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General Certificate of Education

June 2008
Advanced Subsidiary Examination
CHEMISTRY
CHM2
Unit 2 Foundation Physical and Inorganic Chemistry
Wednesday 4 June 2008

9.00 am to 10.00 am

For this paper you must have

a calculator.

For Examiners Use

Question

Mark

Question

Time allowed: 1 hour

Instructions
Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
Answer all questions.
You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Answers
written in margins or blank pages will not be marked.
Your answers to the parts of Section B should be on the pages
indicated.
All working must be shown.
Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not
want to be marked.
The Periodic Table/Data Sheet is provided as an insert.

Mark

3
Total (Column 1)
Total (Column 2)
TOTAL

Examiners Initials

Information
The maximum mark for this paper is 60.
The marks for each question are shown in brackets.
You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate.
Write your answers to the question in Section B in continuous prose,
where appropriate.
You will be assessed on your ability to use an appropriate form and
style of writing, to organise relevant information clearly and
coherently, and to use specialist vocabulary, where appropriate.
Advice
You are advised to spend about 45 minutes on Section A and about
15 minutes on Section B.

(JUN08CHM201)

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CHM2

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SECTION A
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

1 Metal extraction involves reduction reactions using more reactive metals, hydrogen, carbon
or electrolysis.
1

(a) Titanium can be extracted from titanium(IV) chloride by reduction using either sodium
or hydrogen.

(a)

(i) Write an equation for each of these reduction reactions.

Reaction with sodium ...............................................................................................
Reaction with hydrogen ............................................................................................
(2 marks)

(a)

(ii) Give one reason, other than cost, why hydrogen is not the preferred reducing
agent for the extraction of titanium.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(b) Suggest why carbon is not a suitable reducing agent for the extraction of titanium.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(c) Carbon is a reducing agent in the extraction of iron from impure iron(III) oxide.
Slag is a by-product of this process.

(c)

(i) Write an equation for the reduction of iron(III) oxide with carbon. State one
condition necessary for this reaction to occur.
Equation ...................................................................................................................
Condition ..................................................................................................................
(2 marks)

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1

(c)

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(ii) Give the name of the raw material used to remove the silicon dioxide impurity
from the iron(III) oxide. Write equation(s) to show how this raw material reacts
to form slag in the extraction process.
Raw material .............................................................................................................
Equation(s) ...............................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3 marks)

(c) (iii) State one use of slag.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(d) Carbon is used for the electrodes in the extraction of aluminium from aluminium
oxide. Cryolite is used in this extraction process.

(d)

(i) Write a half-equation for each of the electrode reactions.

Half-equation 1 ........................................................................................................
Half-equation 2 ........................................................................................................
(2 marks)

(d)

(ii) Give one reason why cryolite is used.

...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(e) Give the major reason why recycling of aluminium is economically viable.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

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2 Enthalpy of combustion and bond enthalpy data can be used, with Hesss Law, to calculate
enthalpy changes for other reactions.
2

(a) Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion.

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(3 marks)

(b) State Hesss Law.

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(c) The equation below shows the formation of buta-1,3-diene, C4H6

4C(s) + 3H2(g) C4H6(g)
Use the following data to calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of
buta-1,3-diene.
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g)
H2(g) +

1
2 O2(g)

H2O(l)

1
C4H6(g) + 5 2 O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)

H = 394 kJ mol1
H = 286 kJ mol1
H = 2542 kJ mol1

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(3 marks)

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(d) Buta-1,3-diene reacts with hydrogen to form butane according to the following equation.

2H

The standard enthalpy change for this reaction, H = 240 kJ mol1

Bond

CC

HH

CH

Mean bond enthalpy/kJ mol1

348

436

412

Use the data given above to calculate a bond enthalpy value for the C=C bond.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(3 marks)

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(a) State, in terms of electrons, what happens to an oxidising agent in a redox reaction.
.............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(b) When concentrated sulphuric acid is added to solid sodium bromide, the acid reacts

with Br ions to form SO2 and Br2

(b)

(i) Write a half-equation to show how SO2 is formed from sulphuric acid.
...................................................................................................................................

