Evaluate ∫ x sinx dx using the integration by parts formula with u = x and dv = sinx dx

Solution:

⇒ du = dx
Here, u = x

⇒ ∫ dv = ∫ sinx dx
and dv = sinx dx

⇒ v = - cosx

Using integration by parts

∫ u dv = uv - ∫ v du

∴ ∫ x sinx dx = x (-cosx) - ∫ (-cosx) dx

we get,

= -x cosx + ∫ cosx dx
= -x cosx + sinx + c

Evaluate ∫x exdx

Solution:

Let, u=x
⇒ du=dx

and

dv = exdx
⇒∫dv = ∫exdx
⇒ v = ex

Using integration by parts

∫udv = uv - ∫vdu

∴ ∫x ex dx = x ex - ∫ex-dx

= xex - ex + C

= ex (x-1) + C
Evaluate: ∫xlnx dx

Solution:

Let, u = lnx
⇒ du = 1/x dx

And
dv = x dx
⇒ ∫dv = ∫x¹ dx
⇒ v = x^(1+1)/(1+1) + c
⇒ v = x²/2 + c

Using integration by parts:

∫udv = uv - ∫vdu

Therefore,
∫xlnx = lnx * (x²/2) - ∫(x²/2) * (1/x) dx
= x²/2 * lnx - 1/2 ∫x dx
= x²/2 * lnx - 1/2 * x²/2 + C
= x²/2 (lnx - 1/2) + C Ans
Evaluate ∫ sin (lmx) dx

Solution:

⇒ du = cos (lmx) d/dx (lmx) dx

Let u = sin (lmx)

⇒ du = cos (lmx) 1/x dx

and

⇒ ∫ dv = ∫ dx
dv = dx

∴v=x

Using integration by parts

∫ u dv = uv - ∫ v du

∴ ∫ sin (lmx) dx = sin (lmx) ⋅ x - ∫ x ⋅ cos (lmx) 1/x dx

= sin (lmx) ⋅ x - ∫ cos (lmx) dx

Consider, ∫ cos (lmx) dx

Using integration by parts again

⇒ du = - sin (lmx) d/dx (lmx) dx

Let, u = cos (lmx)

⇒ du = - sin (lmx) 1/x dx

and,

⇒v=x
dv = dx

∫ cos (lmx) dx = cos (lmx) ⋅ x - ∫ x [- sin (lmx) 1/x] dx

so we get,

= x cos (lmx) + ∫ sin (lmx) dx

∴ ∫ sin (lmx) dx = x ⋅ sin (lmx) - {x ⋅ cos (lmx) + ∫ sin (lmx) dx}

⇒ ∫ sin (lmx) dx = x sin (lmx) - x cos (lmx) - ∫ sin (lmx) dx
⇒ ∫ sin (lmx) dx + ∫ sin (lmx) dx = x sin (lmx) - x cos (lmx) + c
⇒ 2 ∫ sin (lmx) dx = x sin (lmx) - x cos (lmx) + c
⇒ ∫ sin (lmx) dx = [x sin (lmx) - x cos (lmx)] / 2 + c
∴ ∫ sin (lmx) dx = 1/2 [x sin (lmx) - x cos (lmx)] + c
Evaluate:
∫ (ln x / x³) dx

Solution:

⇒ du = 1/x dx
Let, u = ln x

and,

dv = 1/x³ dx

⇒ ∫dv = ∫x⁻³ dx

⇒v=
x^(-3+1)/(-3+1)

= x⁻² / -2

= -1/2 x⁻²

∴ v = -1/2x²

Using integration by parts

∫udv = uv − ∫vdu

∴ ∫(ln x / x³) dx = ln x ⋅ (-1/2x²) − ∫(-1/2x²) ⋅ 1/x dx

= -ln x / 2x² + 1/2 ∫1/x³ dx
= -ln x / 2x² + 1/2 (-1/2x²) + c
= -ln x / 2x² − 1/4x² + c
Evaluate: ∫x²e³ˣdx
Solution:

∴ du = 2x dx
Let, u = x²

and

∴ ∫ dv = ∫ e³ˣ dx
dv = e³ˣ dx

∴ v = 1/3 e³ˣ

Using integration by parts:

