COMPUTING

notes
for
BASIC 9

Prepared By
Amoah Miracle
0275199306 / 0243816104
t.me/blue_falcon
 Computing Notes for Basic Nine
STRAND 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING
SUB-STRAND 1: COMPONENTS OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS

CONTENT STANDARD: B9.1.1.1. IDENTIFY PARTS A COMPUTER AND

TECHNOLOGY TOOLS

INDICATOR: B9.1.1.1.1. Discuss the trends in the next generation of

computers

EXEMPLAR(S):
1. Identify features expected to be seen in the next generation
of computers.
2. Describe Google quantum computer (sycamore) and
compare its processing power with other supercomputers
(focus on processor).

GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
The generation of computers refers to the evolution and advancement
of computing technology over time. Computers have undergone
several generations, each marked by significant technological
improvements.

1. First Generation (1940s-1950s): This era introduced

vacuum tube technology. Computers were huge, expensive,
and unreliable. They used machine language and were
primarily used for calculations.
2. Second Generation (1950s-1960s): Transistors replaced
vacuum tubes, reducing size and cost while improving
reliability and speed. Assembly languages were developed,
making programming easier.
3. Third Generation (1960s-1970s): Integrated Circuits (ICs)
replaced transistors, leading to smaller computers with

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increased processing power. High-level programming
languages like COBOL and FORTRAN were developed.
4. Fourth Generation (1970s-1980s): Microprocessors
emerged, allowing entire CPU's to fit on a single chip.
Personal computers became available, leading to a
revolution in home computing. GUIs (Graphical User
Interfaces) were introduced.
5. Fifth Generation (1980s-Present): This era emphasizes
artificial intelligence and parallel processing. Advancements
in AI, machine learning, natural language processing, and
robotics characterize this phase. Quantum computing and
nanotechnology are also being explored.

FEATURES EXPECTED TO BE SEEN IN THE NEXT

GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
The next generation of computers is anticipated to showcase
advancements in several areas, including:
1. Quantum Computing: Quantum computers leverage quantum
bits or qubits to process and store information differently from
classical computers. They utilize quantum mechanics principles
like superposition and entanglement, enabling them to solve
certain complex problems much faster than classical computers.
These systems have the potential to revolutionize fields like
cryptography, drug discovery, optimization, and more due to their
ability to handle large datasets and compute complex algorithms
more efficiently.
2. AI Integration: Future computers are expected to have deeper
integration of AI into their hardware. This might involve
specialized AI chips or architectures that accelerate AI
algorithms, enabling more powerful and efficient machine
learning, natural language processing, computer vision, and other

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AI-driven tasks. This integration can result in smarter and more
adaptable systems that can learn and make decisions in real-time.
3. High-Performance Computing (HPC): Advancements in
processors, memory technologies (like DDR5 RAM), and storage
solutions (such as faster SSDs) will continue to drive increased
computational power. This will enable faster data processing,
simulation, scientific research, and handling of large-scale data
analytics tasks.
4. Advanced Connectivity: The emphasis on faster and more
reliable connectivity, such as 5G and future iterations, is crucial
for supporting the growing demands of data transfer, real-time
communication, IoT devices, and streaming high-definition
content. This advancement will be integral for interconnected
devices and systems.
5. Augmented and Virtual Reality (AR/VR): Future computers
will likely feature improved hardware components like more
powerful GPUs, higher-resolution displays, better sensors, and
faster processors to deliver more immersive AR and VR
experiences. These technologies have applications in
entertainment, education, healthcare, and various industries.
6. Energy Efficiency: As computing power increases, there's a
concurrent focus on developing energy-efficient components and
architectures. This involves advancements in low-power
processors, better cooling systems, and innovative design
approaches to reduce overall power consumption, making
computing more environmentally friendly.
7. Neuromorphic Computing: Inspired by the human brain,
neuromorphic computing aims to create systems that mimic
neural networks' structure and operation. These systems could
offer advantages in learning, adaptability, and efficiency,
potentially revolutionizing AI and machine learning applications.
8. Edge Computing: This involves processing data closer to its
source rather than relying solely on centralized cloud servers.

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Future computers will likely support edge computing by enabling
more powerful and efficient local processing, reducing latency for
applications like IoT, autonomous vehicles, and real-time
analytics.
These features collectively represent the anticipated advancements
that could define the next era of computing technology, each
contributing to enhanced performance, connectivity, efficiency, and
capabilities across various domains.

GOOGLE QUANTUM COMPUTER

(SYCAMORE)

Sycamore Chip

Google Quantum Computer

(Sycamore)
Google's Sycamore is a notable quantum computer developed by
Google Quantum AI Lab. It made headlines in 2019 when it was
reported to have achieved quantum supremacy, demonstrating the
ability to solve a specific problem significantly faster than the most
powerful classical supercomputers.

Google's Sycamore Quantum Computer:

Qubit Count: Sycamore was reported to have 54-qubits,
enabling it to perform calculations leveraging quantum
phenomena like superposition and entanglement.

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Achievement: It was designed to perform a specific random
quantum circuit sampling task, and claimed to surpass the
capabilities of classical supercomputers in completing this task
within a reasonable timeframe.
Technology: Utilizes superconducting qubits and is controlled
by microwave pulses to perform quantum operations.

SUPERCOMPUTER

IBM Summit Supercomputer

Supercomputers are highly powerful and advanced machines
designed to process massive amounts of data and perform complex
calculations at incredible speeds. They are used for various
scientific, engineering, and research purposes, including weather
forecasting, climate modelling, molecular modelling, simulations
for nuclear research, aerospace engineering, and more.
Supercomputers often consist of thousands of processors working
together in parallel to handle tasks that regular computers cannot
manage due to their scale and complexity.

Comparing Quantum Computer with Supercomputer

(Processor)
Processing Power: In terms of raw processing power or speed,
supercomputers are generally still more powerful than quantum
computers like Sycamore in performing a wide range of tasks.

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Specific Tasks: Quantum computers excel in certain specific
tasks like factoring large numbers, optimizing complex systems,
or simulating quantum physics, where they might outperform
classical supercomputers in terms of computational speed.
Quantum Supremacy: The claim of quantum supremacy by
Sycamore was focused on a specific task, not a general
comparison of computational power across various computing
tasks.
In essence, while Sycamore showcased impressive quantum
supremacy in a particular task, supercomputers, with their massive
computational power, remain the dominant force for solving a broad
range of complex problems, especially those not specifically suited for
quantum algorithms or operations.

Differences between Google's Quantum Computer and

Supercomputer with focus on the processor
Google's Quantum
Aspect Supercomputer
Computer
Leverages quantum Operates on classical physics,
phenomena like using traditional bits (0s and
Operating
superposition and 1s) to process data using
Principle
entanglement to process CPUs, GPUs, or specialized
data using qubits processors
Employs classical processors
Utilizes qubits made from like CPUs or GPUs, possibly
Processor superconducting circuits, with custom-designed
Type controlled by microwave architectures for parallel
pulses processing and high-speed
computations
Excels at solving certain Offers immense processing
specific problems power for a wide range of
Processing
exponentially faster than tasks, including simulations,
Power
classical computers due to weather forecasting,
quantum effects scientific computations, etc.