(b)

...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(ii) Write a half-equation to show how Br2 is formed from Br ions.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(b) (iii) Hence write an overall equation for the reaction of Br ions with sulphuric acid.
...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
(b) (iv) Deduce the role of Br ions in this reaction.
...................................................................................................................................

(c)

...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
(i) Identify a halide ion that does not produce SO2 when the solid sodium halide
reacts with concentrated sulphuric acid.
...................................................................................................................................

(c)

...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction of concentrated sulphuric acid with the halide
ion that you identified in part (c)(i).
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

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(c) (iii) State the role of sulphuric acid in this reaction.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
3

(d) When chlorine gas is bubbled into a solution of sodium bromide the following reaction
occurs.
Cl2(g) + 2NaBr(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + Br2(aq)
Deduce the role of Cl2 in this reaction
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(e) In aqueous solution, silver nitrate and ammonia can be used to test for halide ions.

(e)

(i) Identify a halide ion that reacts with silver nitrate solution to produce a
precipitate which dissolves completely in dilute aqueous ammonia.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
3

(e)

(ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction between silver nitrate and the halide ion
you identified in part (e)(i).

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
3

(e) (iii) Identify the halide ion which cannot be detected using silver nitrate.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

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4 The hydrogen used in the Haber process is made by the following reaction.
CH4(g) + H2O(g)
4

CO(g) + 3H2(g)

H = +206 kJ mol1

(a) Explain why the concentrations of the reactants and the products remain constant when
equilibrium is established.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

(b) A high temperature of over 1000 C is used in the production of hydrogen by this
reaction.

(b)

(i) Explain why a high temperature is needed to produce a high equilibrium yield of
hydrogen.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)

(b)

(ii) Give one disadvantage of using temperatures much higher than 1000 C.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)

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(c) State and explain how the overall pressure must be changed to produce an increase in
the equilibrium yield of hydrogen.
Change in pressure ............................................................................................................
Explanation ........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(3 marks)

(d) Explain why the addition of a catalyst has no effect on the equilibrium yield of
hydrogen in the reaction.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)

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SECTION B
Answer the question below in the space provided on pages 11 to 14 of this booklet.
You should answer each part of the question on the separate page indicated.
Each part of the question is reprinted at the top of the page.
5 The curve shows the distribution of molecular energies for a mixture of gases which react
together. The activation energy for the reaction is Ea

Number of
molecules with
a given energy

Ea

Energy

(a) Explain what is meant by the term activation energy.

(2 marks)

(b) State what Q represents and what the total area under the curve represents.
Explain why the curve starts at the origin and why the shaded area is very small.
(4 marks)

(c) Describe how the shape of the curve, the area under the curve, the value of Ea and the
value of Q change if the temperature is increased.
Explain why a small increase in temperature results in a large increase in the rate of a
reaction.
(7 marks)

(d) Explain why a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction.

(2 marks)

END OF QUESTIONS

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(a) Explain what is meant by the term activation energy.

Write your answer to Question 5(a) on this page.

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(b) State what Q represents and what the total area under the curve represents.
Explain why the curve starts at the origin and why the shaded area is very small.
Write your answer to Question 5(b) on this page.

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(c) Describe how the shape of the curve, the area under the curve, the value of Ea and the
value of Q change if the temperature is increased.
Explain why a small increase in temperature results in a large increase in the rate of a
reaction.
Write your answer to Question 5(c) on this page.

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(d) Explain why a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction.

Write your answer to Question 5(d) on this page.

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APW/Jun08/CHM2

General Certificate of Education

June 2008
Advanced Subsidiary Examination

CHEMISTRY
CHM2
Unit 2 Foundation Physical and Inorganic Chemistry

Gas constant R = 8.31 J K1 mol1

Table 1
Proton n.m.r chemical shift data
Type of proton

/ppm

RCH3

0.71.2

R2CH2

1.21.4

R3CH

1.41.6

RCOCH3

2.12.6

ROCH3

3.13.9

RCOOCH3

3.74.1

ROH

0.55.0

Table 2
Infra-red absorption data

Insert to APW/Jun08/CHM2

Bond

Wavenumber/cm1

CH

28503300

CC

7501100

16201680

16801750

CO

10001300

OH (alcohols)

