MODULE 5 COMPUTING © za COMPONENTSThe system unit is a case contains and protects the electronic components that is used to process data of the computer or mobile device from damage. + Asystem unit is also called as chassis. + It comes with a variety of shapes and sizes suited for the device. * Trend is going towards smaller unit yet sustain their functionality or improve upon it. © Mini Desktop © Smartphones © Smart Wearable Glasses,INSIDE THE CASE . 2” 3, The system unit contains typical components + Drive bays) + Processor = Memory Module a Heatsink, Fan or Cooling Systems + Power Supply or Batteries Video Card Sound Card ‘These components are what make a computer acomputer! Yourcomputer will not work without these assets helping or interact with each other. SoSYSTEM UNIT - MOTHERBOARD ‘The motherboard or system board is the main circuit board of the system unit + electronic components of the computer attach to the motherboard in other for the components to operate with the use of stots. A computer chip is a small piece of semiconducting material that is usually silicon, on which integrated circuits, are etched and transistors are present. The circuitry for the processor, memory and other components reside to the chip. Smaller in nowadaysPROCESSOR — ‘The processor can also be called as Central Processing Unit (CPU) in which interprets and carries ‘out basic instructions that operated the computer. + overwhelmingly impacts the overall computing power of the computer's operations. + Processor Core contains the circuitry necessary to execute instructionsPROCESSORS. TYPES OF PROCESSORS ‘+ Most manufacturers offer multi-core processors, which increase the computer's overall performance when running multiple programs. © Multi-core processor is a chip with two or more separate processors © Dual-core processor is a single chip that contains two separate processors, ® Aquad-core Processor is a single chip that contains 4 separate processors + Each processor core on a multi-core processor generally runs at a slower speed than a single processor, but multi-core processors typically increase overall performance which is noticeable when multiple programs run simultaneously and more energy efficient,problem Te sand PROCESSORS. PARALLEL PROCESSING + Amethod that uses multiple processors simultaneously to execute a single program or task. * Asingle problem is divided into portions and multiple processors work on their assigned portion at the same time. + Special software is needed to divide the problem and bring the results back together again + Super computers use massive parallel processing for applications such as artificial intelligence and weather forecasting.PROCESSORS: z COMPARISON OF PERSONAL ~~ COMPUTER PROCESSORS + Intel » Core family for high-performance. © Pentium or Celeron for basic computers, © Xeon or Itanium for workstations and lowend servers. + AMD - Intel compatible processors, structured similar to Intel, perform same functions, can be as powerful, often are less expensive. © Ryzen -promote for mainstream enthusiasts but used for professional work and entertainment.instructions data Information| instructions) data Information| DEVICES Processors contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) + Control Unit © is the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the ‘operations in the computer. © interprets and executes instruction in memory. + Arithmetic Logic Unit Component of the processor that performs arithmetic, comparison, and other operations © Arithmetic operations - basic calculations (+.-../) © Comparison operations - (<>>-) © Logical operations (AND.OR,|NOT) PROCESSORSFor every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which comprise a machine cycle: + Fetching: Process of obtaining a program instruction or data item from memory. + Decoding: Process of translating the instruction into signals the computer can execute, + Executing: Process of carrying out the commands. + Storing: Writing results to memoryMACHINE PIPELINE Most current personal computers support pipelining, + Processor begins fetching a second instruction before it completes the machine cycle for the first instruction. MACHINE CYCLE (without pipelining): + Processor that uses pipelining are faster MACHINE CYCLE (with pipelining): because they do not have to wait for one instruction to complete the instruction 1 machine cycle before fetching the next. INSTRUCTION 3 IsTRUCTION 4peeen ee ContolUnit |, sates Prewamcourter(ec) [| (cu) | coma InstucionepbterR) T Memon Ades egster_F Arthmetic — 1. And Logic Unit Aecultoregater au) PROCESSORS. REGISTERS + Small, high-speed storage locations that temporarily hold data and instructions. + Apart of the processor, itself Functions: + Storing the location from where an instruction was fetched + Storing an instruction while the control unit, decodes it + Storing data while the ALU computes it, + Storing the result of a calculationsPROCESSORS. SYSTEM CLOCK A small quartz crystal circuit used to control the timing of all computer operations. + Each tick equates to a clock cycle + Today, processors are superscalar, which means they can execute more than one instruction per clock cycle + Clock speed is the pace of the system clock and is measured by the numbers of ticks per second, + Current personal computers have clock speeds in the gigahertz range. + One gigahertz (GHz) equals one billion ticks of the system clock per second,PROCESSORS. PROCESSOR