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Google's Quantum
Aspect Supercomputer
Computer
Well-suited for specific Versatile in handling various
quantum algorithms and computational tasks, from
Tasks tasks such as factoring complex simulations to data
Performance large numbers, quantum analysis, depending on the
simulations, and software and hardware
optimization problems configuration
Supercomputers can perform
Quantum computers might
a wide array of tasks
Speed & be faster for certain specific
efficiently, albeit not as fast
Efficiency tasks for which quantum
as quantum computers in
algorithms are designed
certain specialized problems
Quantum computers are Supercomputers have been in
Maturity & still in early development existence for decades,
Development stages with ongoing continually evolving with
Stage research for scalability and advancements in hardware
error correction and software

This comparison highlights the fundamental differences between quantum

computers like Google's and supercomputers, specifically focusing on their
processor types and their respective computational strengths and
limitations.

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INDICATOR: B9.1.1.1.2. Examine the concept of Perceptual Computing.

EXEMPLAR(S):
1. Discuss the features of Perceptual Computing.

PERCEPTUAL COMPUTING
Perceptual computing refers to the development of systems that enable
computers to interpret and respond to human gestures, expressions,
and emotions, often through sensors, cameras, and other input devices.
It involves the integration of various technologies, like computer
vision, machine learning, and natural language processing, to
understand and interact with users more intuitively based on their
actions, expressions, or behaviours. The aim is to create more natural
and human-like interactions between humans and machines, allowing
devices to understand, interpret, and respond to human input beyond
traditional input methods like keyboards and mice.

Examples of Perceptual Computing Devices and Their

Applications
1. Microsoft Kinect: Originally designed for gaming, Kinect uses
cameras and depth sensors to track body movements, enabling
users to interact with Xbox games through gestures and voice
commands. Beyond gaming, it has been used in healthcare for
physical therapy, gesture-based control systems, and even in
robotics for motion tracking.
2. Gesture-Controlled Smartphones: Some smartphones
incorporate gesture recognition technology to enable users to
perform certain actions without touching the screen. For
instance, users can wave their hand to answer calls, navigate
through apps, or capture photos without physically touching the
device.
3. Virtual Reality (VR) Headsets: VR devices often employ
perceptual computing technologies, such as motion tracking and
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spatial mapping, to create immersive experiences. They track
head movements, hand gestures, and sometimes eye movements
to allow users to interact with and navigate through virtual
environments.
4. Smart Assistants (e.g., Amazon Echo, Google Home): These
devices utilize speech recognition and natural language
processing to understand and respond to voice commands. They
can perform various tasks like playing music, providing
information, controlling smart home devices, and more, making
interactions more natural and conversational.
5. Facial Recognition Systems: Used for security, access control,
and authentication purposes, facial recognition systems identify
and verify individuals based on their facial features. These
systems are employed in smartphones, surveillance cameras,
and even at airport security checkpoints.
These examples demonstrate how perceptual computing devices
leverage technologies like computer vision, voice recognition, gesture
tracking, and machine learning to enhance user experiences and enable
more intuitive interactions between humans and technology.

Key Features of Perceptual Computing

1. Natural Interaction: Perceptual computing enables more
natural and intuitive interactions between humans and
machines by allowing devices to understand gestures, facial
expressions, voice commands, and other non-verbal cues.
2. Gesture and Motion Recognition: It involves technologies
that recognize and interpret gestures, body movements, and
motions using sensors, cameras, and depth perception to
interact with devices without physical touch.
3. Facial and Emotion Recognition: Perceptual computing
systems can identify facial features, emotions, and expressions

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to infer the user's mood or intent, allowing for personalized
responses or adjustments in the interaction.
4. Speech and Voice Recognition: This feature allows devices to
understand and respond to spoken commands or queries,
enabling hands-free interaction and control of various
applications or devices.
5. Machine Learning and AI Integration: Perceptual
computing often incorporates machine learning algorithms and
artificial intelligence to continuously improve and adapt to
users' behaviours, preferences, and patterns of interaction.
6. Contextual Understanding: Systems aim to comprehend the
context of the interaction, combining various inputs (gestures,
voice, facial expressions) to provide more contextually relevant
responses or actions.
7. Immersive Experiences: Perceptual computing enhances
immersion in virtual environments, games, and simulations by
tracking movements, gestures, and spatial awareness, creating
more engaging and realistic experiences.
These features collectively aim to bridge the gap between humans and
technology, enabling more natural, seamless, and personalized
interactions, ultimately enhancing user experiences across various
applications and devices.
Some Perceptual Computing Devices

Amazon Echo Device

Google Home
Device Microsoft Kinect Device
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INDICATOR: B9.1.1.1.3 Discuss the uses of Output devices such as
Wearable Displays, E-Paper, E-Books, Kindle

EXEMPLAR(S):
Describe Wearable Displays (e.g. Google Glass), E-Paper, E-Books (e.g.
Kindle)

WEARABLE DISPLAYS
Wearable displays are small, electronic displays that can be worn on
the head or body. They are used to provide information to the user
without the need for a separate device, such as a smartphone or tablet.
Some examples of wearable displays include:
❖ Google Glass: It is a wearable smart device developed by
Google that resembles a pair of
glasses. It incorporates an
optical head-mounted
display (OHMD) that projects
information onto the wearer's
field of vision. Google Glass offers features like taking photos
and videos, accessing information via voice commands,
providing notifications, and displaying information such as
directions, messages, and weather updates. Although the initial
Explorer Edition faced various challenges and was
discontinued, Google has continued to explore and develop
similar technology for enterprise and specialized applications.
❖ Smart Glasses: Smart glasses refer to wearable devices that
resemble traditional glasses but
come equipped with technology
that provides additional features
beyond vision correction. These
glasses can have various

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functionalities like displaying information, capturing media,
accessing the internet, providing augmented reality
experiences, or incorporating sensors for fitness tracking or
navigation. They aim to enhance the user's experience by
integrating technology into everyday eyewear. They
incorporate a display and other electronic components, such as
a camera and microphone.
❖ Smartwatches: Smartwatches are wearable devices designed
to be worn on the wrist, offering various
functionalities beyond timekeeping.
They typically connect to a smartphone
and can display notifications, track
fitness metrics like steps, heart rate, and
sleep patterns, as well as provide access
to apps, calls, messages, emails, weather
updates, music playback, and more. Smartwatches often feature
touchscreens, voice assistants, and customizable watch faces,
catering to users' needs for both convenience and health and
fitness monitoring. They've become popular due to their
versatility and ability to integrate with other devices, enhancing
daily productivity and lifestyle management.
❖ AR/VR headsets: AR (Augmented Reality) and VR (Virtual
Reality) headsets are wearable devices that offer immersive
experiences in different ways:
Augmented Reality (AR) Headsets: AR headsets overlay
digital information or virtual objects
onto the real world, allowing users to see
and interact with both the physical
environment and computer-generated
elements. They provide contextual
information, enable hands-free
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interaction, and are used in various industries like gaming,
education, healthcare, and more.
Virtual Reality (VR) Headsets: VR headsets create entirely
immersive digital environments,
shutting out the physical world and
transporting users to computer-
generated simulations or
experiences. They often have
motion tracking and controllers,
enabling users to interact with and
navigate through the virtual world,
commonly used in gaming, training
simulations, design, and entertainment.
Both AR and VR headsets aim to enhance experiences by creating
immersive, interactive, and sometimes realistic digital environments,
each with its unique applications and use cases.

