FreeDOS

by Jim Hall and Kevin O'Brien

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Table of Contents
Get started with FreeDOS.....................................................................................................................5
A brief history of FreeDOS....................................................................................................................11
How a college student founded a free and open source operating system.................................16
Install and remove software packages on FreeDOS........................................................................23
Install FreeDOS without the installer.................................................................................................33
How to use FreeDOS as an embedded system...............................................................................44
FreeDOS commands you need to know............................................................................................53
Understanding file names and directories in FreeDOS...................................................................57
How to navigate FreeDOS with CD and DIR......................................................................................61
FreeDOS commands for Linux fans...................................................................................................66
Set your path in FreeDOS....................................................................................................................72
Appendix: Navigate your FreeDOS system......................................................................................76
Jim Hall

Jim Hall is an open source software

advocate and developer, best known for
usability testing in GNOME and as the
founder + project coordinator of FreeDOS.
At work, Jim is CEO of Hallmentum, an IT
executive consulting company that
provides hands-on IT Leadership training,
workshops, and coaching.

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Kevin O'Brien

Kevin is a former Project Manager at Ford

Motor Credit Company, a contributor to
Hacker Public Radio and Full Circle
Magazine, the former Publicity Director
for Ohio Linux Fest, former Tech Track
manager for Penguicon, and now very
happily retired.

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Get started with FreeDOS

By Jim Hall

Throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s, I was primarily a DOS user. I loved the command
line environment offered in DOS, which became more powerful with each successive release. I
even learned how to write my own DOS programs in the C programming language so I could
extend the DOS command line, and write more powerful replacements for the standard DOS
commands. I'd experimented with Microsoft's Windows—but if you remember Windows 3 from
that time, you know it was slow and tended to crash. But I preferred the command line anyway,
so I stuck to DOS.

That all changed in 1994. Popular tech magazines talked about an upcoming version of
Windows that would completely do away with DOS. I didn't want to be forced to Windows. On
the discussion boards I visited on Usenet, others felt the same. So on 29 June 1994, I decided
that if we wanted to keep DOS, we needed to write our own. So on June 29, I announced a
small project that would become The FreeDOS Project.

Since then, we've released several full distributions of FreeDOS. We started with the alpha
series from 1994 to 1997, the beta series from 1998 to 2005, before finally releasing the
FreeDOS 1.0 distribution in 2006. Progress has been slow but steady since then. We haven't
really been rushed to release each new version after 1.0, because DOS stopped being a
moving target in 1995.

Each FreeDOS distribution since 1.0 has been a continual re-imagining of what a modern DOS
might look like. We've included lots of compilers, assemblers for developers to write software.
We also provide lots of "power tools" so you can do real work. And we offer a variety of editors
because everyone has their favorite.

We recently released the FreeDOS distribution. This is technically a release candidate towards
our upcoming FreeDOS distribution, but it's a full-featured distribution. I'm very excited about
all the great features in FreeDOS.

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Run FreeDOS without installing FreeDOS
In all our previous FreeDOS distributions, we focused on installing FreeDOS to a computer.
But we recognize that most users don't actually run FreeDOS on actual hardware anymore—
they run FreeDOS in a virtual machine like QEMU or VirtualBox. So in FreeDOS, we improved
the "LiveCD" environment.

With FreeDOS, you can just boot the LiveCD image in your favorite virtual machine, and start
using FreeDOS right away. That's how I run FreeDOS now; I have a small virtual hard drive
image where I store all my files, but I boot and run FreeDOS from the LiveCD.

Booting the FreeDOS LiveCD

Installing is really easy

If you don't want to run FreeDOS from the LiveCD, you can also install it on your hard drive.
We updated the installer in FreeDOS so it's not really a "program" per se, but instead is a very

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smart DOS "batch" file that detects all sorts of things and takes the appropriate action, like
creating a new disk partition for FreeDOS if none exist already.

Older FreeDOS distributions used to prompt you for everything, even selecting individual
programs to install. The new installer is very streamlined. It asks you a few questions to get
started, then does everything else on its own. Installing FreeDOS on an empty virtual machine
takes only a few minutes.