∫u dv = uv - ∫v du

∴ ∫ x²e³ˣ dx = x². 1/3 e³ˣ - ∫ 1/3 e³ˣ 2x dx

= 1/3 x² e³ˣ - 2/3 ∫ x . e³ˣ dx

Consider ∫x . e³ˣ dx

∴ du = dx
Let, u = x

and

∴ ∫dv = ∫e³ˣ dx
dv = e³ˣ dx

∴ v = 1/3 e³ˣ

Using integration by parts again:

∴ ∫ x . e³ˣ dx = x. 1/3 e³ˣ - ∫ 1/3 e³ˣ dx

= 1/3 x . e³ˣ - 1/3 ∫ e³ˣ dx

= 1/3 x e³ˣ - 1/9 e³ˣ + c

∴ ∫ x² e³ˣ dx = 1/3 x² e³ˣ - 2/3 (1/3 x e³ˣ - 1/9 e³ˣ)

= 1/3 x² e³ˣ - 2/9 x e³ˣ + 2/27 e³ˣ + c

Evaluate ∫ t³eᵗ dt

Solution:

Let, U = t²
=> dU = 2t dt
=> 2t dt = dU
=> t.dt = dU/2

and, dv = t.et2.dt
=> ∫dv = ∫t.eᵗ.dt
=> v = ∫eᵗ. t.dt
=> ∫eᵗ dU/2
= ½ ∫eᵘ du

∴ v = ½ eᵗ
= ½ eᵘ

Using integration by parts

∫ t³eᵗdt = t².½eᵗ - ∫ ½eᵗ.2t.dt

= ½ eᵗ. t² - ∫t.eᵗdt
= ½ eᵗ. t² - ½ eᵗ + c
= ½ eᵗ (t² - 1) + c **Ans**

Evaluate: ∫x²sinx dx

Solution: Let, u = x²
=> du = 2x dx

∴ ∫x²sinx dx = x².(-cosx) - ∫(-cosx) 2x dx

Using integration by parts

= -x²cosx - 2 ∫x cosx dx

Consider, ∫x cosx dx
Let, u = x
=> du= dx

∴ ∫x cosx dx = x. sinx - ∫sinx dx

Using integration by parts again

= x. sinx - (-cosx)
= x. sinx + cosx + c

∴ ∫x²sinx dx = -x²cosx + 2 (x sinx + cosx) + c

= -x²cosx + 2x sinx + 2cosx + c
Evaluate: ∫₀^(π/2) x cosx dx

Solution:
Let, u = x
=> du = dx

∴ ∫₀^(π/2) x cosx dx = x sinx|₀^(π/2) - ∫₀^(π/2) sinx dx

Using integration by parts

For, x sinx|₀^(π/2) = (π/2 . sin(π/2)) - (0 . sin(0))

= π/2 . 1 - 0
= π/2

and, ∫₀^(π/2) sinx dx = -cosx|₀^(π/2)

= (-cos(π/2)) - (-cos(0))
= -0 + 1
=1

∴ ∫₀^(π/2) x cosx dx = π/2 - 1 + c (Ans)

Combine the results
Find the area of the region bounded above by the graph of y = tan^(-1)x and below by
the x-axis over the interval [0,1]

Solution:

we need to evaluate the definite integral

Area = ∫0^1 tan^(-1)x dx

⇒ du = (1 / (1 + x²))dx | and dv = dx
Let, u = tan^(-1)x

⇒ ∫dv = ∫dx
∴v=x

Using integration by parts

∴ ∫tan^(-1)x dx = x ⋅ tan^(-1)x - ∫x ⋅ (1 / (1 + x²)) dx

To integrate ∫x / (1 + x²) dx we use substitution

⇒ du = 2x dx
Let, u = 1 + x²

⇒ x dx = du / 2

∴ ∫x / (1 + x²) dx = ∫(1 /u ) ⋅ (du / 2)

= ½ ∫ (1 /u ) du

= ½ ⋅ ln(1 + x²) + c
= ½ ln|u| + c

Now, putting the value

∴ ∫tan^(-1)x dx = x ⋅ tan^(-1)x - ½ ln(1 + x²)

