MET230: Hydraulics and Pneumatics

Week 2 Review Assignment

Problem 1
A rotary actuator has the following physical data:
Outer radius of rotor = 0.75 in
Outer radius of vane = 1.5 in
Width of vane = 0.75 in
If the torque load is 1000 in∙lb, what pressure must be developed to overcome the load?

Torque (T) = Pressure (P) * Area (A) * Radius (r)

A = π * (outer radius² - inner radius²) = π * (1.5² - 0.75²) = 5.3 square inches

P = T / (A * r) P = 1000 in∙lb / (5.3 sq in * 0.75 in) = 252 psi

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Problem 2
A hydraulic motor has 7.5-in3 volumetric displacement. If it has a pressure rating of 1200
psi and receives oil from a 25-gpm theoretical flow-rate pump, find the motor
a. Speed
b. Theoretical torque
c. Theoretical horsepower

1 gallon = 231 cubic inches 25 gpm * 231 in³/gal = 5775 in³/min

N = Q / VD = 5775 in³/min / 7.5 in³ = 770 rpm

T = (P * VD) / (2π * N) = (1200 psi * 7.5 in³) / (2π * 770 rpm) = 14.7 lb-ft

HP = (T * N) / (5252) = (14.7 lb-ft * 770 rpm) / (5252) = 2.15 hp

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Problem 3
A hydraulic motor has a displacement of 165 cm3 and operates with a pressure of 98
bars and a speed of 1725 rpm. If the actual flow rate consumed by the motor is 0.0055
m3/s and the actual torque delivered by the motor is 210 N∙m, find
a. ηv
b. ηm
c. ηo
d. kW power delivered by the motor

Q_theoretical = (D * N) / 60 = (165 * 10^-6 m³ * 1725 rpm) / 60 = 0.004775

m³/s

η_v = (Q_actual / Q_theoretical) * 100% = (0.0055 m³/s / 0.004775 m³/s) * 100%

= 115.2%

T_theoretical = (P * D) / (2π * N)

T_theoretical = (98 * 10^5 Pa * 165 * 10^-6 m³) / (2π * 1725 rpm * 2π/60 rad/s)

T_theoretical ≈ 215.9 N∙m

Calculate mechanical efficiency:

η_m = (T_actual / T_theoretical) * 100% = (210 N∙m / 215.9 N∙m) * 100%

= 97.2%

Calculate overall efficiency:

η_o = η_v * η_m = 1.152 * 0.972 = 1.12

P = (T_actual * N) / (60 * 2π) = (210 N∙m * 1725 rpm) / (60 * 2π) = 19.2 kW

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Problem 4
A hydraulic transmission operating at 110-bars pressure has the following
characteristics

__________________________________________
Pump motor____

VD = 65 cm3 VD =?
ηv = 86% ηv = 93%
ηm = 92% ηm = 89%
N = 1740 rpm N = 550 rpm__

Find the
a. Displacement of the motor
b. Motor output torque

Q_theoretical_pump = (VD_pump * N_pump) / 60 = (65 cm³ * 1740 rpm) / 60 =

1885 cm³/min

Q_actual_pump = Q_theoretical_pump * η_v_pump = 1885 cm³/min * 0.86

= 1622.1 cm³/min

VD_motor = (Q_actual_pump * 60) / N_motor = (1622.1 cm³/min * 60) / 550 rpm=

177.18 cm³

P_theoretical_pump = (P * Q_theoretical_pump) / (60 * 10^5)

P_theoretical_pump = (110 * 10^5 Pa * 1885 * 10^-6 m³) / (60 * 10^5) = 3.46 kW

P_actual_pump = P_theoretical_pump * η_m_pump = 3.46 kW * 0.92 = 3.18 kW

T_motor = (P_actual_pump * 60 * 2π) / N_motor

T_motor = (3.18 kW * 60 * 2π) / 550 rpm = 218.3 N·m

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Page 5
Problem 5
A pressure relief valve has a pressure setting of 850 psi. Compute the horsepower
loss across this valve if it returns all the flow back to the tank from a 180-gpm pump.
An unloading valve is used instead to unload the pump. If the pump discharge
pressure during unloading equals 50 psi, how much hydraulic horsepower is being
wasted? 1q2

1 gallon = 231 cubic inches 180 gpm * 231 in³/gal = 41580 in³/min

Power = (P * Q) / (1714) = (850 psi * 41580 in³/min) / (1714) = 20790 ft-

lb/min

1 hp = 33000 ft-lb/min

Power = 20790 ft-lb/min / 33000 ft-lb/min/hp = 0.63 hp

Power_waste = (P_unload * Q) / (1714) = (50 psi * 41580 in³/min) / (1714)= 1210 ft-
lb/min

Power_waste ≈ 1210 ft-lb/min / 33000 ft-lb/min/hp = 0.037 hp

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Problem 6
The system shown below has a hydraulic cylinder with a suspended load W. The
cylinder piston and the rod diameters are 2.5 in and 0.25 in respectively. The pressure
relief valve setting is 1600 psi. Determine pressure p2 for a constant cylinder speed if

a. W = 575 lb
b. W = 0 (load is removed)

