Chris Rieger

Module 6 Homework
ENGR 330

EOCP 3.1, 5: Perform the calculation and give the result in the form a + jb

jπ e jπ − 1
e2 +
1−j

jπ e jπ − 1
e2 + 1−j

Using Euler's formula, e jθ = cos(θ ) + j sin(θ )

cos ( 2 ) + j sin ( 2 ) +
π π cos(π) + j sin(π) − 1
1−j

−1 − 1
0 + j(1) + 1−j

−2
1j + 1−j

Rationalize the denominator:

−2(1 + j)
1j + (1 − j)(1 + j)

−2(1 + j)
1j +
1 − j2

Since j 2 = − 1:
−2(1 + j)
1j + 1 − (−1)
−2(1 + j)
1j + 2

1j + (−1 − j )

1j − 1 − j

(−1 − 1) + (1j − j )

∴ a + bj = − 2 + 0j or −2
Chris Rieger
Module 6 Homework
ENGR 330

EOCP 3.2, 5: Polar form of the previous question:

The given expression is:

jπ e jπ − 1
e2 + 1−j

jπ
For the term e 2 :

e 2 = cos ( 2 ) + j sin ( 2 ) = 0 + j(1)

jπ π π

e jπ − 1
For the term 1−j
:
e jπ − 1 cos(π) + j sin(π) − 1 −1 − 1 −2
1−j
= 1−j
= 1−j
= 1−j

−2
Convert the term 1−j
into polar form.

Multiply both the numerator and denominator by the complex conjugate of the
denominator to rationalize it:
−2 1+j −2(1 + j) −2(1 + j) −2(1 + j)
⋅
1−j 1+j
= 2
= 1 − (−1)
= 2
=−1−j
1−j

Polar forms of both terms:

0 + j(1) + (−1 − j ) = − 1 + 0j

The polar form of the expression is −1 + 0j.

Calculate the magnitude:

| − 1 + 0j | = (−1)2 + 0 2 = 1=1

The magnitude is 1.

Calculate the argument:

arg(−1 + 0j ) = arctan ( −1 ) = arctan(0) = 0
0

The argument is 0.

Therefore, in polar form, the expression is 1∠0 or simply 1.

Chris Rieger
Module 6 Homework
ENGR 330

EOCP 3.6, 10: Find the frequency response for each of the following systems:

y(n) = x (n) + x (n − 1) + x (n − 3) + x (n − 4)

To find the frequency response of the given system, use the Z-transform. The Z-transform
of a discrete-time signal x(n) is defined as:
∞
X(z) = ∑n=−∞ x (n)z −n

Similarly, the Z-transform of the output signal y(n) can be denoted as Y(z).

Apply the Z-transform to the given system:

Y(z) = X(z) + X(z)z −1 + X(z)z −3 + X(z)z −4

Y(z) = X(z)(1 + z −1 + z −3 + z −4 )

The expression inside the parentheses represents the transfer function of the system.
Denote it as H(z):

H(z) = 1 + z −1 + z −3 + z −4

The frequency response of the system is obtained by evaluating H(z) on the unit circle in
the complex plane. Let's substitute z with e jω, where ω is the angular frequency:

H(e jω) = 1 + e −jω + e −3jω + e −4jω

Simplifying further:

H(e jω) = 1 + e −jω + e −3jω + e −4jω

H(e jω) = 1 + cos(ω) − j sin(ω) + cos(3ω) − j sin(3ω) + cos(4ω) − j sin(4ω)

The magnitude response of the system is obtained by taking the absolute value of H (e jω):

| H(e jω) | = [1 + cos(ω) + cos(3ω) + cos(4ω)]2 + [sin(ω) + sin(3ω) + sin(4ω)]2

This expression gives us the frequency response of the system for all values of ω.
Chris Rieger
Module 6 Homework
ENGR 330

EOCP 3.9, 9: Find the Fourier transform of the following signal:

(.5)n − 1u(n − 1) * δ(n) * δ(n), where * is for convolution.

The signal can be written as:

(0.5)(n − 1)u(n − 1) * δ(n) * δ(n)

Since the signal has two delta functions:

(0.5)(n − 1)u(n − 1) * δ(n) * δ(n) = (0.5)(n − 1)u(n − 1) * δ(0) = (0.5)(n − 1)u(n − 1)

Find the Fourier transform of (0.5)(n − 1)u(n − 1).

The Fourier transform of (0.5)(n − 1)u(n − 1) can be calculated using the properties of the
Fourier transform. Let's denote the Fourier transform of (0.5)(n − 1)u(n − 1) as X( f ).

Using the time-shifting property of the Fourier transform, we have:

X( f ) = e −j2π f ⋅ F{(0.5)(n − 1)u(n − 1)}

To find the Fourier transform of (0.5)(n − 1)u(n − 1), let's first find the Fourier transform
of (n − 1)u(n − 1).

The Fourier transform of (n − 1)u(n − 1) can be calculated using the properties of the
Fourier transform. Denote the Fourier transform of (n − 1)u(n − 1) as Y( f ).

Using the time-shifting property of the Fourier transform:

Y( f ) = e −j2π f ⋅ F{(n − 1)u(n − 1)}

Now, find the Fourier transform of (n − 1)u(n − 1).