Then we evaluate this from (0,1)

∴ Area = ∫0^1 tan^(-1)x dx

= [x ⋅ tan^(-1)x - ½ ln(1 + x²)]0^1

Calculating at the bounds

= [1 ⋅ tan^(-1)(1) - ½ ln(1 + 1²)] * [0 ⋅ tan^(-1)(0) - ½ ln(1 + 0²)]

= [1 ⋅ π / 4 - ½ ln(2)] - [0 - ½ ln(1)] [∴Since tan^(-1)(1) = π / 4 and tan^(-1)(0) = 0 ]

= π / 4 - ½ ln(2) – 0

= π / 4 - ½ ln(2)
Find the volume of the solid obtained by revolving the region bounded by the graph of f(x)
= e^(x), the x-axis, the y-axis, and the line x=1 about the y-axis.
Solution:
The volume V using the shell method is given by
V = 2π ∫₀¹ x e⁻ˣ dx

To solve the integral

∫₀¹ x e⁻ˣ dx

Let, u = x
⇒ du = dx
and
dv = e⁻ˣ dx
⇒ ∫ dv = ∫ e⁻ˣ dx
⇒ v = -e⁻ˣ

Using integration by parts:

∫ x e⁻ˣ dx = x (-e⁻ˣ) |₀¹ - ∫₀¹ (-e⁻ˣ) dx
= -x e⁻ˣ |₀¹ + ∫₀¹ e⁻ˣ dx

For,
-x e⁻ˣ |₀¹ = -1 ⋅ e⁻¹ - (0 ⋅ e⁰)
= -1/e - 0
= -1/e

For,
∫₀¹ e⁻ˣ dx = -e⁻ˣ |₀¹
= -e⁻¹ - (-e⁰)
= -1/e + 1
= 1 - 1/e

Putting all values:

∫₀¹ x e⁻ˣ dx = -1/e + (1 - 1/e)
= -1/e + 1 - 1/e
= 1 - 2 ⋅ 1/e
= 1 - 2/e
Now multiply by 2π to find the volume:
V = 2π (1 - 2/e)
= 2π - 4π/e
 Part-B

Evaluate ∫ cos^3x sinx dx

Solution:

Let, u = cosx

⇒ du = -sinx dx

⇒ -du = sin dx

Thus, ∫ cos^3x sinx dx = ∫ u^3 (-du)

= -∫ u^3 du

= - (u^(3+1) / 3+1) + C

= - u^4 / 4 + C

= - (cosx)^4 / 4 + C

= - cos^4x / 4 + C (Ans)

Evaluate ∫ sin^4x cosx dx

Solution:

Let, u = sinx

⇒ du = cosx dx

Thus, ∫ sin^4x cosx dx = ∫ u^4 du

= u^(4+1) / 4+1 + C

= u^5 / 5 + C

= (sinx)^5 / 5 + C

= sin^5x / 5 + C (Ans)

Evaluate: ∫cos⁵x sin³x dx

Solution:

⇒ du = –sinx dx
Let, u = cosx

⇒ –du = sinx dx

∴ ∫cos⁵x sin³x dx = ∫cos⁵x sin³x (-du)

= ∫u⁵ (1 – u²) du
= ∫(u⁵ – u⁷) du
= (∫u⁵du – ∫u⁷du)
= [u⁶/6 – u⁸/8] + C
= [cos⁶x/6 – cos⁸x/8] + C

Evaluate: ∫cos³x sin⁵x dx

Solution:

⇒ du = cosx dx
Let, u = sinx

∴ ∫cos³x sin⁵x dx = ∫cos³x cos²x sin⁵x dx

= ∫(1 – sin²x) sin⁵x cos²x dx
= ∫(1 – u²) u⁵ cos²x du
= ∫(u⁶ – u⁸) du
= [u⁷/7 – u⁹/9] + C
= sin⁷x/7 – sin⁹x/9 + C

Evaluate:
∫sin^6x dx

Solution:
∴ ∫sin^6x dx = ∫(1/2 - cos2x/2) dx
= 1/2 ∫(1 - cos2x) dx
= 1/2 ∫1 dx - ∫cos2x dx
= 1/2 [x - sin2x/2] + c