Installing FreeDOS

You can install it from floppy

Not everyone prefers to run FreeDOS in a virtual machine. There's a retrocomputing
community out there that collects and lovingly restores classic PC hardware like Pentium or
'486 systems. You can even find some XT (8088) or AT (80286) systems out there, kept
running by a dedicated user community.

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And while we consider FreeDOS a modern DOS, we wouldn't be "DOS" if we didn't also run on
the older PC hardware too. So with FreeDOS 1.3, we include a Floppy-Only Edition! This
edition should run on any hardware that can run FreeDOS and has EGA or better graphics.

Are you running a '286 or another classic system without a CD-ROM drive? Install from these
floppies to install FreeDOS. Do you have just one hard drive and no CD or floppy drive? Just
copy the contents of the floppies to a temporary directory and run the installer from there.
Want to perform a "headless" install to a different DOS directory? It's easy with the
command-line options.

The Floppy-Only Edition uses a completely different installer and contains a limited FreeDOS
set of programs that are more useful on classic PC hardware.

Installing the FreeDOS Floppy-Only Edition

Filled with open source apps and games

FreeDOS isn't a free DOS if it's a closed source DOS. We want everyone to be able to use and
study FreeDOS, including its source code. As we planned the FreeDOSdistribution, we took a

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close look at every license in every package and focused on including only open
source programs. (A few programs in previous FreeDOS distributions were not quite "open
source," and one or two programs didn't include source code but were otherwise "free to use
and distribute." In this release, everything is open source, using the Open Source Definition as
our model.)

And what a great collection of open source apps and games. The games are my favorite
addition to FreeDOS. Many people use FreeDOS to play classic DOS games, but we wanted
to provide our own open source games for people to play.

You can find two games already installed in the LiveCD: Simple Senet (a board game dating
to ancient Egypt) and Floppy Bird (a version of the Flappy Bird game). If you install FreeDOS,
you'll also find lots of other games to try, including Sudoku86 (a sudoku game), Wing (a space
shooter), and Bolitaire (solitaire card game).

Playing the Floppy Bird game

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 The ancient game of Senet

Try FreeDOS now

You can find the new FreeDOS from the FreeDOS website, on our Downloads page. To install
FreeDOS, you'll need at least 20MB of free disk space: 20MB to install a plain FreeDOS
system, or 250MB to install everything, including applications and games. To install the source
code too, you'll need up to 450MB of free space.

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A brief history of FreeDOS

By Jim Hall

A master was explaining the nature of The Tao of Programming to one of his novices.
"The Tao is embodied in all software—regardless of how insignificant," said the master.

"Is Tao in a hand-held calculator?" asked the novice.

"It is," came the reply.

"Is the Tao in a video game?" continued the novice.

"It is even in a video game," said the master.

"And is the Tao in the DOS for a personal computer?"

The master coughed and shifted his position slightly.

"The lesson is over for today," he said.

The Tao of Programming, Geoffrey James, InfoBooks, 1987

Computing used to be limited only to expensive mainframes and "Big Iron" computer systems
like the PDP11. But the advent of the microprocessor brought about a computing revolution in
the 1970s. You could finally have a computer in your home—the "personal computer" had
arrived!

The earliest personal computers I remember seeing included the Commodore, TRS-80, and
Apple. The personal computer became such a hot topic that IBM decided to enter the market.
After a rapid development cycle, IBM released the IBM 5150 Personal Computer (the original
"IBM PC") in August 1981.

Creating a computer from scratch is no easy task, so IBM famously used "off-the-shelf"
hardware to build the PC, and licensed other components from outside developers. One of
those was the operating system, licensed from Microsoft. In turn, Microsoft acquired 86-DOS

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from Seattle Computer Products, applied various updates, and debuted the new version with
the IBM PC as IBM PC-DOS.