Figure for Problem 6

a. W = 575 lb

1. Calculate the piston and rod areas:

Ap = π * (Dp/2)^2 = π * (2.5/2)^2 = 4.91 in^2

Ar = π * (Dr/2)^2 = π * (0.25/2)^2 = 0.0491 in^2

2. Calculate the force exerted by the load on the piston:

Fw = W = 575 lb

3. Calculate the required pressure on the piston to balance the load:

P1 = Fw / Ap = 575 lb / 4.91 in^2 = 117.1 psi

4. Determine the pressure p2:

p2 = 1600 psi.

b. W = 0 (load is removed)

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1. Calculate the required pressure on the piston to balance the load:

Fw = 0 lb

P1 = Fw / Ap = 0 lb / 4.91 in^2 = 0 psi

2. Determine the pressure p2:

The pressure p2 will depend on the pump pressure and the needle valve setting.

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Problem 7
A double-acting cylinder is hooked up in the regenerative circuit
shown. The relief valve setting is 110 bars. The piston area is
300 cm2 and the rod area is 65 cm2. If the pump flow is 0.0085
m3/s, find the cylinder speed and load-carrying capacity for the
a. Extending stroke
b. Retracting stroke

a. Extending stroke:
The flow rate to the cylinder, Qc = Qp = 0.0085 m3/s
2. Calculate the piston velocity:
Vc = Qc / Ap = 0.0085 m3/s / 300 cm2 = 0.0283 m/s
3. Calculate the load-carrying capacity:
F = P * Ap = 110 bar * 300 cm2 = 33000 N

b. Retracting stroke:
1. Calculate the flow rate to the cylinder:
Qc = Qp = 0.0085 m3/s.
Therefore, the flow rate to the cylinder during the retracting stroke will be zero, Qc = 0.
2. Calculate the piston velocity:
Vc = Qc / Ar = 0 m/s
3. Calculate the load-carrying capacity:
F = P * Ar = 110 bar * 65 cm2 = 7150 N

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Problem 8
For the system shown (for the extension strokes
of the cylinders), what pump pressure is required
if the cylinder loads are 12000 lb each and
cylinder 1 has a piston diameter of 6in?

Area of a circle, A = π * (D/2)^2

A1 = π * (6/2)^2 = 28.27 in^2

Force = Pressure * Area

P1 = F / A1 = 12000 lb / 28.27 in^2 = 424.4 psi

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Problem 9
a. Calculate the required size of a receiver that must supply air to a pneumatic
system consuming 25 scfm for 12 min between 180 psi and 155 psi before the
compressor resumes operation.
b. What size is required if the compressor is running and delivering air at 12 scfm?

Volume (V_consumed) = Q * t = 25 scfm * 12 min = 300 scf

Use the ideal gas law to find the volume of the receiver:
PV = nRT P1V1 = P2V2 V2 = (P1 * V1) / P2 = (180 psi * 300 scf) / 155
psi
≈ 348.39 scf

Net consumption = Q_consumed - Q_delivered = 25 scfm - 12 scfm = 13 scfm

V_consumed = Net consumption * t = 13 scfm * 12 min = 156 scf
Use the ideal gas law to find the volume of the receiver:
V2 = (P1 * V1) / P2 = (180 psi * 156 scf) / 155 psi = 181.29 scf

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Problem 10
1
Air at 110oF passes through a -in-diameter orifice having a flow capacity constant of
2
3.5. If the upstream pressure is 1500 psi, what is the maximum flow rate in units of scfm
of air?

1. Convert units: T = 110°F + 460 = 570°R d = 0.5 in

2. Calculate the orifice area: A = π/4 * d² A = π/4 * (0.5 in)² A ≈ 0.2027

in²

3. Use the flow equation for orifices: Q = C * A * √(2 * ΔP / ρ)

Where: Q is the flow rate ΔP is the pressure drop across the

orifice ρ is the density of the fluid

4. Calculate the maximum pressure drop: ΔP = P1 - P2 = 1500 psi - 0 psi = 1500

psi

5. Calculate the density of air: PV = mRT

Rearranging for density (ρ = m/V): ρ = P / (RT)

Where: R is the gas constant for air (53.35 ft-lb/lbm-°R)

Converting pressure to psi to lb/ft²: 1 psi = 144 lb/ft²

ρ = (1500 psi * 144 lb/ft²/psi) / (53.35 ft-lb/lbm-°R * 570°R) = 7.53

lbm/ft³

6. Plug in the values and calculate the flow rate:

Q = 3.5 * 0.2027 in² * √(2 * 1500 psi * 144 lb/ft²/psi / 7.53 lbm/ft³) = 282.2 in³/s

1 scfm = 60 in³/s Q ≈ 282.2 in³/s / 60 in³/s/scfm ≈ 4.7 scfm

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