Evaluate:
∫cos^6x dx

Solution:
∴ ∫cos^6x dx = ∫(1/2 + cos2x/2) dx
= 1/2 ∫(1 + cos2x) dx
= 1/2 ∫1 dx + ∫cos2x dx
= 1/2 [x + sin2x/2] + c

Evaluate:
∫cos^6(3x) dx

Solution:
∴ ∫cos^6(3x) dx = ∫(1/2 + cos6x/2) dx
= 1/2 ∫(1 + cos6x) dx
= 1/2 ∫1 dx + ∫cos6x dx
= 1/2 [x + sin6x/6] + c
= x/2 + sin6x/12 + c

Evaluate:
∫cos^8x sin^5x dx

Solution:

⇒ du = -sinx dx
Let, u = cosx

⇒ -du = sinx dx

∴ ∫cos^8x sin^5x dx = ∫cos^8x sin^4x sinx dx

= ∫cos^8x(sin^2x)^2 sinx dx
= ∫cos^8x(1 - cos^2x)^2 sinx dx
= ∫u^8(1 - u^2)^2(-du)
= -∫u^8(1 - 2u^2 + u^4) du
= -∫(u^8 - 2u^10 + u^12) du
= -[u^(8+1)/8+1 - u^(10+1)/10+1 + u^(12+1)/12+1] + c
= -[u^9/9 - u^11/11 + u^13/13] + c
= -(1/9 cos^9x - 1/11 cos^11x + 1/13 cos^13x) + c

Evaluate:
∫sin^3x dx
∴ ∫sin^3x dx = ∫sin^2x sinx dx
Solution:

= ∫(1 - cos^2x) sinx dx

⇒ du = -sinx dx
Let, u = cosx

⇒ -du = sinx dx

∴ ∫sin^3x dx = ∫(1 - u^2)(-du)

= -∫(1 - u^2) du
= -∫1 du + ∫u^2 du
= -u + u^(2+1)/2+1 + c
= -cosx + cos^3x/3 + c
= -cosx + (cos^3x)/3 + c

Evaluate:
∫cos^8x sin^5x dx

Solution:

⇒ du = -sinx dx
Let, u = cosx

⇒ -du = sinx dx

∴ ∫cos^8x sin^5x dx = ∫cos^8x sin^4x sinx dx

= ∫cos^8x(sin^2x)^2 sinx dx
= ∫cos^8x(1 - cos^2x)^2 sinx dx
= ∫u^8(1 - u^2)^2(-du)
= -∫u^8(1 - 2u^2 + u^4) du
= -∫(u^8 - 2u^10 + u^12) du
= -[u^(8+1)/8+1 - u^(10+1)/10+1 + u^(12+1)/12+1] + c
= -[u^9/9 - u^11/11 + u^13/13] + c
= -(1/9 cos^9x - 1/11 cos^11x + 1/13 cos^13x) + c

Evaluate:
∫sin^3x dx
Solution:

⇒ du = -sinx dx
Let, u = cosx

⇒ -du = sinx dx

∴ ∫sin^3x dx = ∫sin^2x sinx dx

= ∫(1 - cos^2x) sinx dx
= ∫(1 - u^2)(-du)
= -∫(1 - u^2) du
= -∫1 du + ∫u^2 du
= -u + u^(2+1)/2+1 + c
= -cosx + cos^3x/3 + c
= -cosx + (cos^3x)/3 + c

Evaluate ∫ sin⁴x dx

∴ ∫ sin⁴x dx = ∫ [sin²x]² dx
Solution

= ∫ [(1 - cos2x) / 2]² dx

= ¼ ∫ (1 - cos2x)² dx
= ¼ ∫ (1 - 2cos2x + cos²2x) dx
= ¼ ∫ [1 - 2cos2x + ½ (1 + cos4x)] dx
= ¼ ∫ (1 - 2cos2x + ½ + ½ cos4x) dx
= ¼ ∫ [2 - 4cos2x + cos4x / 2] dx
= ⅛ ∫ (3 - 4cos2x + cos4x) dx
= ⅛ ∫ 3 dx - ∫ 4cos2x dx + ∫ cos4x dx
= ⅛ (3x - 4sin2x / 2 + sin4x / 4) + C
= ⅛ (3x - 2sin2x + sin4x / 4) + C
= (3x / 8) - (sin2x / 2) + (sin4x / 32) + C