Early DOS
Running in memory up to 640 kilobytes, DOS really couldn't do much more than manage the
hardware and allow the user to launch applications. As a result, the PC-DOS 1.0 command line
was pretty anæmic, only including a few commands to set the date and time, manage files,
control the terminal, and format floppy disks. DOS also included a BASIC language
interpreter, which was a standard feature in all personal computers of the era.

It wasn't until PC-DOS 2.0 that DOS became more interesting, adding new commands to the
command line, and including other useful tools. But for me, it wasn't until MS-DOS 5.0 in 1991
that DOS began to feel "modern." Microsoft overhauled DOS in this release, updating many
of the commands and replacing the venerable Edlin editor with a new full-screen editor that
was more user-friendly. DOS 5 included other features that I liked, as well, such as a new
BASIC interpreter based on Microsoft QuickBASIC Compiler, simply called QBASIC. If you've
ever played the Gorillas game on DOS, it was probably in MS-DOS 5.0.

Despite these upgrades, I wasn't entirely satisfied with the DOS command line. DOS never
strayed far from the original design, which proved limiting. DOS gave the user a few tools to
do some things from the command line—otherwise, you were meant to use the DOS
command line to launch applications. Microsoft assumed the user would spend most of their
time in a few key applications, such as a word processor or spreadsheet.

But developers wanted a more functional DOS, and a sub-industry sprouted to offer neat
tools and programs. Some were full-screen applications, but many were command-line
utilities that enhanced the DOS command environment. When I learned a bit of C
programming, I started writing my own utilities that extended or replaced the DOS command
line. And despite the rather limited underpinnings of MS-DOS, I found that the third-party
utilities, plus my own, created a powerful DOS command line.

FreeDOS
In early 1994, I started seeing a lot of interviews with Microsoft executives in tech magazines
saying the next version of Windows would totally do away with DOS. I'd used Windows before
—but if you remember the era, you know Windows 3.1 wasn't a great platform. Windows 3.1 was
clunky and buggy—if an application crashed, it might take down the entire Windows system.

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And I didn't like the Windows graphical user interface, either. I preferred doing my work at the
command line, not with a mouse.

I considered Windows and decided, If Windows 3.2 or Windows 4.0 will be anything like
Windows 3.1, I want nothing to do with it. But what were my options? I'd already experimented
with Linux at this point, and thought Linux was great—but Linux didn't have any applications.
My word processor, spreadsheet, and other programs were on DOS. I needed DOS.

Then I had an idea! I thought, If developers can come together over the internet to write a
complete Unix operating system, surely we can do the same thing with DOS. After all, DOS
was a fairly straightforward operating system compared to Unix. DOS ran one task at a time
(single-tasking) and had a simpler memory model. It shouldn't be that hard to write our own
DOS.

So on June 29, 1994, I posted an announcement to comp.os.msdos.apps, on a message

board network called Usenet:

ANNOUNCEMENT OF PD-DOS PROJECT:

A few months ago, I posted articles relating to starting a

public domain version of DOS. The general support for this at
the time was strong, and many people agreed with the statement,
"start writing!" So, I have...

Announcing the first effort to produce a PD-DOS. I have written

up a "manifest" describing the goals of such a project and an
outline of the work, as well as a "task list" that shows exactly
what needs to be written. I'll post those here, and let
discussion follow.

A note about the name—I wanted this new DOS to be something that everyone could use, and
I naively assumed that when everyone could use it, it was "public domain." I quickly realized
the difference, and we renamed "PD-DOS" to "Free-DOS"—and later dropped the hyphen to
become "FreeDOS."

A few developers reached out to me, to offer utilities they had created to replace or enhance
the DOS command line, similar to my own efforts. We pooled our utilities and created a useful
system that we released as "Alpha 1" in September 1994, just a few months after announcing
the project. Development was pretty swift in those days, and we followed up with "Alpha 2" in
December 1994, "Alpha 3" in January 1995, and "Alpha 4" in June 1995.