Wearable displays have the potential to revolutionize the way we

interact with technology. They can provide information and
entertainment without the need to carry around a separate device, and
they can be used to control other devices with hands-free gestures or
voice commands.

E-PAPER
E-paper is a display technology that is designed
to mimic the appearance of real paper.
It is made up of millions of tiny capsules that
are filled with black and white particles. When
an electric field is applied to a capsule, the
particles are attracted to the top or bottom of the
capsule, depending on the polarity of the field.
This causes the capsule to appear black or white.

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E-paper has several advantages over traditional LCD displays. It is
much more energy efficient, which means that it can last for weeks on
a single charge.
E-paper is also much easier to read in bright sunlight, and it does not
produce any glare. E-paper is most commonly used in e-readers, such
as the Kindle. It is also used in some smartphones and tablets.

E-BOOKS (e.g. Kindle)

E-books are digital versions of books that
are stored on a device such as an e-reader,
tablet, or smartphone. They can be
downloaded from the internet or purchased
from online bookstores.
E-books have several advantages over
traditional paper books. They are much
more portable, so you can carry around a
large library of books in your pocket or
purse. E-books are also more
environmentally friendly, as they do not require the cutting down of
trees. And, e-books can be customized to the reader's preferences, such
as font size and line spacing.
The most popular e-reader is the Kindle, which is manufactured by
Amazon. Other popular e-readers include the Kobo, Nook, and Sony
Reader.
E-books and e-paper are both rapidly growing technologies with the
potential to change the way we read and interact with information.

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INDICATOR: B9.1.1.1.4 Describe Storage Systems: Network and Cloud
Storage Systems, Smart Cards, Holographic Storage, Storage Systems
for Large Computer Systems (home servers or media servers)

EXEMPLAR(S):
1. Discuss Network and Cloud Storage Systems, Smart Cards,
Holographic Storage, Storage Systems for Large Computer Systems
(home servers or media servers).
2. Explore common cloud storage examples such as Google Drive, One
Drive, etc.
3. Discuss the pros and cons of using cloud storage.

STORAGE SYSTEMS IN COMPUTING

Storage systems in computing refer to the various methods and
technologies used to store and manage data. Here are some of the
common types:
1. Hard Disk Drives (HDDs): HDDs use spinning disks coated
with magnetic material to store data. They provide relatively
large storage capacities at affordable prices and are commonly
used in computers and servers.
2. Solid State Drives (SSDs): SSDs store data in flash memory
chips and have no moving parts. They are faster, more durable,
and consume less power than HDDs, making them popular for
both personal and enterprise use.
3. External Drives: These include portable HDDs or SSDs that can
be connected to computers via USB or other interfaces for
additional storage or backup purposes.
4. Cloud Storage: Cloud storage involves storing data on remote
servers accessed over the internet. Services like Google Drive,
Dropbox, and Amazon S3 offer scalable storage solutions
accessible from anywhere with an internet connection.
5. Network-Attached Storage (NAS): NAS systems are dedicated
devices connected to a network, providing centralized storage
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accessible by multiple users and devices. They are often used
for backup, file sharing, and data storage.
6. Storage Area Networks (SANs): SANs are high-speed
networks that connect storage devices (like disks or tape drives)
to servers, allowing multiple servers to access shared storage
resources.
7. Tape Storage: Though less common for personal use, tape
storage involves data storage on magnetic tapes and is often
used for long-term archiving due to its cost-effectiveness and
durability.
These storage systems vary in terms of capacity, speed, accessibility,
cost, and use cases, catering to different needs across personal,
business, and enterprise computing environments.

NETWORK AND CLOUD STORAGE SYSTEMS, SMART CARDS,

HOLOGRAPHIC STORAGE, STORAGE SYSTEMS FOR LARGE
COMPUTER SYSTEMS
A Network Storage System refers to a centralized repository of data
accessible over a computer network. It's
designed to store, manage, and provide
access to data for multiple users or
devices within a network. Network
storage can be in the form of Network
Attached Storage (NAS) or Storage
Area Network (SAN).
NAS (Network Attached Storage): It's a file-level data storage
device connected to a network, allowing multiple users and
heterogeneous client devices to access data. NAS systems are easy to
set up, manage, and are ideal for small to medium-sized businesses or
home networks.
SAN (Storage Area Network): It's a high-speed network that
connects storage devices with servers. SAN operates at the block level
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and provides a more efficient, scalable, and high-performance solution
suitable for large enterprises or organizations dealing with heavy data
transactions, such as databases or high-end applications.
Both NAS and SAN systems offer advantages in terms of data sharing,
storage management, and access control, catering to diverse
requirements based on the scale and specific needs of an organization
or network.
Cloud storage systems refer to remote data storage solutions where
digital data is stored, managed, and maintained on remote servers
accessed over the internet. These systems provide users with the
ability to store files, documents, media, and other digital assets on a
network of servers hosted by a third-party provider.
Key aspects of cloud storage systems include:
Remote Access: Users can access their stored data from
anywhere with an internet connection using various devices
like computers, smartphones, or tablets.
Scalability: Cloud storage systems offer scalable storage
options, allowing users to increase or decrease their storage
capacity as needed without the hassle of physical hardware
upgrades.
Redundancy and Reliability: Data stored in the cloud is often
replicated across multiple servers and locations, ensuring
redundancy and reliability, minimizing the risk of data loss.
Cost Efficiency: Users typically pay for the amount of
storage space they use, allowing for cost-effective solutions
as opposed to investing in and maintaining physical storage
infrastructure.
Popular examples of cloud storage services include Google Drive,
Dropbox, Microsoft OneDrive, and Amazon Web Services (AWS)
S3. These services offer various features, security measures, and
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integration options, catering to both individual users and businesses
seeking flexible and convenient storage solution

A smart card is a small, portable, credit card-sized plastic card

embedded with an integrated
circuit chip. This chip can process
data and perform various
functions. Smart cards are used for
a wide range of applications due to
their ability to securely store and
manage information.
Here are some common uses and
features of smart cards:
Security Access: Smart cards are often used for secure access
control, such as gaining entry to buildings, systems, or
networks. They can store authentication information like
passwords or cryptographic keys.
Payment and Transactions: Many credit and debit cards now
include smart card technology for secure transactions. These
cards can store financial data and perform encrypted
transactions, adding an extra layer of security.
Identification and Authentication: Smart cards are used for
identification purposes, like in electronic passports, national
ID cards, employee identification, and healthcare cards. They
can securely store personal information.
Data Storage: Smart cards have storage capacity for various
types of data, including personal information, digital
certificates, biometric data, and more.
The embedded chip in a smart card can either have contact points
on the surface of the card (requiring physical contact with a card
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reader) or be contactless, using radio frequency (RFID) technology,
where the card communicates wirelessly with a card reader.
Smart cards offer enhanced security compared to traditional
magnetic stripe cards because the data stored on them is more
difficult to copy or tamper with. As a result, they are widely used in
various industries to provide secure and convenient access,
payment, and storage of sensitive information.
Holographic storage is an advanced data storage technology that
uses three-dimensional
holograms to store
information. Unlike
traditional optical storage
methods that record data
on the surface of a disc,
holographic storage stores
data throughout the entire
volume of the medium.
Key aspects of holographic storage include:
Three-dimensional Storage: Holographic storage records
data using the interference patterns of laser light in three
dimensions within the storage medium, allowing for multiple
layers of information to be stored in the same volume.
High Data Density: Due to its nature of storing data in three
dimensions, holographic storage offers significantly higher
data density compared to traditional storage methods. This
enables the potential for storing large amounts of data in a
smaller physical space.
Fast Data Access: Retrieval of data from holographic storage
can be faster compared to conventional storage methods
because multiple bits of information can be read or written
simultaneously.
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Data Stability: Holographic storage has the potential for
increased durability and stability of data since it is stored
throughout the medium rather than just on the surface.
Although holographic storage technology shows promise for high-
capacity and fast data access, its widespread adoption has been
limited due to various challenges in commercialization, such as high
production costs, complexity in creating reliable read/write
mechanisms, and competition from other evolving storage
technologies like solid-state drives (SSDs) and cloud-based storage
solutions. Nonetheless, ongoing research and advancements
continue to explore the potential of holographic storage for future
data storage needs.