Evaluate ∫ cos³x dx
Solution
∫ cos³x dx = ∫ cos²x * cos x dx
= ∫ (1 - sin²x) cos x dx

∴ du = cosx dx
Let u = sinx

∴ ∫ cos³x dx = ∫ (1 - u²) du
= ∫ 1 du - ∫ u² du
= u - u³ / 3 + C
= sinx - sin³x / 3 + C

Evaluate ∫ tan³x dx

∴ ∫ tan³x dx = ∫ tanx * tan²x dx

Solution

= ∫ (sec²x - 1) tanx dx
= ∫ (sec²x * tanx - tanx) dx
= ∫ tanx * sec²x dx - ∫ tanx dx
= ½ tan²x - ln |secx| + C
= ½ tan²x - ln |secx| + C

Evaluate: ∫ tan⁴x dx

∴ ∫ tan⁴x dx = ∫ tan²x * tan²x dx

Solution:

= ∫ (sec²x - 1) tan²x dx
= ∫ (sec²x * tan²x - tan²x) dx
= ∫ sec²x * tan²x dx - ∫ tan²x dx
= ∫ sec²x * tan²x dx - ∫ (sec²x - 1) dx
= ∫ sec²x * tan²x dx - ∫ sec²x dx + ∫ 1 dx

∴ du = sec²x dx
Let, U = tanx

∴ ∫ tan⁴x dx = ∫ U² du - tanx + x
= U²+1 / 2+1 - tanx + x + c
= U³ / 3 - tanx + x + C
= tan³x / 3 - tanx + x + C Ans

Evaluate ∫ sec³x dx

∴ ∫ sec³x dx = ∫ secx * sec²x dx

Solution

Using integration by parts,

∫ u dv = uv - ∫ v du

∴ du = secx * tanx dx
Let u = secx

∴ ∫ dv = ∫ sec²x
and dv = sec²x

∴ v = tanx

∴ ∫ sec³x dx = secx * tanx - ∫ tanx * secx dx

= secx * tanx - ∫ tanx * secx dx
= secx * tanx - (sec²x - secx) dx
= secx * tanx - ∫ (sec³x - secx) dx

∴ ∫ sec³x dx + ∫ sec³x dx = secx * tanx + ∫ secx dx

= secx * tanx - ∫ sec³x dx + ∫ secx dx

∴ 2 ∫ sec³x dx = secx * tanx + ln |secx + tanx| + C

∴ ∫ sec³x dx = (secx * tanx + ln |secx + tanx|) / 2
= ½ secx * tanx + ½ ln |secx + tanx| + C

Evaluate: ∫ sec⁵x dx

∴ ∫ sec⁵x dx = ∫ sec³x * sec²x dx

Solution:

Let, u = sec³x
∴ du = 3 sec²x d/dx(sec²x) dx
∴ du = 3 sec²x * secx * tanx dx

∴ v = tanx
and dv = sec²x dx

∴ ∫ sec⁵x dx = sec³x * tanx - ∫ tanx * 3 sec²x * tanx dx

Using integration by parts:

= sec³x * tanx - 3 ∫ sec³x tan²x dx

= sec³x * tanx - 3 ∫ sec³x * (sec²x - 1) dx
= sec³x * tanx - 3 ( ∫ sec⁵x dx - ∫ sec³x dx )
= sec³x * tanx - 3 ( ∫ sec⁵x dx - ∫ sec³x dx )

∴ ∫ sec⁵x dx + 3 ∫ sec⁵x dx = sec³x * tanx - 3 ∫ sec³x dx

∴ 4 ∫ sec⁵x dx = sec³x * tanx - 3 ( ∫ secx dx + ½ ln |secx + tanx| + C)
∴ 4 ∫ sec⁵x dx = sec³x * tanx - 3/2 secx * tanx + 3/2 ln |secx + tanx| + C

Evaluate:
∫ sin(5x) cos(3x) dx

Solution:

