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Evolution of Cloud Computing
Rekha Baghel AP(CSE Deptt.) AKGEC GHAZIABAD Pre-cloud Era: Traditional IT Infrastructure
► Before the era of cloud computing, organizations relied heavily
on traditional IT infrastructure. ► This infrastructure consisted of on-premises servers, physical data centres, and dedicated hardware. ► While it served its purpose, it came with limitations such as scalability constraints, high costs of maintenance, and limited accessibility traditional IT infrastructure ► It often required significant upfront investments and couldn’t adapt quickly to changing demands, making it less agile in the face of modern business needs ► Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Salesforce and Google Cloud played pivotal roles by offering on-demand computing resources. Introduction
► The rapid evolution of cloud computing has reshaped the way we
store, access, and manage data and applications. ► This comprehensive overview explores the journey from its conceptual beginnings to its current pivotal role in the digital age. ► Cloud computing is a technology that permits users to access and utilize computing resources over the internet. Evolution of Cloud Computing Distributed Systems ► Distributed System is a composition of multiple independent systems but all of them are depicted as a single entity to the users. ► The purpose of distributed systems is to share resources and also use them effectively and efficiently. ► Distributed systems possess characteristics such as scalability, concurrency, continuous availability, heterogeneity, and independence in failures. ► But the main problem with this system was that all the systems were required to be present at the same geographical location. ► Thus to solve this problem, distributed computing led to three more types of computing and they were-Mainframe computing, cluster computing, and grid computing Mainframe Computing ► Mainframes which first came into existence in 1951 are highly powerful and reliable computing machines. ► These are responsible for handling large data such as massive input-output operations. ► Even today these are used for bulk processing tasks such as online transactions etc. ► These systems have almost no downtime with high fault tolerance. After distributed computing, these increased the processing capabilities of the system. ► But these were very expensive. To reduce this cost, cluster computing came as an alternative to mainframe technology. Cluster Computing ► In 1980s, cluster computing came as an alternative to ► mainframe computing. ► Each machine in the cluster was connected to each other by a network with high bandwidth. ► These were way cheaper than those mainframe systems. ► These were equally capable of high computations. ► Also, new nodes could easily be added to the cluster if ► it was required. ► Thus, the problem of the cost was solved to some extent but the problem related to geographical restrictions still pertained. ► To solve this, the concept of grid computing was introduced. Grid Computing ► In 1990s, the concept of grid computing was introduced. ► It means that different systems were placed at entirely different geographical locations and these all were connected via the internet. ► These systems belonged to different organizations and thus the grid consisted of heterogeneous nodes. ► Although it solved some problems but new problems emerged as the distance between the nodes increased. ► The main problem which was encountered was the low availability of high bandwidth connectivity and with it other network associated issues. ► Thus. cloud computing is often referred to as “Successor of grid computing”. Virtualization
► Virtualization was introduced nearly 40 years back.
► It refers to the process of creating a virtual layer over the hardware which allows the user to run multiple instances simultaneously on the hardware. ► It is a key technology used in cloud computing. ► It is the base on which major cloud computing services such as Amazon EC2, VMware vCloud, etc work on. ► Hardware virtualization is still one of the most common types of virtualization. Web 2.0 ► Web 2.0 is the interface through which the cloud computing services interact with the clients. ► It is because of Web 2.0 that we have interactive and dynamic web pages. ► It also increases flexibility among web pages. ► Popular examples of web 2.0 include Google Maps, Facebook, Twitter, etc. ► Needless to say, social media is possible because of this technology only. ► It gained major popularity in 2004. Service Orientation ► A service orientation acts as a reference model for cloud computing. ► It supports low-cost, flexible, and evolvable applications. ► Two important concepts were introduced in this computing model. ► These were Quality of Service (QoS) which also includes the SLA (Service Level Agreement) and Software as a Service (SaaS). Utility Computing ► Utility Computing is a computing model that defines service provisioning techniques for services such as compute services along with other major services such as storage, infrastructure, etc which are provisioned on a pay-per-use basis. Cloud Computing ► Cloud Computing means storing and accessing the data and programs on remote servers that are hosted on the internet instead of the computer’s hard drive or local server. ► Cloud computing is also referred to as Internet-based computing, it is a technology where the resource is provided as a service through the Internet to the user. ► The data that is stored can be files, images, documents, or any other storable document.