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A modern DOS
Since then, we've always focused on making FreeDOS a "modern" DOS. And much of that
modernization is centered on creating a rich command-line environment. Yes, DOS still needs
to support applications, but we believe FreeDOS needs a strong command-line environment,
as well. That's why FreeDOS includes dozens of useful tools, including commands to navigate
directories, manage files, play music, connect to networks, and a collection of Unix-like
utilities such as less, du, head, tail, sed, and tr.

While FreeDOS development has slowed, it has not stopped. Developers continue to write
new programs for FreeDOS, and add new features to FreeDOS. I'm particularly excited about
several great additions to FreeDOS, the latest release candidate for the forthcoming
FreeDOS 1.3. A few recent updates:

• Mateusz Viste created a new ebook reader called Ancient Machine Book (AMB) that
we've leveraged as the new help system in FreeDOS
• Rask Ingemann Lambertsen, Andrew Jenner, TK Chia, and others are updating the IA-
16 version of GCC, including a new libi86 library that provides some degree of
compatibility with the Borland Turbo C++ compiler's C library
• Jason Hood has updated an unloadable CD-ROM redirector substitute for Microsoft's
MSCDEX, supporting up to 10 drives
• SuperIlu has created DOjS, a Javascript development canvas with an integrated editor,
graphics and sound output, and mouse, keyboard, and joystick input
• Japheth has created a DOS32PAE extender that is able to use huge amounts of
memory through PAE paging

Despite all of the new development on FreeDOS, we remain true to our DOS roots. As we
continue working toward FreeDOS"final," we carry several core assumptions, including:

• Compatibility is key—FreeDOS isn't really "DOS" if it can't run classic DOS

applications. While we provide many great open source tools, applications, and games,
you can run your legacy DOS applications, too.
• Continue to run on old PCs (XT, '286, '386, etc)—FreeDOSwill remain 16-bit Intel
but will support new hardware with expanded driver support, where possible. For this
reason, we continue to focus on a single-user command-line environment.
• FreeDOS is open source software—I've always said that FreeDOS isn't a "free DOS"
if people can't access, study, and modify the source code. FreeDOS will include
software that uses recognized open source licenses as much as possible. But DOS

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 actually pre-dates the GNU General Public License (1989) and the Open Source
Definition (1998) so some DOS software might use its own "free with source code"
license that isn't a standard "open source" license. As we consider packages to include
in FreeDOS, we continue to evaluate any licenses to ensure they are suitably "open
source," even if they are not officially recognized.

We welcome your help in making FreeDOS great! Please join us on our email list—we welcome
all newcomers and contributors. We communicate over an email list, but the list is fairly low
volume so is unlikely to fill up your Inbox.

Visit the FreeDOS website at www.freedos.org.

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How a college student founded a
free and open source operating
system

By Opensource.com

Jim Hall is best known as the computer programmer who founded the FreeDOS project. Jim
began the project in 1994 as a replacement for MS-DOS while he was still a student at the
University of Wisconsin–River Falls. Jim created FreeDOS in response to Microsoft ending
support for MS-DOS in 1994. Recently Jim agreed to an email interview. Correspondent
Joshua Allen Holm joined me in posing the following questions to Jim.

Don Watkins: What kind of skill set invites you to write your own operating system?

I think even a beginner can get started writing an operating system like FreeDOS, although it
would take a more advanced programmer to write the kernel.

I am a self-taught programmer. I learned about programming from an early age by tinkering

on our Apple II computer at home. Much later, I learned C programming—my brother was a
computer science student when I was a physics student, and he introduced me to C. I picked
up the rest by reading books and writing my own programs.

I wrote a lot of small utilities that enhanced my command line on MS-DOS or even replaced
certain DOS commands. And you can write a lot of those programs even with a basic level of
programming experience. You can write file utilities like FIND, FC, CHOICE, TYPE, MORE, or
COPY—or user commands like ECHO or CLS—with only an introduction to C programming.
With a bit of practice, you can write system-level programs like ATTRIB, or the COMMAND
shell.

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Don Watkins: Were you inspired by Linus Torvalds when you decided to write your
own version of DOS and how did that contribute to your licensing decision?