Storage Systems for Large Computer Systems

What are large computer systems?
Large computer systems typically refer to computing environments
that involve significant computational power, extensive data
storage, complex networking, and high-performance requirements.
These systems can vary in scale, purpose, and usage, catering to
various fields and industries. Some examples of large computer
systems include:
Enterprise Servers: These encompass large-scale servers
designed to manage and process data for businesses or
organizations. They handle tasks such as database
management, web hosting, application deployment, and
enterprise-level services.
Supercomputers: These are among the most powerful
computing systems, utilized for scientific research,
simulations, weather forecasting, complex modelling, and
other computationally intensive tasks. Supercomputers are

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designed to perform massive calculations at incredibly high
speeds.
Data Centres: These centralized facilities house a large
number of servers, networking equipment, and storage
systems to manage and process vast amounts of data. Data
centres are crucial for cloud computing, online services, and
internet-based applications.
High-Performance Computing Clusters (HPC): HPC clusters
consist of interconnected computers or nodes that work
together to solve complex problems requiring substantial
computational resources. They are utilized in scientific
research, engineering simulations, and academic institutions.
Mainframe Computers: These robust and powerful
computers are known for their reliability, scalability, and
ability to handle massive workloads. Mainframes are often
used by large organizations for critical applications like
financial transactions, billing systems, and administrative
purposes.
Large-Scale Distributed Systems: These encompass
interconnected computing systems spread across different
geographical locations, working collaboratively to perform
tasks that require distributed resources. Examples include
content delivery networks (CDNs), global cloud
infrastructures, and interconnected IoT networks.
Large computer systems typically involve high processing power,
extensive memory, sophisticated networking infrastructure, and
specialized software to handle the demands of complex
computations, massive data processing, and critical operations.
They play a crucial role in various industries, scientific research,
and technological advancements, supporting tasks that require
substantial computational resources and data handling capabilities.

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For large computer systems, such as home servers and media
servers that require substantial storage capacity and reliability,
several storage systems are commonly used
Network Attached Storage (NAS): NAS devices are dedicated file-
level data storage servers connected to a network. They are suitable
for home or small office setups and offer centralized storage
accessible to multiple devices. NAS systems often come with RAID
configurations for data redundancy and various software
functionalities like remote access, media streaming, and automated
backups.
Direct Attached Storage (DAS): DAS involves directly attaching
storage devices to a server or computer. It's useful for high-
performance applications and can be expanded by adding more
drives or enclosures. DAS is suitable for scenarios where local
access speed is crucial, such as media editing or high-speed data
transfer.
Storage Area Network (SAN): SAN is a high-speed network
dedicated to providing block-level storage to multiple servers.
SANs are commonly used in large-scale environments where high
performance, scalability, and shared access to storage resources
among multiple servers are essential. They often use Fibre Channel
or iSCSI protocols for connectivity.
Cloud-Based Storage: Cloud storage services like Google Drive,
Dropbox, or Amazon S3 are viable options for large-scale data
storage. They offer scalability, accessibility from anywhere with an
internet connection, and often have features for data backup,
synchronization, and sharing.
When setting up storage for large computer systems like home
servers or media servers, it's essential to consider factors such as
scalability, performance needs, data redundancy, ease of
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management, and security to determine the most suitable storage
solution. RAID configurations, backup strategies, and data access
protocols should also be considered based on the specific
requirements and expected usage patterns of the system.
COMMON EXAMPLES OF CLOUD STORAGE
Google Drive: This is a cloud storage service offered by Google that
integrates with its other products, such as Gmail,
Google Photos, Google Docs, and Google
Workspace. You can store any type of file on
Google Drive and access them from any device.
You can also share and collaborate on files with
others. Google Drive offers 15 GB of free
storage, and you can upgrade to more storage plans starting from $1.99
per month for 100 GB.
OneDrive: This is a cloud storage service offered by Microsoft that
integrates with its other products, such as
Windows, Office, Outlook, and Microsoft
365. You can store any type of file on
OneDrive and access them from any
device. You can also share and collaborate
on files with others. OneDrive offers 5 GB
of free storage, and you can upgrade to more storage plans starting
from $1.99 per month for 100 GB.
Dropbox: This is a cloud storage service that lets you store any type
of file and sync them across your
devices. You can also share and
collaborate on files with others. Dropbox
offers 2 GB of free storage, and you can
upgrade to more storage plans starting
from $9.99 per month for 2 TB.

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iCloud (Apple): iCloud is Apple's native cloud storage solution,
offering 5 GB of free storage and is tightly
integrated into the Apple ecosystem. It allows
users to store photos, videos, files, and
backups of iOS devices. iCloud Drive enables
file storage and synchronization across Apple
devices, including Macs, iPhones, and iPads. It
also offers collaboration features and app-specific storage solutions.

pCloud: This is a cloud storage service that offers high security and
speed for your files. You can store any type of file and access them
from any device. You can also share and collaborate on files with
others. pCloud offers 10 GB of free storage, and you can upgrade to
more storage plans starting from $3.99 per month for 500 GB. You
can also opt for a lifetime plan that gives you one-time payment for
permanent storage.
Sync: This is a cloud storage service that focuses on privacy and
encryption for your files. You can store any type of file and access
them from any device. You can also share and collaborate on files with
others. Sync offers 5 GB of free storage, and you can upgrade to more
storage plans starting from $5 per month for 200 GB
Amazon Drive: Amazon Drive offers 5 GB of free storage and
integrates with Amazon’s other services like Prime Photos. It allows
users to store photos, videos, documents, and other files. Amazon
Drive provides options for file sharing, syncing, and accessing files
from various devices.
Pros and Cons of Cloud Storage
Cloud storage offers several advantages and disadvantages compared
to traditional storage methods like external hard drives.

