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ElectroMagnetics Chapter3.1 Vector Calculus-1

Vector_Calculus-1

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43 views13 pages

ElectroMagnetics Chapter3.1 Vector Calculus-1

Vector_Calculus-1

Uploaded by

ericek0001
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Vector Calculus -1

Differential Length, Area and Volume

Week 3
Lecture 1
3.1 Introduction
• Chapter 1 focused on vector addition, subtraction, and
multiplication in Cartesian coordinates

• Chapter 2 extended all these to other coordinate systems.

• This chapter deals with vector calculus-integration and


differentiation of vectors.
3.2 Differential Length, Area, and Volume
• The differential of a quantity refers to an infinitesimal change

• dx, dy, dz : infinitesimal changes of x, y and z


3.2 Differential Length, Area, and Volume
(Cartesian Coordinate Systems)
• Differential displacement ⅆ𝒍
• Vector from S(x,y,z) to B(x+𝑑𝑥,
y+𝑑𝑦, z+𝑑𝑧)

• ⅆ𝒍 = 𝑑𝑥𝒂𝒙 + 𝑑𝑦𝒂𝒚 + 𝑑𝑧𝒂𝒛

FIGURE 3.1 Differential elements in the right-handed

Cartesian coordinate system.


3.2 Differential Length, Area, and Volume
(Cylindrical Coordinate Systems)
• Differential displacement ⅆ𝒍
• Vector from R to A

• ⅆ𝒍 = d𝜌𝒂𝜌 +𝜌𝑑𝛷𝒂𝛷 +𝑑𝑧𝒂𝑧

FIGURE 3.3 Differential elements in cylindrical coordinates.


3.2 Differential Length, Area, and Volume
(Spherical Coordinate Systems)
• Differential displacement ⅆ𝒍
• Vector from A to G

• ⅆ𝒍 = 𝑑𝑟𝒂𝒓 +𝑟𝑑𝜃𝒂𝜃 +𝑟 sin 𝜃𝑑𝛷 𝒂𝜱

FIGURE 3.5 Differential elements in the spherical coordinate system.


3.2 Differential Length, Area, and Volume
(Cartesian Coordinate Systems)
• Differential Surface ⅆ𝑺 = 𝑑𝑠𝒂𝒏

• Direction of ⅆ𝑺 for surface


ABCD and PQSR
• ABCD: 𝒂𝒙 direction
• PQRS: −𝒂𝒙 direction

• ⅆ𝑺 = ABCD: 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧𝒂x
BQRC: 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧𝒂y
PQBA: 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝒂z
FIGURE 3.2 Differential normal surface areas in Cartesian coordinates:

(a) dS = dy dz ax, (b) dS = dx dz ay, (c) dS = dx dy az.


3.2 Differential Length, Area, and Volume
(Cylindrical Coordinate Systems)
• Direction of ⅆ𝑺 for surface
SDCR and PAQB
• SDRC: -𝒂𝝆direction
• PAQB: 𝒂𝝆direction

• ⅆ𝑺= PABQ: 𝜌𝑑𝛷𝑑𝑧𝒂𝜌


DABC: d𝜌𝑑𝑧𝒂𝛷
DAPS: 𝜌d𝜌𝑑𝛷𝒂𝑧
FIGURE 3.4 Differential normal surface areas in cylindrical coordinates:

(a) dS = ρ dɸ dz aρ, (b) dS = dρ dz aɸ, (c) dS = ρ dρ dɸ az.


3.2 Differential Length, Area, and Volume
(Spherical Coordinate Systems)
• Direction of ⅆ𝑺 for surface
ABCD and EFGH
• ABCD: −𝒂𝜱direction
• EFGH: 𝒂𝜱 direction

• ⅆ𝑺= BFGC: 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝛷𝒂𝒓


HGCD: 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝛷𝒂𝜃
EFGH: 𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝒂𝜱

FIGURE 3.6 Differential normal surface areas in spherical coordinates: (a) dS = r2 sin θ dθ

dɸ ar , (b) dS = r sin θ dr dɸ aθ, (c) dS = r dr dθ aɸ.


3.2 Differential Length, Area, and Volume
(Cartesian Coordinate Systems)
• Differential Volume 𝑑𝑉 is product of
three components

• 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

• If you know ⅆ𝒍, you can get ⅆ𝑺 and


𝑑𝑉
FIGURE 3.1 Differential elements in the right-handed

Cartesian coordinate system.


3.2 Differential Length, Area, and Volume
(Cylindrical Coordinate Systems)

• 𝑑𝑉 = 𝜌d𝜌𝑑𝛷𝑑𝑧

• If you know ⅆ𝒍, you can get ⅆ𝑺 and 𝑑𝑉

FIGURE 3.3 Differential elements in cylindrical coordinates.


3.2 Differential Length, Area, and Volume
(Spherical Coordinate Systems)
• 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝛷

• If you know ⅆ𝒍, you can get ⅆ𝑺 and 𝑑𝑉


FIGURE 3.5 Differential elements in the spherical

coordinate system.
3.2 Differential Length, Area, and
Volume
• Example 3.1 Consider the object shown in Figure 3.7. Calculate (a) the length BC (b)
The length CD (c) the surface area ABCD (d) the surface area ABO (e) The surface area
AOFD (f) The volume ABDCFO

FIGURE 3.7 For Example 3.1.

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