COOLING + Processors generate heat which could cause the chip to bum up. + The computer fans generate airflow, but the processor requires additional cooling, + Heat sinks/pipes and liquid cooling are often sed to dissipate processor heat ‘A Heat Sink is a small ceramic or metal component with fins to absorb and disperse heat. Liquid Cooling Technology uses a flow of fluid to transfer heated fluid away from the processor, gets cooled, and returns to the processor, continuouslyDATA REPRESENTATION ° To understand how a computer processes data, we should know how a computer represents data * Analog signals are continuous and vary in strength and quality. That's how human communicate and share information or ‘data’ + Most computers are digital. meaning they recognize two discrete states: on and off. * This is due to the two states of electrical switches. + Two digits, 0 and 2, represent off and on respectively, which is the basis for the binary system. aSDATA REPRESENTATION BINARY SYSTEM + The binary system is a number system that has Just two unique digits, o and 4, called bits. + Abitis the smallest unit of data the computer can process. + Abyteis 8 bits grouped together as a unit, totally 256 unique combinations. Binary that represents characters are defined by patterns called coding schemes, ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is the most widely used coding scheme for English and Wester European Language, ASCII BINARY ALPHABET 01000001 61009019 61000011 61000109 61000101 610008119 61000111 61001090 61001001 01001019 01001011 01001100 61001161 61001119 61001111 61619008 61610081 61610019 S. 61010011 T. 61010100 U. 01010101 V. 61010110 W. 61010111 X. 01011000 ¥. 01011001 2. 01011010 Q. gg909000 1. 90000001 2. 90900010 3. 60000011 4. 00000100 9. 60001001DATA REPRESENTATION Unicode is a 16-bit coding scheme that has the capacity of representing more than 65,000 characters. + Itis large enough to fit almost all of the world’s current written language as well as classic languages, even reserving 30,000 codes for future expansion. + ASCII and Unicode standards make it possible for components in computers to communicate.MEMORY + Consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data + Memory usually consists of one or more chips on the motherboard or some other circuit board on the computer. + Stores 3 basic categories of items: © The operating system and other system software © Application programs © Data being processed and the resulting information‘+ Memory Size mean the number of bytes the chip or device has available for storage. ‘+ Memory size is measured in: © KILOBYTES © MEGABYTES © GIGABYTES © TETRABYTES. ee Ps PS ae ecu ace Ci ead Kilobyte KB or K Vthousand 1,024 12 ‘Megabyte MB 1 milion 1,048,576 500 Gigabyte GB 1 billion 1,073,741,824 500,000 Terabyte TB 1 tillion 1,099,511,627,776 500,000,000MEMORY. TYPES OF MEMORY * VOLATILE MEMORY a. Memory that loses its contents when the power is tumed off. b.RAM * NONVOLATILE MEMORY © Memory that does not lose its contents when the power is turned off. © ROM, flash memory. and CMOSMEMORY. RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM) + RAM (random access memory), or main memory, consists of memory chips that can be read from and written to by the processor and other devices + When the computer is powered up, the RAM is initially populated with operating system files from a storage devices, such asa hard disk + The processor interprets and executes instructions while the program is in RAM + Most RAMs volatile, so it will lose its contents when the power is removed. + RAM chips usually reside on a memory module, which isa small circuit board. + Memory slots on the motherboard hold the memory modules.MEMORY — —sYPESOFRAM Dynamic RAM Static RAM Magnetoresistive RAM Chips must be re- energized constantly or they lose their contents. Chips are faster and more reliable than any variation of DRAM. These chips do not have to be re- energized as often as DRAM. It much more expensive. Stores data using magnetic charges instead of electrical charges. MRAM has greater storage capacity, consumes less power, and has faster access times .MEMORY + Pronounced “cash,” helps improve processing times. + Memory cache stores frequently used instructions and data, © Lt cache: built directly into processor chip, usually small (8-128 KB) © La cache' slightly slower than La with larger capacity (64KB-16MB) © L3 cache: on the motherboard, often up to8MB + When the processor needs an instruction or data, it searches memory in this order: La, La, L3, then RAM, with a greater delay in processing for each level of memory it must search.MEMORY. READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM) + ROM (Read-only memory) refers to memory chips storing permanent data and instructions. The data cannot be modified on most ROM chips and is nonvolatile. + ROM chips called firmware contain permanently written data, instructions, or information, PROM is a programmable ROM on which a programmer can write permanently, + EEPROM is an electrically erasable PROM.MEMORY. FLASH MEMORY + A type of nonvolatile memory that can be erased electronically and rewritten, similar to EEPROM. + Itallows computers to store startup instructions and is easy to update contents. + They store data and programs for many mobile computers and devices such as smart phones, portable media players, and digital camerasEMORY cmos + Some RAM chips. Flash memory chips, and other memory