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Pros (Advantages):
● Accessibility: Cloud storage allows you to access your files from
any device with an internet connection, regardless of location.
● Scalability: Cloud storage can easily scale to meet your growing
storage needs.
● Backup and Disaster Recovery: Cloud storage providers
automatically back up your data, protecting it from accidental
deletion, hardware failure, and natural disasters.
● Cost-effectiveness: Cloud storage can be more cost-effective
than purchasing and maintaining your own storage hardware.
● Collaboration: Cloud storage enables real-time collaboration on
documents and files with others.
● Security: Cloud storage providers offer advanced security
features, such as encryption and access controls, to protect your
data.
Cons (Disadvantages):
● Internet dependence: You need an internet connection to access
your files in the cloud.
● Privacy concerns: Your data is stored on someone else's servers,
raising privacy concerns for some users.
● Vendor lock-in: Switching cloud storage providers can be
complex and time-consuming.
● Data caps and fees: Some cloud storage services have data caps
and charge additional fees for exceeding those limits.
● Limited control: You have less control over your data compared
to storing it on your own devices.

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CONTENT STANDARD: B9.1.1.2 DEMONSTRATE THE USE OF THE
DESKTOP

INDICATOR: B91.1.2.1 Explore Personalization of the Computer

EXEMPLAR(S):
1. Change desktop icons.
2. Change mouse pointers

THE WINDOWS DESKTOP

The Windows Desktop is the main screen you see after logging into
your computer, where you run programs, access files, and personalize
your computer. It's similar to a physical desktop where you organize
your things, hence the name.
It consists of:

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● Work area: The main space where you arrange icons, folders,
and open windows.
● Taskbar: The bar at the bottom of the screen with the Start
button, open windows, and system tray icons.
● Wallpaper: The background image behind everything else.
● Additional components: Some versions of Windows also
include widgets, quick access panels, and search bars.

Desktop Icons
Desktop icons are graphical or symbolic representations of files,
folders, applications, and software that are used to navigate and access
them on your computer screen. They are part of the graphical user
interface (GUI) of your operating system, such as Windows or macOS.
When you click or double-click an icon, the associated file or program
opens or an action is performed.

Some common desktop icons on Windows are:

-This PC: This icon shows you the drives and folders on your
computer. You can use it to browse and manage your files and data.
- Recycle Bin: This icon shows you the location where you can restore
deleted files and folders. You can also empty the Recycle Bin to
permanently delete them.
-Edge: This icon shows you the web browser that comes with
Windows. You can use it to access websites and online services.
-Documents: This icon shows you the folder where you can store your
personal documents, such as documents, pictures, music, etc.

Changing Desktop Icons

❖ Right-click on an empty space on your desktop.
❖ Select Personalize.
❖ In the left pane, choose Themes.
❖ Under Related settings, click Desktop icon settings.

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The Desktop Icon Setting Dialog box

❖ Check or uncheck the boxes next to the icons you want to show
or hide.
❖ You can also click Change icon to change the icon for a specific
item.
❖ Click Apply and then OK to save your change.

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Changing the Mouse Pointer
To change mouse pointers, you can follow these steps:

1. Open Settings in Windows 10 by clicking the Start menu button in

the bottom left corner of your screen and clicking the gear icon.
2. Select “Devices,” “Mouse,” and then “Additional mouse options.”
Alternatively, you can type “mouse” into the search box to find the
right options.
3. A window named “Mouse Properties” will open. To change the
look of your mouse cursor, go to “Pointers,” click "Browse" and
scroll through the different cursor styles that are available in
Windows 10. Select the one you like best, then click "OK" to
confirm.
4. To change the size and colour of your mouse cursor, go to “Ease
of access mouse settings” in Settings and select “Mouse pointer”
in the side menu. Use the "Change pointer size" slider to change
the size of the mouse cursor. Choose one of the "Change the pointer
colour" options to change the colour of your mouse cursor.

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INDICATOR: B9.1.1.2.2 Identify and use file management techniques
(drivers and hardware)

EXEMPLAR(S):
1. Identify and explore the use of device drivers e. g. sound drivers and
video graphic drivers.
2. Explain plug-and-play devices.
3. Demonstrate how to install, update or delete drivers.

DEVICE DRIVERS
What are device drivers?
Device drivers are software programs that facilitate communication
between an operating system and hardware devices attached to a
computer.
In the world of computers, a device driver acts like a translator
between your operating system and the hardware attached to your
machine. It’s a specialized piece of software that unlocks the
functionalities of your hardware, allowing your computer to
understand and communicate with things like printers, keyboards,
graphics cards, and even internal components like hard drives.
Here are some key points about device drivers:
They’re specific: Each type of hardware (e.g., printer, graphics card)
needs its own unique driver. Trying to use the wrong driver can lead
to malfunctions or even damage your hardware.
They’re often updated: Device manufacturers regularly release new
drivers that fix bugs, improve performance, or add new features. It’s
important to keep your drivers up-to-date for optimal performance and
security.
You don’t usually interact with them directly: Drivers work behind the
scenes, so you usually don’t need to mess with them unless you’re
having problems. However, in some cases, you might need to install
or update drivers manually.

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Examples of devices drivers and the role they play in computers are as
follows;
1. Sound Drivers: Sound drivers manage audio devices like
speakers, microphones, sound cards, etc. They enable the
operating system to produce, record, and manipulate sound,
ensuring that audio hardware works correctly and interfaces
with software applications.
2. Graphics Drivers: Graphic drivers are crucial for video cards or
GPUs. They translate commands from the operating system
into commands that the graphics hardware understands. They
optimize display resolutions, refresh rates, and enable
functionalities like 3D rendering and video playback.
3. Network Drivers: These drivers manage network interfaces
such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etc. They facilitate the
communication between the computer and the network,
ensuring proper data transmission, connection stability, and
compatibility with different network protocols.
4. Printer Drivers: Printer drivers allow the operating system to
communicate with printers, enabling users to send print jobs
from their computers. They interpret print job commands and
format data to be printed in a way that the specific printer model
can understand.
5. Storage Drivers: These drivers manage storage devices like
hard drives, solid-state drives (SSDs), and optical drives. They
allow the OS to read and write data to these devices, ensuring
proper storage access and efficient data transfer.
6. Other Essential Drivers: The list of device drivers doesn’t end
there! You’ll find drivers for keyboards, mice, touchpads,
webcams, scanners, external hard drives, and even internal
components like your motherboard and chipset. Each driver
plays a crucial role in ensuring smooth operation and optimal
performance for its corresponding hardware.

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Keeping Your Drivers Up-to-Date:
Remember, device drivers are constantly evolving. New versions fix
bugs, improve performance, and sometimes even add new features.
It’s essential to keep your drivers up-to-date for optimal functionality
and security. Most operating systems offer built-in tools for driver
updates, but you can also download drivers directly from the
manufacturer's website.
By understanding the vital role of device drivers, you can appreciate
the complex symphony of software and hardware that powers your
computer. These unsung heroes work tirelessly behind the scenes,
ensuring seamless communication and unlocking the full potential of
your technological marvels. So, the next time you fire up your
computer and enjoy a flawless online gaming session, print a stunning
photo, or blast your favourite tunes, remember the silent heroes – the
device drivers – that make it all possible!
PLUG AND PLAY (PNP) DEVICES
Plug-and-play (PnP) refers to the capability of a computer system to
detect and configure hardware devices automatically when they are
connected (plugged in) without requiring manual intervention or
additional configuration by the user.
With plug-and-play functionality, when a compatible device is
connected to the computer—such as USB devices, external hard
drives, printers, keyboards, and more—the operating system detects it.
The system then identifies the device and loads the necessary device
drivers or configuration settings automatically. This enables the device
to be immediately usable without the user needing to install drivers or
make complex configurations.