In a way, yes. I really liked DOS and had been using it since the early 1980s. I ran MS-DOS on
my personal computer at university. But in 1993, I discovered Linux.

I really liked the Unix systems in our campus computer lab, where I spent much of my time as
an undergraduate university student. When I heard about Linux, a free version of Unix that I
could run on my ’386 computer at home, I immediately wanted to try it out. My first Linux
distribution was Softlanding Linux System (SLS) 1.03, with Linux kernel 0.99 alpha patch level
11. That required a whopping 2MB of RAM, or 4MB if you wanted to compile programs, and
8MB to run X windows.

I dual-booted Linux with MS-DOS. I booted into Linux most of the time, but I still booted back
into MS-DOS to write papers in a word processor, to use a spreadsheet program to analyze
data for my lab classes or to play my favorite DOS games.

In 1994, I heard that Microsoft planned to “do away” with MS-DOS. The next version of
Windows would eliminate DOS. I didn’t like that, and I still wanted to run DOS. I decided that if
folks could come together over the Internet to write something like Linux, surely, we could do
the same with DOS. After all, DOS was fairly simple compared to Linux.

On June 29, 1994, I announced the “PD-DOS” project to write our own DOS. I called it “PD”
because I thought it would be in the public domain. But I quickly learned about the GNU
General Public License that the Linux kernel used, and decided that was a much better
license. No one could take our source code and create a proprietary version of DOS. We
changed the name to “Free-DOS” after another week or so. We later dropped the hyphen to
become “FreeDOS.”

Joshua Allen Holm: What are the advantages of using FreeDOS over alternative ways
of running DOS applications (for example, DOSBox)?

Using DOSBox to run DOS applications in Linux is a great way to run certain DOS
applications. But DOSBox is really intended to launch a single DOS program, like a game. The
DOS command line is pretty limited in DOSBox.

In contrast, FreeDOS provides a full DOS command line. We include all of the commands you
remember from classic DOS, and added other commands and utilities to do new things.
FreeDOS also includes compilers and assemblers so developers can write new programs,

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utilities, and tools to make your DOS experience more useful, Internet programs to help you
get on a network, and even open source games.

Joshua Allen Holm: Looking back over the years you have worked on FreeDOS, is
there anything you would have done differently?

There’s only one event that I wish I could take back. I occasionally reach out to companies that
sold DOS applications in the 1980s and 1990s and ask them if they will release the source
code to their old DOS programs under an open source software license. That’s a great way to
contribute to the open source community.

One popular DOS program was a replacement for the MS-DOS COMMAND shell. 4DOS, by
JP Software, was an extremely powerful DOS shell and included many modern features. For
example, 4DOS supported built-in aliases, color-coded directory listings, and a “swapping”
mechanism that freed up more conventional memory to run programs.

I contacted JP Software to ask if they would release the source code to 4DOS under an open
source software license. JP Software had stopped supporting DOS, and instead focused on a
similar replacement for the CMD shell in Windows NT, called 4NT. They were interested in
releasing the source code to 4DOS but were concerned that someone might take the 4DOS
source code and release a version for Windows. In effect, that would put JP Software in
competition with their older product.

I still didn’t understand the fine points of open source software licenses, and I gave them bad
advice. I suggested they might start with an existing open source license and add a term that
said you could only run it on DOS. They then released the 4DOS source code under a
modified version of the MIT license.

Unfortunately, limiting where you can run the software violates one of the tenets of open
source software and free software. Users should be able to run open source software
anywhere, and for any use. An open source license isn’t “open source” if you are limited to
running it only on one operating system.

So despite best intentions, I gave JP Software really bad advice there, and 4DOS isn’t actually
open source software. We used to include 4DOS in FreeDOS—but as we are preparing the
FreeDOS release, we want to be careful to only include open source software. So FreeDOS
(“release candidate 4”) does not include 4DOS.

Joshua Allen Holm: What are some interesting ways people are using FreeDOS?

Over the years, I’ve seen people use FreeDOS to do a lot of really interesting things!