chips use complementary metal-oxide semiconductors (CMOS) technology because it provides high speeds and consumes little power. + Battery backed CMOS chips keep the date and time even when the computer is turned off.MEMORY MEMORY ACCESS TIME disk of disk * Access time is the amount of time it takes the ———_ eaters processor to read data, instructions, and information SS from memory. * Directly affects how fast the computer processes a ar ae + Accessing data in memory can be more than 200,000 times faster than accessing data on a hard. Sse disk because of the mechanical motion of the hard Se disk, + Access times can be given in terms of fractional seconds, such as nanoseconds (one billionth of a ie ™ eoroe 8 Dntobdi ot second) or in terms of Hz, ono bra ad + The higher the hertz (MHz, GHz) the faster the fe etd access time; conversely, the lower the nanoseconds, the faster the access time.EXPANSION SLOTS AND ADAPTER CARDS + An expansion slot is a socket on the motherboard that can hold an adapter card. * An adapter card, or expansion card, is a circuit board that enhances functions of a component of the system unit and/or provides connections to peripherals. + Peripherals are devices that connect to the system unit and is controlled by the processor in the computer. © Modems, disk drives, printers, scanners, keyboards, Video cards, or graphics cards, convert computer output into a video signal that is sent to the monitor to be displayed. ‘Sound cards enhance the sound: generating capal of a personal computer.EXPANSION SLOTS AND ADAPTER CARDS © Plug and Ply (PnP) support allows the computer to automatically configure adapter cards and other peripherals as you install them. es eeEXAMPLES OF ADAPTERS GARDS Bluetooth Enables Bluetooth connectivity MIDI Connects to musical instruments Modem Connects to transmission media, such as cable television lines or phone tines Network Provides network connections, such as to an Ethemet port ‘Sound Connects to speakers or a microphone TV tuner ‘Allows viewing of digital television broadcasts on a monitor USB Connects to high-speed USB ports Video Provides enhanced graphics capabilities, such as accelerated processing or the ability to connect a second monitor Video capture | Connects to a digital video cameraREMOVABLE FLASH MEMORY * With hot plugging, flash memory devices can be changed without shutting down or restarting the computer. + Amemory card is a removable flash memory device that you can insert and remove from a slot ina personal computer, game console, mobile device, or card reader/writer. + AUSB flash drive is a flash memory storage device that plugs in a USB port.PORTS AND CONNECTORS + A portis the point at which a peripheral attaches to or communicates with a system unit so that the peripheral can send data to or receive information from the computer. + Aconnector joins a cable to a port,PORTS AND CONNECTORS USB PORTS + USB port, or universal serial bus port, can connect up to 127 different peripherals with a single connector. + FireWire port, similar to USB, used for connecting devices that require faster data transmission, such as video cameras. 2 allows you to connect up to 63 devices together. ca)s OTHER PORTS © Bluetooth uses radio waves to transmit data between two devices SCSI port is a special high-speed parallel port for peripherals y ° eSATA port, IrDA Port, Serial Ports, MIDI Port.PORT REPLICATORS AND DOCKING STATION © Port Replicator is an external device that provides connections to peripherals through ports built into the device © Docking Station is an external device that attaches to a mobile computer or deviceBUSES + Bits transfer internally within the circuitry of a computer along electrical channels, called buses, which allow for various devices, both inside and attached to the system unit, to communicate with each other. + This consist of 2 parts: © Data bus is used to transfer actual data Address bus is used to transfer information about where the data should reside in memory + The size of the bus, called bus width, determines the number of bits that the computer can transmit at one time. + In conjunction with the bus width, many computer professionals refer to a computer's word size, which is the number of bits the processor can interpret and execute at given timeTYPE OF BUSES + System Bus © Its part of the motherboard and connects the processor to the main memory, + Expansion Bus ® allows the processor to communicate with peripherals outside the system unit connect to a port on. an adapter card inserted. © Most common types are: PCI bus, PCI express bus, AGP bus, USB, Firewire bus and PC Card bus.2 external bays 4 internal bays BAY + Abay is an opening inside the system unit in which you can install additional equipment. + Adrive bay is a rectangular opening that typically holds disk drives. + An external bay allows a user to access openings in the bay from outside the system unit, like optical disc drives.POWER SUPPLY AND BATTERIES + The component of the system unit that converts the wall outlet AC power into DC power, which the computer can use. * Different motherboards and computers require different wattages,SYSTEM UNIT MOTHERBOARD ‘CONTROL UNIT MEMORY SIZES ARITHMETIC UNIT RAM MACHINE CYCLE ‘CACHE REGISTERS ROM ‘SYSTEM CLOCK Foss ihevoa? PROCESSOR COOLING BINARY SYSTEM PARALLEL PROCESSING ASCII CODE MEMORY ACCESS TME USB, FIREWIRE, PORT SYSTEM BUS. ‘AC POWERTO DC REPLICATORS, DOCKING EXPANSION BUS POWER STATIONS,THANK