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The Magic Behind Plug & Play:

Standardized Hardware: These devices follow universal
specifications for things like connectors and communication protocols.
Think of it like a universal language for hardware.
Pre-Loaded Configuration: Plug-and-play devices come with their
built-in mini-manuals called “device descriptors.” These files tell your
computer everything it needs to know about the device, like its
capabilities and resource requirements.
Automatic Driver Installation: Your operating system is the tech-
savvy friend who reads the device descriptor and automatically installs
the appropriate driver software. No hunting for driver CDs or cryptic
websites!
Resource Allocation: Your computer, now knowing the device’s
needs, assigns it the necessary resources like memory and processing
power, ensuring everything runs smoothly.

Benefits of Plug-and-Play:
Super-Fast Setup: Ditch the manuals and installation headaches. Just
plug, and you’re good to go!
Compatibility across Devices: No more worrying about driver
compatibility issues. Plug-and-play devices work across most modern
operating systems.
Reduced Errors: Automatic driver installation minimizes the risk of
installing the wrong drivers, which can lead to malfunctions.
More Play, Less Work: Spend less time troubleshooting and more time
enjoying your devices!

Examples of Plug-and-Play Devices:

USB flash drives, Webcams, External hard drives, Keyboards and
mice, Printers (some models), Headphones and speakers

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Installing, Updating, or Deleting drivers on a Windows computer.
Installing Drivers:
Automatic Installation (Plug and Play):
For plug-and-play devices, simply connect the device to your
computer. Windows will automatically attempt to find and
install the appropriate drivers.

Manual Installation:
• Visit the manufacturer’s website of the hardware
component you want to install drivers for.
• Locate the “Support” or “Downloads” section and find the
drivers for your specific model and operating system
version.
• Download the driver package and follow the installation
instructions provided. Usually, it involves running an
executable file (.exe) or installing drivers through Device
Manager (explained below).
Windows Update:
• Windows Update can also be used to update or install
drivers. Go to Settings > Update & Security > Windows
Update and click Check for updates. Windows will
automatically download and install any available driver
updates

Updating Device Drivers

1. Device Manager Method:

• Right-click on the Start menu and select “Device Manager.”
• Expand the category of the device you want to update.
• Right-click on the specific device and choose “Update driver.”
• Select “Search automatically for updated driver software.”
• Follow the prompts to complete the update.

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2. Manual Update:
Follow the same steps as installing drivers manually (mentioned
above) but download the updated driver version from the
manufacturer’s website.

Deleting Drivers:
1. Device Manager Method:
• Open “Device Manager.”
• Expand the category of the device whose driver you want to
delete.
• Right-click on the device and select “Uninstall device.”
• Check the box that says “Delete the driver software for this
device” if you want to remove the driver completely.
• Click “Uninstall” and restart your computer.

2. Using Programs and Features:

• Press Win + R, type “appwiz.cpl,” in the search bar on the
Taskbar and press Enter to open “Programs and Features.”
• Find the software related to the driver you want to remove.
• Right-click and choose “Uninstall” to remove the driver-
related software

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CONTENT STANDARD: B9.1.2.1. DEMONSTRATE THE USE OF
TECHNOLOGY IN THE COMMUNITY

NOTE: Guide the learners to identify a problem in your community

that can be solved with the aid of technology.
It can be in the school, the community in which the school is situated
or the surrounding communities.
Use the Exemplars as your guide.

B9.1.2.1.1. Evaluate problems in the community that can be solved

with technology
Exemplar(s):
1. Discuss problems in the community that can be solved using
technology. Work in pairs.
B9.1.2.1.2. Propose solutions to the problems identified.
Exemplar(s):
1. Present technological solutions to the problems identified in
B9.1.2.1.1.
B9.1.2.1.3. Design the solution selected.
Exemplar(s):
1. Design the solution selected.
2. Present the solution designed.
NB: Tasks in B9.1.2.1 is to be done as a project work

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STRAND 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING
SUB-STRAND 3: HEALTH AND SAFETY IN THE USE OF ICT TOOLS

CONTENT STANDARD: B9.1.3.1. DEMONSTRATE HOW TO APPLY

HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES IN THE USE ICT TOOLS

INDICATOR: B9.1.3.1.1 Evaluate health issues at workstations

EXEMPLAR(S):
1. Discuss the use of ergonomic tools such as ergonomic
keyboard and paper stand.
2. Demonstrate the appropriateness of the lighting system
while working with the computer.

Ergonomic Tools in Computing

Ergonomic tools in computing are devices or software that are
designed to reduce strain, fatigue, and injuries by improving the
comfort and efficiency of the user.
Ergonomic tools can help prevent or reduce the risk of computer-
related pain and injuries, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, neck and
back pain, eye strain, and headaches. They can also improve the user’s
productivity, performance, and well-being. Some examples of
ergonomic tools are:

1. Ergonomic keyboards and mice: They are designed to promote

a more natural hand and wrist position, reducing the risk of
repetitive strain injuries.
2. Standing desks and ergonomic chairs: These help in
maintaining proper posture, reducing back and neck strain, and
offering flexibility in work positions.
3. Monitor stands and laptop risers: These aid in positioning
screens at eye level to prevent neck and eye strain.

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4. Wrist rests and mouse pads with wrist support: They provide
cushioning and support to reduce strain on wrists during
prolonged computer use.
5. Footrests and ergonomic mats: They aid in maintaining proper
foot posture and reducing fatigue when standing for long
periods.
6. Document holders and book stands: These tools position
materials at eye level, minimizing strain on the neck and
improving overall comfort.
7. Adjustable chairs allow the user to maintain a neutral posture
and avoid awkward angles or positions.
8. Software tools that can remind the user to take breaks, stretch,
or change posture, and provide feedback on their ergonomics.

ERGONOMIC KEYBOARD

Wireless Ergonomic Keyboard Split Ergonomic Keyboard

Traditional flat keyboards force your wrists into an unnatural bend,

which can lead to carpal tunnel syndrome and other repetitive strain
injuries. Ergonomic keyboards come in various designs, with split
layouts, contoured keys, and negative tilt, all aimed at keeping your
wrists in a neutral position.

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Some ergonomic keyboards even go further, featuring vertical layouts
that place your hands in a handshake position, minimizing wrist strain
altogether.
Ergonomic keyboards are designed to promote a more natural and
comfortable hand and wrist position while typing. They typically
feature a split or curved design, allowing users to position their hands
in a more relaxed and neutral posture, which can reduce strain and
discomfort associated with extended typing sessions.

These keyboards often come in different shapes and styles:

1. Split keyboards: They have a separation between the two

keyboard halves, allowing users to position each hand at a more
natural angle, reducing wrist extension and minimizing strain
on the wrists and shoulders.
2. Curved or contoured keyboards: These keyboards have a
curved layout that mimics the natural shape of the hands,
enabling a more relaxed typing position and reducing stress on
the fingers and wrists.
3. Adjustable keyboards: Some ergonomic keyboards allow users
to adjust the tilt and height, catering to individual preferences
and promoting a more comfortable typing experience.

The benefits of ergonomic keyboards include:

▪ Reduced risk of repetitive strain injuries (RSI): By
promoting a more natural hand position, ergonomic
keyboards can lower the risk of conditions like carpal tunnel
syndrome and tendonitis.
▪ Improved comfort: Users often find ergonomic keyboards
more comfortable for extended periods of typing, leading to
increased productivity and reduced fatigue.