∫ sin(5x) cos(3x) dx = 1/2 ∫ [sin(5x + 3x) + sin(5x - 3x)] dx

= 1/2 ∫ [sin(8x) + sin(2x)] dx
= 1/2 (-cos(8x)/8) + 1/2 (-cos(2x)/2) + c
= -cos(8x)/16 - cos(2x)/4 + c

Evaluate:
∫ cos(6x) cos(5x) dx

Solution:

∫ cos(6x) cos(5x) dx = 1/2 ∫ [cos(6x + 5x) + cos(6x - 5x)] dx

= 1/2 ∫ [cos(11x) + cos(x)] dx
= 1/2 ∫ cos(11x) dx + 1/2 ∫ cos(x) dx
= 1/2 (sin(11x)/11) + 1/2 (sin(x)/1) + c
= sin(11x)/22 + sin(x)/2 + c

Evaluate:
∫ sec^5(x) tan(x) dx
Solution:

∫ sec^5(x) tan(x) dx = ∫ sec(x) sec^4(x) tan(x) dx

Let u = sec(x)

=> du = sec(x) tan(x) dx

∫ sec^5(x) tan(x) dx = ∫ u^4 du

= u^(4+1)/(4+1) + c

= u^5/5 + c

= (1/5) sec^5(x) + c

Evaluate:
∫ tan^5(x) sec^2(x) dx

Solution:

Let u = tan(x)

=> du = sec^2(x) dx

∫ tan^5(x) sec^2(x) dx = ∫ u^5 du

= u^(5+1)/(5+1) + c

= u^6/6 + c

= (1/6) tan^6(x) + c

Evaluate:
∫ tan^5(x) sec^3(x) dx
Solution:

∫ tan^5(x) sec^3(x) dx = ∫ tan^4(x) tan(x) sec(x) sec^2(x) dx

= ∫ tan^4(x) sec(x) tan(x) sec(x) dx
= ∫ (tan^2(x))^2 sec(x) (tan(x) sec(x)) dx
= ∫ (sec^2(x) - 1)^2 sec(x) (tan(x) sec(x)) dx

Let u = sec(x)
⇒ du = sec(x) tan(x) dx
Therefore, ∫ (u^2 - 1)^2 u du
= ∫ (u^4 - 2u^2 + 1) u du
= ∫ (u^6 - 2u^4 + u^2) du
= ∫ u^6 du - 2 ∫ u^4 du + ∫ u^2 du
= (u^7)/7 - 2 * (u^5)/5 + (u^3)/3 + c
= (1/7) sec^7(x) - (2/5) sec^5(x) + (1/3) sec^3(x) + c

Evaluate:
∫ tan^6(x) sec^2(x) dx

Solution:

Let u = tan(x)
⇒ du = sec^2(x) dx
Therefore, ∫ tan^6(x) sec^2(x) dx = ∫ (u^6 (u^2 + 1)) du
= ∫ (u^8 + u^6) du
= ∫ u^8 du + ∫ u^6 du
= (u^9)/9 + (u^7)/7 + c
= (1/9) tan^9(x) + (1/7) tan^7(x) + c

Evaluate ∫tan³x . sec²x dx

Solution
⇒ du = secx . tanx dx
Let, U = secx

∴ ∫tan³x . sec²x dx = ∫tan³x . sec²x . secx . tanx dx

= ∫(sec⁶x - sec⁴x) secx . secx . tanx dx
= ∫(U⁶ - U⁴) du
= ∫U⁶ du - ∫U⁴ du
= U⁷/7 - U⁵/5 + C
= (sec⁷x)/7 - (sec⁵x)/5 + C
= 1/5 sec⁵x - 1/7 sec⁷x + C

Evaluate ∫tan³x . sec²x dx

Solution

⇒ du = secx . tanx dx
Let, U = secx

∴ ∫tan³x . sec²x dx = ∫tan³x . sec²x . secx . tanx dx

= ∫(sec⁶x - sec⁴x) secx . secx . tanx dx
= ∫(U⁶ - U⁴) du
= ∫U⁶ du - ∫U⁴ du
= U⁷/7 - U⁵/5 + C
= (sec⁷x)/7 - (sec⁵x)/5 + C
= 1/5 sec⁵x - 1/7 sec⁷x + C