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Brief analysis of icse class 9 and 10

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36 views5 pages

Icse

Brief analysis of icse class 9 and 10

Uploaded by

ISHIKA RAJ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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One Page Notes

ICSE Class 10

Current

Electricity

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CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Ohm’s Law

Statement: The current flowing through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the
two points, provided the temperature remains constant.
Formula: V=IR
V = Potential difference (Volts, V)
I = Current (Amperes, A)
R = Resistance (Ohms, Ω)
Key Concepts
Electromotive Force (emf): The potential difference when no current flows. It is the energy provided by a cell or battery
per coulomb of charge.
Potential Difference (pd): The work done to move a unit charge between two points.
Resistance (R): The opposition to the flow of electric current. Factors affecting resistance include material, length, cross-
sectional area, and temperature.
Current (I): The flow of electric charge.
Charge (Q): Measured in coulombs (C), it is the amount of electric charge.
Experimental Verification
Graph of V vs I: A straight line passing through the origin indicates an ohmic resistor.
Ohmic Resistors: Follow Ohm's law (e.g., metallic conductors).
Non-Ohmic Resistors: Do not follow Ohm's law (e.g., diodes, transistors).
Factors Affecting Resistance
Material: Different materials have different resistivities.
Length: Resistance is directly proportional to the length of the conductor.
Cross-sectional Area: Resistance is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area.
Temperature: Resistance generally increases with temperature for conductors.
Specific Resistance (Resistivity)
Formula: ρ=RA/L
ρ = Resistivity (Ohm-meter, Ω·m)
A = Cross-sectional area
L = Length of the conductor
Superconductors
Materials that have zero resistance at very low temperatures.
Internal Resistance
The resistance within a battery or cell that causes a drop in the terminal voltage when current flows.
Resistances in Series and Parallel
Series:
Equivalent Resistance: Rs=R1+R2+R3+..............
Parallel:
Equivalent Resistance: 1/Rp=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3+…

1.
Electrical Power and Energy

Electrical Power (P): The rate at which electrical energy is consumed or generated.
Formula: P = VI = I^R = V^R
Unit: Watt (W)
Electrical Energy (W): The total energy consumed.
Formulas:
W=V It
W=I^2 Rt
W=V^2 R / T
Units: Joules (J), kilowatt-hour (kWh)
Power Rating of Common Appliances
Example: A 100W bulb consumes 100 watts of power.
Household Energy Consumption
Total Energy Consumption: Calculated by summing the energy consumed by individual appliances.
Formula: Total Energy=P×t
Unit: kilowatt-hour (kWh)
Summary
Ohm's Law: V=IRV = IRV=IR, with experimental verification.
Resistances: Series and parallel combinations, factors affecting resistance, and specific resistance.
Electrical Power and Energy: Calculation of power and energy, power ratings of appliances, and household energy
consumption.

2.

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