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▪ Better posture: These keyboards encourage a more neutral
wrist and arm position, potentially reducing strain on the
shoulders and upper back.

PAPER STAND

A paper stand, also known as a document holder or book stand, is a

device used to hold papers, documents, books, or tablets in an elevated
and angled position. It is designed to be placed on a desk or
workstation, allowing users to comfortably view and read materials
without straining their neck, shoulders, or eyes.

The primary purpose of a paper stand is to position documents at eye

level or at a comfortable viewing angle, which can offer several
benefits:
1. Reduced neck strain: By placing papers or documents at eye
level, a paper stand helps users maintain a more natural neck
position while reading or referencing materials. This reduces
the need to constantly look down, decreasing strain on the neck
muscles.
2. Improved posture: Using a paper stand promotes better posture
by preventing users from hunching over or leaning forward to
view documents on a flat surface. This can contribute to
reduced back and shoulder discomfort.

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3. Enhanced productivity: With documents positioned at a more
ergonomic viewing angle, users can work more efficiently and
comfortably, leading to increased productivity and reduced
fatigue.

Paper stands come in various designs, including adjustable stands that

allow users to customize the angle and height to suit their preferences.
Some stands also have additional features like clips to hold pages in
place or the ability to accommodate larger documents or books. The
use of a paper stand can significantly improve comfort, reduce strain,
and promote healthier work habits for individuals who frequently refer
to written materials or work with documents for extended periods.

The Appropriateness of the Lighting System while Working with

the Computer.
Lighting: Your Eyeshadow for Computer Work
Good lighting is like eyeshadow for your computer workspace – it
enhances the clarity, reduces strain, and even boosts your mood! But
just like with makeup, finding the right lighting for computer work
requires some nuance. Here’s how to create a lighting scheme that’s
as beautiful as it is functional:

Layering the Light:

Natural Light: This is the holy

grail! Position your desk near a
window to bathe in the warm glow
of daylight. It regulates your
circadian rhythm, boosts alertness,
and improves eye comfort.
Remember to adjust blinds or
curtains to avoid glare directly on
your screen.

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Ambient Lighting: Overhead lighting

provides general illumination. Opt for LED
bulbs with a colour temperature around
2700K-3000K, emitting a soft, warm light
that’s easy on the eyes. Avoid harsh
fluorescent lights that can cause glare and
flicker.

Task Lighting: This shines directly

on your work area, reducing eye
strain. A desk lamp with an
adjustable arm and diffused head is
ideal. Position it slightly behind
your monitor and angle it to avoid
reflections.

NOTE:
1. Avoiding glare and reflections: Proper lighting helps reduce glare
and reflections on the computer screen. Glare can cause eye strain
and discomfort, leading to headaches and decreased productivity.
Positioning light sources to minimize glare on the screen is
important.

2. Sufficient brightness: The lighting should be bright enough to

comfortably see the screen and surrounding workspace without
causing strain. Insufficient lighting can force users to strain their
eyes to read text or see details on the screen.

3. Balancing ambient and screen brightness: The contrast between the

brightness of the screen and the ambient lighting is important. A
well-balanced lighting system ensures that the screen is easily
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visible without causing discomfort due to excessively bright or dim
surrounding lights.

4. Adjustability: Having adjustable lighting options allows users to

customize the lighting according to their preferences and the time
of day. Dimmable lights or using task lighting can be beneficial to
control lighting intensity based on individual needs.

5. Avoiding direct overhead lighting: Harsh overhead lighting can

cause glare and shadows on the screen. Opt for indirect or diffuse
lighting sources to evenly illuminate the workspace without
causing strain on the eyes.

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INDICATOR: B9.1.3.1.2 Evaluate Safety Risk Reduction at issues at

workstations

EXEMPLAR(S):
1. Discuss the heat generated by machines (e.g. computers,
printers etc.) and how to reduce excess heat.

Heat Generated by Machines

Machines and Heat
Machines have a fiery passion for producing heat, a byproduct of their
tireless labour. From the whirring CPUs of computers to the churning
gears of printers, they all generate warmth, sometimes to
uncomfortable and even damaging levels. Excessive heat can lead to
reduced performance, overheating, and potentially damage sensitive
components.
This heat is generated as a result of the following;

▪ Friction and Resistance: The internal workings of machines,

like spinning fans and grinding gears, create friction, and
overcoming resistance also generates heat. Think of rubbing
your hands together – that’s the basic principle at play.
▪ Energy Conversion: As electricity flows through circuits and
powers components, some of that energy inevitably gets
converted into heat. It’s like turning electrical fireflies into tiny
thermal embers.
▪ Workload and Design: Machines working at full tilt naturally
generate more heat. Additionally, some machines are inherently
less efficient, producing more heat for the same amount of work

Ways to Reduce Excess Heat from these Machines

1. Proper ventilation: Ensure that the machines have adequate
airflow to dissipate heat. Keep vents and fans unobstructed to

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allow heat to escape efficiently. Consider using cooling pads or
stands for laptops to improve airflow underneath.
2. Regular cleaning: Dust accumulation can hinder proper airflow
and lead to overheating. Regularly clean the vents, fans, and
internal components of devices to prevent dust buildup, which
can impede heat dissipation.
3. Optimal placement: Position machines in well-ventilated areas
away from direct sunlight and heat sources. Avoid enclosing
them in tight spaces or placing them on surfaces that retain heat,
such as carpets or fabrics.
4. Cooling accessories: Utilize external cooling solutions like
cooling pads or laptop stands with built-in fans. These
accessories help to improve airflow around the machine and
dissipate heat more effectively.
5. Adjust power settings: Lowering the performance settings on
computers or adjusting power management settings can reduce
energy consumption, thereby generating less heat during
operation.
6. Maintain proper usage: Avoid running too many resource-
intensive applications simultaneously, as this can increase heat
generation. Shut down or put machines to sleep when not in use
to reduce continuous heat production.
7. Upgrade or replace components: In some cases, upgrading
components like the CPU cooler or adding additional fans can
help manage heat more efficiently. If a device consistently
overheats despite mitigation efforts, consider consulting a
professional or replacing the malfunctioning parts.

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STRAND 2: PRODUCTIVITY SOFTWARE

SUB-STRAND 1: INTRODUCTION TO WORD PROCESSING

CONTENT STANDARD: B9.2.1.1 DEMONSTRATE HOW TO USE

MICROSOFT WORD (MULTIMEDIA)

INDICATOR: B9.2.1.1.1. Demonstrate how to add pictures, insert a

screenshot and screen clipping and print screen
EXEMPLAR(S):
1. Explore the use of the clip art, screenshot and screen
clipping in the Insert Ribbon.
2. Demonstrate the use of the print screen key in capturing
and inserting pictures.

The Insert Tab showing the Pages, Tables & Illustrations Group

Clip Art
Clip Art is a collection of images, illustrations, and other graphical
elements that users can insert directly into their documents or
presentations.

