Scribd
Upload
35 views

Chapter 1 Computer System Summary

Notes of grade 11 computer science 1st chapter: computer system

Uploaded by

saketngupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
35 views

Chapter 1 Computer System Summary

Notes of grade 11 computer science 1st chapter: computer system

Uploaded by

saketngupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

CHAPTER 1– Computer Systems

(Suneetha L, KSPUC)

Chapter 1: Computer System


Introduction
Definition: Computers are electronic devices designed to accept input, process it, and
produce output.

Components: - CPU (Central Processing Unit): The brain of the computer responsible
for executing instructions. - Memory: Stores data and instructions temporarily or
permanently. - Input/Output Devices: Allow users to interact with the computer. -
Storage Devices: Provide long-term data storage.

Central Processing Unit


Components of a CPU
• CPU (Central Processing Unit): The brain of the computer responsible for
executing instructions.
• Memory: Stores data and instructions temporarily.
• Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logic operations.
• Control Unit (CU): Controls the overall processes.

Input Devices
Definition: Devices that capture data and send it to the computer.
Examples: - Keyboard: Most common input device for text entry. - Mouse: Pointing
device for graphical interaction. - Scanner: Converts physical documents into digital
form. - Touch Screen: Allows direct interaction with the display.

Output Devices
Definition: Devices that convert digital data into a human-understandable form.
Examples: - Monitor: Displays visual output. - Printer: Produces physical copies of
digital documents. - Speaker: Outputs sound. - 3D Printer: Creates physical objects
from digital models.

Evolution of Computers
1. Abacus: Early counting tool.

2. Pascaline: Mechanical calculator by Blaise Pascal (1642).

1
CHAPTER 1– Computer Systems
(Suneetha L, KSPUC)

3. Analytical Engine: Proposed by Charles Babbage, a mechanical generalpurpose


computer (1834).
4. Tabulating Machine: Designed by Herman Hollerith for summarizing data stored
on punched cards.
5. Turing Machine: A general-purpose programmable machine capable of solving
any problem by executing the program stored on punched cards.
6. EDVAC / ENIAC: Concept of stored program computers introduced by John Von
Neumann, capable of storing data and programs in memory.
7. Transistors: Replaced vacuum tubes, developed at Bell Labs using
semiconductor materials.
8. Integrated Circuits (ICs): Silicon chips containing entire electronic
circuits, drastically reducing computer size.

Computer Memory
Purpose: A computer system needs memory to store data and instructions for
processing. The secondary memory is used to store data, instructions, and results
permanently for future use.

Units of Memory
• Bit: 0 or 1
• Nibble: 4 bits
• Byte: 8 bits

Types of Memory
Primary Memory
• RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile memory used for temporary data
storage.
• ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile memory used for permanent storage
of boot instructions.
• Cache Memory: High-speed memory located between the CPU and RAM to
speed up processing.

Secondary Memory
• Non-volatile storage for long-term data retention, including hard drives, SSDs,
CDs, and DVDs.

2
CHAPTER 1– Computer Systems
(Suneetha L, KSPUC)

Data Transfer between Memory and CPU


System Bus: A communication system that transfers data between components inside
a computer. - Data Bus: Carries data. - Address Bus: Carries memory addresses. -
Control Bus: Carries control signals.

Steps in Data Transfer

1. Data Request: CPU requests data from secondary storage.


2. Transfer to Main Memory: Data is transferred from secondary storage to RAM.
3. Bus Utilization: Data transfer uses the system bus, including the data bus,
address bus, and control bus.
4. CPU Access: CPU accesses data from RAM for processing.

5. Data Storage: Processed data is either sent to output devices or stored


back in secondary storage.

Microprocessor & Microcontroller


• Microprocessor: An integrated circuit that performs the functions of a CPU.

• Microcontroller: A compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific


operation in an embedded system, combining a CPU, memory, and input/output
peripherals.

Data & Information


• Data: Raw and unorganized facts.
• Information: Processed data.

Types of Data
• Structured Data: Organized in fixed formats (e.g., databases).
• Semi-Structured Data: Partially organized but not fixed (e.g., email metadata,
HTML documents).
• Unstructured Data: No predefined structure (e.g., text, images).

Data Capturing, Storage, & Retrieval


• Capturing: Gathering data from different sources in digital form.

• Storage: Storing captured data for processing later.

3
CHAPTER 1– Computer Systems
(Suneetha L, KSPUC)

• Retrieval: Fetching the data from storage devices.

Software
Definition: Software comprises a set of instructions which, on execution, deliver the
desired outcome.

Need for Software


We cannot instruct the hardware of a computer directly. Software acts as an interface
between human users and the hardware.

Types of Software • System Software • Programming Tools • Application Software


System Software

• Operating System: Manages hardware resources and provides common services


for application software.
• Utilities: System management tools.
• Device Drivers: Control the hardware components.

Programming Tools

• Compilers: Convert high-level language code into machine code in a single


batch.
• Interpreters: Convert and execute high-level language code line-by-line.

• Assemblers: Convert assembly language into machine code.

Application Software
• General Purpose Software: Application software developed for generic
applications to cater to a bigger audience.
• Customized Software: Tailor-made application software developed to
meet the requirements of a specific organization or individual.

Proprietary / Free / Open Source Software


• Proprietary Software: Must be purchased from the vendor who has the
copyright.
• Free Software: Freely available for use but source code may not be available.
• Open Source Software: Developers provide their source code and soft-
ware freely to the public to develop and improve further collaboratively.

4
CHAPTER 1– Computer Systems
(Suneetha L, KSPUC)

Operating Systems
Definition: System software that manages hardware resources and provides common
services for application software.

OS User Interface
• Command-Line Interface (CLI): Allows users to interact with the computer using
text commands.
• Graphical User Interface (GUI): Uses visual elements like windows, icons, and
menus for interaction.
• Touch Interface: Enables interaction through touch gestures.

• Voice Interface: Allows interaction using voice commands.


• Gesture Interface: Uses physical gestures for interaction.

Functions of OS
• Process Management: Handles the execution of multiple processes.
• Memory Management: Allocates memory to processes and manages memory
usage.
• File Management: Organizes and manages data storage.
• Device Management: Controls and coordinates hardware devices.

You might also like