G.S. Co. EV: Top Speed – 40 mph, Range – 100 miles/charge.
• 1915 – Woods EV: Top Speed – 40 mph, Range – 100 miles/charge.
• 1915 – Lansden EV: Weight – 2,460 lbs, 93 miles/charge, 1 ton payload
capacity.
• 1912 – 34,000 EVs registered; EVs outnumber gas-powered vehicles 2-to-1.
• 1920s – EVs disappear and ICEVs become predominant

• Per Enge, Nick Enge, and Stephen Zoepf. Electric Vehicle Engineering. McGraw-Hill Education, 2021.
Relative decline of electric vehicles after 1910
• Energy Storage
•4.5 litres (1 gallon3) of petrol with a mass of around 4 kg will give a typical motor car a range of 50 km.
• To store the same amount of useful electric energy requires a lead acid battery with a mass of about 270 kg.
Relative decline of electric vehicles after 1910
• For lead acid batteries to have the effective energy capacity of 45 litres (10 gallons) of petrol,
a staggering 2.7 tonnes of batteries would be needed!

• Recharging Time:
Another major problem that arises with batteries is the time it takes to recharge them. Even
when adequate electrical power is available there is a minimum time, normally several hours,
required to re-charge a lead acid battery, whereas 45 litres of petrol can be put into a vehicle in
approximately one minute. The recharge time of some of the new batteries has been reduced to
one hour, but this is still considerably longer than it takes to fill a tank of petrol.
 Relative decline of electric vehicles after 1910
• Less Specific Energy of Battery
• The specific energy of fuels for IC engines varies, but is around 9000 Whkg−1, whereas the specific energy of a lead acid battery is
around 30 Whkg−1.
• Once the efficiency of the IC engine, gearbox and transmission (typically around 20%) for a petrol engine is accounted for, this
means that 1800 Whkg−1 of useful energy (at the gearbox shaft) can be obtained from petrol.
• With an electric motor efficiency of 90% only 27 Whkg−1 of useful energy (at the motor shaft) can be obtained from a lead acid
battery.
• Expensive and Limited Battery Life:
•The batteries also have a limited life, typically 5 years, which means that a further large investment is needed periodically to renew the
batteries
 Electric car - History
11

1971 to 1972: The lunar rovers used by the astronauts of Apollo 15, 16, and 17 are electric. Two 36-V silver-zinc
potassium hydroxide primary batteries provide each rover with 57 mi of range, almost three times the maximum
distance travelled.

• Per Enge, Nick Enge, and Stephen Zoepf. Electric Vehicle Engineering. McGraw-Hill Education, 2021.
 Electric car – Indian History
12

1993: India’s first electric vehicle was an electric car named ‘Lovebird’. The Lovebird was manufactured by Eddy
Current Controls, a company founded by MD Jose and based in Chalakkudy, Kerala. -only 25 cars

• https://electricworldofdark.in/history-of-electric-vehicles-evs-in-india/
 Electric car – Indian History
13

1996: India’s first electric three-wheeler got launched, developed by Scooter’s India Pvt Ltd. The three-wheeler
was named ‘Vikram Safa’.

• https://electricworldofdark.in/history-of-electric-vehicles-evs-in-india/
 Electric car - History
14

2003 :Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning incorporate Tesla Motors to commercialize themselves. Elon Musk is brought
on as an investor, and JB Straubel is hired as CTO. On July 19, 2006, the Tesla Roadster is revealed, with a 0 to 60 time of
3.9 sec and a range of 244 mi, for a base price of $109,000. In February 2008, the first Roadster is delivered.

• Per Enge, Nick Enge, and Stephen Zoepf. Electric Vehicle Engineering. McGraw-Hill Education, 2021.
 Electric car – Indian History
15

• The Reva Electric Car Company (RECC) was founded in 1994

by Chetan Maini as a joint venture between the Maini
Group of Bangalore and Amerigon Electric Vehicle
• Mahindra and Mahindra showed interest in building Technologies (AEVT Inc.) of the USA.
electric vehicles and in 1999, they launched first electric
vehicle named Bijlee. But it was shut down due to lack • In 2010, Mahindra and Mahindra acquired REVA. In 2016,
of demand in 2004. the company was rebranded as Mahindra Electric Mobility
Ltd.
• https://electricworldofdark.in/history-of-electric-vehicles-evs-in-india/
 Global electric car sales and adoption across geographies
16

* SOCIETY OF MANUFACTURERS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

 Indian Electric Vehicle market
17

• https://www.ibef.org/blogs/electric-vehicles-market-in-india
 18
Indian Electric Vehicle market

• https://www.ibef.org/blogs/electric-vehicles-market-in-india
 Indian Electric Vehicle market
19

Uttar Pradesh held the highest share in EV sales in 2021, with the number of units sold across all segments reaching 66,704, followed by Karnataka with 33,302
units and Tamil Nadu with 30,036 units. Uttar Pradesh dominated the three-wheeler segment, while Karnataka and Maharashtra led the two-wheeler and
four-wheeler segments.

• https://www.ibef.org/blogs/electric-vehicles-market-in-india
 Indian Electric Vehicle market
20

• https://www.ibef.org/blogs/electric-vehicles-market-in-india
 Indian Electric Vehicle market
21

Source: EV reporter

Uttar Pradesh held the highest share in EV sales in 2021, with the number of units sold across all segments reaching 66,704,
followed by Karnataka with 33,302 units and Tamil Nadu with 30,036 units. Uttar Pradesh dominated the three-wheeler
segment, while Karnataka and Maharashtra led the two-wheeler and four-wheeler segments.

• https://www.ibef.org/blogs/electric-vehicles-market-in-india
 Forecast of EV adoption in India
22

* SOCIETY OF MANUFACTURERS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

 Electric Vehicle Subsystems
24

19EEE437 Electric Vehicle Technology

25

19EEE437 Electric Vehicle Technology

 Types - Battery Electric vehicle(BEV)
26
 Types - Hybrid Electric vehicle(HEV)
27
 Types - Plug- in Hybrid Electric vehicle(PHEV)
28
 Types – Fuel cell Electric Vehicle
29
 Configurations of Electric Vehicles
30

• Electric Vehicles (EV) were mainly converted from the existing internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) by replacing the internal
combustion engine and fuel tank with an electric motor drive and the battery pack while retaining all the other components.
• Drawbacks such as its heavy weight, lower flexibility, and performance degradation have caused the use of this type of EV to fade out.
 Conceptual illustration of general EV configuration
31
 Electric Vehicle (EV) - Drive train Configuration
32
 Possible EV Configurations
33
 Electric Vehicle (EV) - Power Source Configuration
34
 Electric Vehicle (EV) - Power Source Configuration
35

1. Un-Noor, Fuad, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Lucian Mihet-Popa, Mohammad Nurunnabi Mollah, and Eklas Hossain. "A comprehensive study of key electric vehicle (EV)
components, technologies, challenges, impacts, and future direction of development." Energies 10, no. 8 (2017): 1217.