Clip Art was removed from Office suite in December 2014 and
replaced with Icons in the newer versions of Office, such as Microsoft
365, Office 2021, and Office 2019. Icons, which are a new kind of
illustration for your documents can be inserted, pivoted, rotated,
colored, and resized without losing quality. You need an active
internet connection to be able to access Icons.
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To insert Icons in a document;
➢ Open the Word document, and select Insert → Icons from the
top Ribbon.
➢ Select the icons you want, and then choose Insert in the lower
right.
➢ Select the icon, and then you can rotate, color, and resize them
by using the options on the Graphic Format tab.
Remember that you will need an active internet connection to be able
to access the Icons pack.

If you are using the 2007, 2010, and 2013 Versions of Office, you can
still access the old Clip Art images through the "Online Pictures"
button under the "Insert" tab.

SCREENSHOTS
A screenshot is an image that shows the contents of a computer
display. You can take a screenshot to capture what you see on your
screen and share it with others or use it as a reference later on.
Screenshots can be useful for many purposes, such as demonstrating
how to do something, showing an error message, or saving information
that cannot be easily printed.

How to take a screenshot using the Screenshot tool in Microsoft

Word:

1. Open Microsoft Word on your computer.

2. Go to the page or document where you want to insert the
screenshot.
3. Click on the "Insert" tab in the Ribbon.
4. Within the "Insert" tab, look for the "Screenshot" option. It's in
the "Illustrations" group.
5. Click on the "Screenshot" option. A drop-down menu will
appear, showing available screenshots.

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6. If you want to capture a specific window, select it from the list.
If you want to capture a portion of the screen, choose "Screen
Clipping" at the bottom of the drop-down menu.
7. If you selected "Screen Clipping," your screen will temporarily
fade, allowing you to select the area you want to capture. Click
and drag to capture the desired portion.
8. The captured screenshot will be inserted directly into your
Word document.

Screen Clipping
Screen Clipping in Microsoft Word allows you to capture and insert a
specific portion of your screen directly into your document. Here's
how you can use the Screen Clipping feature:

1. Open Microsoft Word and go to the page or document where

you want to insert the screenshot.
2. Click on the "Insert" tab in the top menu.
3. Within the "Insert" tab, locate the "Screenshot" option. It's
typically in the "Illustrations" group.
4. Choose "Screen Clipping" at the bottom of the drop-down
menu.
5. Your screen will temporarily fade, and you'll see a transparent
crosshair cursor.
6. Click and drag to select the specific area of the screen you want
to capture.
7. Release the mouse button, and the selected portion will be
inserted directly into your Word document.
You can edit, resize, or align the screen clipping using the Picture
Format tab or the Layout Options.
Screen Clipping is handy when you only need a specific part of your
screen, allowing you to capture and include it in your document
seamlessly.

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Print Screen Key
The Print Screen key on the
keyboard, often labeled as "PrtSc"
or "Print Scr," captures the entire
screen or, depending on your
keyboard, the active window.
Here's how it generally works:

1. Full Screen Capture

Press the "Print Screen" key.
The captured screenshot is copied to the clipboard.

2. Active Window Capture (Alt + Print Screen)

Hold down the "Alt" key and press the "Print Screen" key.
The screenshot of the currently active window is copied to the
clipboard.
3. Using Snip & Sketch or Snipping Tool
Press "Windows key + Shift + S" to open Snip & Sketch or
use the Snipping Tool.
Select the area you want to capture.
The screenshot is copied to the clipboard.
4. Using the Snipping Tool.
If you prefer using the Snipping Tool, you can also open it
separately, capture the desired area, and save or copy the
screenshot.
After capturing, you can paste the screenshot into word processor,
by opening a new document and pressing "Ctrl + V." You can also
save the screenshot as an image file using an image editing program.

Note: In Windows 11, the Print Screen key directly opens the
Snipping Tool.

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 Computing Notes for Basic Nine
INDICATOR: B9.2.1.1.2. Demonstrate the use of SmartArt

EXEMPLAR(S):
1. Illustrate the use of SmartArt in the Illustrations group of
the Insert Ribbon.

SmartArt
SmartArt is a feature in Microsoft Word within the Illustrations group
of the Insert Ribbon that allows users to create professional-looking
diagrams, flowcharts, and graphics without the need for advanced
graphic design skills. It is a tool that simplifies the process of visually
representing information, making it easier for users to communicate
complex ideas or concepts. SmartArt graphics range from graphical
lists and process diagrams to more complex graphics, such as Venn
diagrams and organization charts.

The SmartArt Graphic Dialog Box

Some key points about SmartArt in Microsoft Word

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1. Visual Representation: SmartArt enables users to visually
represent information using various pre-built templates and
layouts. These templates cover a range of graphic types such as
lists, processes, cycles, hierarchies, relationships, matrices, and
pyramids.
2. Ease of Use: SmartArt is designed to be user-friendly, allowing
individuals to create visually appealing graphics with just a few
clicks. Users can easily add, remove, and rearrange shapes within
the SmartArt graphic.
3. Integration with Text: SmartArt graphics are integrated with text,
making it easy to add and edit content. Each shape in the SmartArt
graphic typically contains a text box where you can enter
information. As you edit the text, the graphic adjusts dynamically.
4. Dynamic Formatting: Users can format and customize SmartArt
graphics using the various formatting options available. This
includes changing colours, styles, adding effects, and adjusting the
overall appearance to suit the document's design.
5. Accessibility: SmartArt is a versatile tool that can be used for
different types of documents, from business presentations to
educational materials. It helps to convey information in a visually
engaging manner, making it more accessible and understandable
for the audience.
6. Integration with Microsoft Office Suite: SmartArt is not limited
to Microsoft Word; it is part of the broader Microsoft Office Suite.
This means that you can create SmartArt graphics in Word and
easily transfer them to other Office applications like PowerPoint
and Excel.

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Here's how to use SmartArt in Microsoft Word
1. Open Microsoft Word
Launch Microsoft Word and open a new or existing document.
2. Go to the Insert Ribbon
At the top of the Word window, find the Ribbon. Click on the
"Insert" tab to access the Insert Ribbon.
3. Find the Illustrations Group
Within the Insert Ribbon, locate the "Illustrations" group. This
group contains various tools for adding visual elements to your
document.
4. Click on SmartArt
In the Illustrations group, you will see an option called
"SmartArt." Click on it to open the SmartArt Graphic dialog
box.
5. Choose a SmartArt Graphic
The SmartArt Graphic dialog box will appear, displaying a
variety of diagram types and layouts. You can choose from
categories like List, Process, Cycle, Hierarchy, Relationship,
Matrix, Pyramid and Picture. Click on the category on the left
and then choose a specific SmartArt graphic on the right.
6. Click OK
After selecting the desired SmartArt graphic, click the "OK"
button. This will insert the chosen SmartArt graphic into your
Word document.
7. Edit the SmartArt
With the SmartArt graphic in place, you can now enter your
text into the provided text boxes. To add or remove shapes, use
the options in the SmartArt Tools Design tab that appears when
you have the SmartArt selected. You can also change the
colours, styles, and other formatting options from this tab.
8. Format and Customize
Utilize the SmartArt Tools Design and Format tabs that appear
when you have the SmartArt graphic selected to format and
customize your SmartArt graphic further. You can change
colours, styles, add effects, and more.

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9. Resize and Move
Resize and move the SmartArt graphic as needed by clicking
and dragging the corners or edges. You can also use the
alignment options on the Format tab to position it precisely.
10. Save Your Document
Once you're satisfied with your SmartArt graphic, don't forget
to save your document.

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