Using the definition of the Fourier transform:

∞
F{(n − 1)u(n − 1)} = ∑n=−∞ (n − 1)u(n − 1) ⋅ e −j2π f n

Since (n − 1)u(n − 1) is a right-sided signal, the sum can be simplified as follows:

∞
F{(n − 1)u(n − 1)} = ∑n=1 (n − 1) ⋅ e −j2π f n

Expanding the sum, we have:

∞ ∞
F{(n − 1)u(n − 1)} = ∑n=1 n e −j2π f n − ∑n=1 e −j2π f n

Using the geometric series formula, simplify the sums:

1 1
F{(n − 1)u(n − 1)} = −j2π f 2
− −j2π f
(1 − e ) 1−e
Chris Rieger
Module 6 Homework
ENGR 330

Now, substituting Y( f ) back into the equation for X( f ), we have:

X( f ) = e −j2π f ⋅ Y( f )

Therefore, the Fourier transform of the original signal (.5)(n − 1)u(n − 1) * δ(n) * δ(n) is
given by:

[ (1 − e−j2π f )2 1 − e −j2π f ]
1 1
X( f ) = e −j2π f −

EOPC 3.10, 2: Use the Fourier transform to find the output y(n) when the input is
x (n) = (.5)nu(n) for the following systems:

h(n) = δ(n − 1) + δ(n − 2)

The Fourier transform of a discrete-time signal is defined as:

∞
X(ω) = ∑n=−∞ x (n)e −jωn

where X(ω) represents the Fourier transform of the signal x (n).

In this case, the input signal is given by:

x (n) = (0.5)nu(n) where u(n) is the unit step function. The Fourier transform of x (n) is
denoted as X(ω).

Now, find the Fourier transform of x (n):

∞
X(ω) = ∑n=−∞ (0.5)nu(n)e −jωn

To evaluate this summation, split it into two parts: one for n < 0 and another for n ≥ 0.

For n < 0, the unit step function is zero:

∞
X(ω) = ∑n=0 (0.5)n e −jωn

Now, apply the geometric series formula:

∞ a
∑n=0 ar n = 1−r
(for | r | < 1)
Chris Rieger
Module 6 Homework
ENGR 330

Applying this formula to our summation, with a = 1 and r = 0.5e −jω:

1
X(ω) =
1 − 0.5e −jω

Consider the system impulse response:

h(n) = δ(n − 1) + δ(n − 2)

The Fourier transform of h(n) is denoted as H(ω).

To find H(ω), use the property of the Fourier transform that states:

ℱ[δ(n − a)] = e −jωa

Applying this property to each term in h(n), we have:

H(ω) = e −jω + e −2 jω

Now, find the output Y(ω) by multiplying X(ω) and H(ω):

1
Y(ω) = X(ω) ⋅ H(ω) = ⋅ (e −jω + e −2 jω)
1 − 0.5e −jω

Finally, to obtain the time-domain output signal y(n), take the inverse Fourier transform of
Y(ω):
1 π
y(n) = ∫ Y(ω)e jωn d ω
2π −π
Chris Rieger
Module 6 Homework
ENGR 330

EOCP 3.13: Consider the following system:

y(n) = x (n) − x (n − 1)

1. Find the steady-state output if x (n) = A cos(n θ ).

2. Find the steady-state response when x (n) = x1(n) + x 2(n). Where x1(n) = B cos(n θ ) and
x 2(n) = C cos(100n θ )
3. What is the system doing?

1. To find the steady-state output, substitute x (n) = A cos(n θ ) into the system equation
y(n) = x (n) − x (n − 1).

y(n) = A cos(n θ ) − A cos((n − 1)θ )

Simplify the equation using the trigonometric identity:

cos(a) − cos(b) = − 2 sin ( 2 )

sin ( 2 ).
a+b a−b

y(n) = − 2A sin ( ) sin ( )

(n + (n − 1))θ (n − (n − 1))θ
2 2

Simplifying further:

y(n) = − 2A sin ( 2nθ

2 )
sin ( 2θ )

y(n) = − 2A sin(n θ )sin ( 2 )

θ

Therefore, the steady-state output is y(n) = − 2A sin(n θ )sin ( 2 ).

θ

2. Now, consider the case when x (n) = x1(n) + x 2(n), where x1(n) = B cos(n θ ) and
x 2(n) = C cos(100n θ ).

Using the given system equation:

y(n) = x (n) − x (n − 1)

y(n) = (x1(n) + x 2(n)) − (x1(n − 1) + x 2(n − 1))

Expanding and simplifying:

y(n) = (B cos(n θ ) + C cos(100n θ )) − (B cos((n − 1)θ ) + C cos(100(n − 1)θ ))

Chris Rieger
Module 6 Homework
ENGR 330

Using the trigonometric identity cos(a) − cos(b) = − 2 sin ( 2 )

sin ( 2 ):
a+b a−b

y(n) = − 2B sin ( ) sin ( ) − 2C sin ( ) sin ( )

(n + (n − 1))θ (n − (n − 1))θ (100n + (100(n − 1)))θ (100n − (100(n − 1)))θ
2 2 2 2

y(n) = − 2B sin ( 2nθ

2 )
sin ( 2θ ) − 2C sin ( 200nθ
2 )
sin ( 99θ
2 )

y(n) = − 2B sin(n θ )sin ( 2 ) − 2C sin(100n θ )sin ( 2 )

θ 99θ

Thus, the steady-state response is given by:

y(n) = − 2B sin(n θ )sin ( 2θ ) − 2C sin(100n θ )sin ( 99θ

2 )
.

3. Based on the steady-state responses obtained in parts 1 and 2, observe that the system is
performing a combination of amplitude modulation and frequency modulation. The output
is influenced by both the amplitude and frequency of the input signals.