32303550

OH (acids)

25003000

Insert to APW/Jun08/CHM2

89

90 103 Actinides

Actinium

Ac

227

57

Lanthanum

La

138.9

39

Yttrium

88.9

21

Scandium

Sc

45.0

Lanthanides

88

* 58 71

87

Ra

Radium

Fr

223.0

Francium

56

226.0

55

Ba

Barium

132.9

Cs

38

137.3

37

Caesium

Sr

Strontium

Rb

85.5

Rubidium

20

87.6

19

Ca

Calcium

40.1

39.1

Potassium

12

11

Mg

Magnesium

Na

23.0

Sodium

24.3

Be

Beryllium

Li

9.0

II

72

Hafnium

Hf

178.5

40

Zirconium

Zr

91.2

22

Titanium

Ti

47.9

24

25

Tc

98.9

26

Ru

101.1

Iron

Fe

55.8

43

44

45

Sm

150.4

77

Iridium

Ir

192.2

46

Eu

152.0

78

Platinum

Pt

195.1

Protactinium

Th

Thorium

91

Pa

59
231.0

92

Uranium

238.0

60

93

Neptunium

Np

237.0

61

94

Plutonium

Pu

239.1

62

95

Americium

Am

243.1

63

Pm

144.9

76

Osmium

Os

190.2

Palladium

Pd

106.4

28

Nickel

Ni

58.7

Europium

Nd

144.2

75

Rhenium

Re

186.2

Rhodium

Rh

102.9

27

Cobalt

Co

58.9

Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium

Pr

140.9

74

Tungsten

183.9

42

Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium

Mo

95.9

58

90

Mn

54.9

Li
Lithium

6.9

Chromium Manganese

Cr

52.0

232.0

Cerium

Ce

140.1

73

Tantalum

Ta

180.9

41

Niobium

Nb

92.9

23

Vanadium

50.9

atomic number

relative atomic mass

Key

47

96

Curium

Cm

247.1

64

Gadolinium

Gd

157.3

79

Gold

Au

197.0

Silver

Ag

107.9

29

Copper

Cu

63.5

30

Al

Cf

252.1

66

Dysprosium

Dy

162.5

81

Thallium

Tl

204.4

49

Indium

In

114.8

31

Gallium

Ga

13
69.7

Aluminium

50

Es

(252)

67

Holmium

Ho

164.9

82

Lead

Pb

207.2

Tin

Sn

118.7

32

Germanium

Ge

14
72.6

Silicon

Si

28.1

Carbon

12.0

IV

97

98

99

Berkelium Californium Einsteinium

Bk

247.1

65

Terbium

Tb

158.9

80

Mercury

Hg

200.6

48

Cadmium

Cd

112.4

Zinc

Zn

65.4

5
27.0

Boron

10.8

III

100

Fermium

Fm

(257)

68

Erbium

Er

167.3

83

Bismuth

Bi

209.0

51

Antimony

Sb

121.8

33

Arsenic

As

15
74.9

Phosphorus

31.0

Nitrogen

14.0

The atomic numbers and approximate relative atomic masses shown in the table are for use in the examination unless stated
otherwise in an individual question.

Lithium

1
6.9

Hydrogen

1.0

The Periodic Table of the Elements

101

Mendelevium

Md

(258)

69

Thulium

Tm

168.9

84

Polonium

Po

210.0

52

Tellurium

Te

127.6

34

Selenium

Se

16
79.0

Sulphur

32.1

Oxygen

16.0

VI

102

Nobelium

No

(259)

70

Ytterbium

Yb

173.0

85

Astatine

At

210.0

53

Iodine

126.9

35

Bromine

Br

17
79.9

Chlorine

Cl

35.5

Fluorine

19.0

VII

He

10

103

Lawrencium

Lr

(260)

71

Lutetium

Lu

175.0

86

Radon

Rn

222.0

54

Xenon

Xe

131.3

36

Krypton

Kr

18
83.8

Argon

Ar

39.9

Neon

Ne

2
20.2

Helium

4.0