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One of the earliest cool examples was someone who built pinball machines like you used to
see in arcades. He embedded a version of FreeDOS to track the score and update the video
screen on the back of the machine. I don’t know exactly how he did this, but my guess is every
target or bumper on the pinball board probably generated a keyboard event. You can write a
DOS application to read the “keyboard” and update the score based on that.

A few years ago, a user found a video of a train control system in Russia that ran on a
FreeDOS PC. They rebooted the computer, and if you freeze the video at the right point, you
can briefly see the FreeDOS kernel starting up. It disappears quickly, but you can see it at
0:07 in the video.

More recently, I saw someone had managed to boot an original IBM PC 5150 with FreeDOS
from a vinyl record, using the 5150’s rarely used cassette tape storage port. It’s really cool to
see FreeDOS being used this way. It’s a method that I would never have thought to try, but
sometimes you have to do something just for the fun of it.

Joshua Allen Holm: Why work on DOS in 2021?

We still work on DOS in 2021 for a few reasons. I guess the first reason is that DOS is still
interesting. We’ve added a lot to FreeDOS over the years. Where the original MS-DOS had a
limited set of commands, FreeDOS includes dozens of useful utilities and tools, including
editors, compilers, assemblers, games, and other neat programs.

But it has to be more than just a cool hobby. I find that working on FreeDOS makes for a very
interesting programming challenge. In modern systems like Linux, you can take advantage of a
lot of memory at once, and you can address it all in one big block. As a result, many
programmers will load a lot of libraries and other code to create their projects. This is a very
easy way to build a complicated project. You can build a very complex system in a very short
time this way. And for many systems, time to market is the most important factor.

Loading a bunch of libraries and other code blocks is very inefficient, however. You may have
the same basic functionality implemented half a dozen ways across the different libraries
because each library implements something their own way. So your code grows and requires
more memory.

Maybe that’s not a problem on a desktop PC. I run Linux, and my modern desktop PC has
32GB of memory. Loading a bunch of stuff into memory isn’t a big deal. But on a shared
server, where you might have multiple instances of that project running, you’ll quickly run into

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memory limitations. How many instances can you run at the same time on a server? That
32GB of memory starts to look pretty slim.

You can’t load all of that into memory on a DOS machine. To remain compatible with the
original DOS, FreeDOS has all the limitations of DOS. When MS-DOS was popular, a powerful
PC might have had 4MB, 8MB, or even 16MB of extended memory. But the computer only
had 640kb of “main” memory, due to how DOS addressed memory. And that’s megabytes
and kilobytes, not gigabytes. A kilobyte is a thousand bytes (the basic unit of memory). A
megabyte is a thousand kilobytes. And a gigabyte is a thousand megabytes. So today’s
computers have memory that is about 1,000,000 more than a DOS computer.

By programming on a limited system like FreeDOS, you constantly have to think about the
tradeoffs. How much memory does my program really need to do its job? Is it faster to read a
file into memory to work on it, or process the file one bit at a time? And you’re always keeping
in mind what libraries and other code you use in your program. A DOS program can only be so
big, so you need to be careful about how you write a DOS program.

When you write DOS programs all the time, you get really good at optimizing a program. You
think about programming in a different way, because you’re always considering how to do
something more efficiently. That’s a challenge, but an interesting one.

Don Watkins: How big is the FreeDOS community?

FreeDOS was a very popular project throughout the 1990s and into the early 2000s, but the
community isn’t as big these days. But it’s great that we are still an engaged and active group.
If you look at the news items on our website, you’ll see we post updates on a fairly regular
basis.

It’s hard to estimate the size of the community. I’d say we have a few dozen members who are
very active. And we have a few dozen others who reappear occasionally to post new versions
of their programs. I think to maintain an active community that’s still working on an open
source DOS from 1994 is a great sign.

Some members have been with us from the very beginning, and I’m really thankful to count
them as friends. We do video hangouts on a semi-regular basis. It’s great to finally “meet” the
folks I’ve only exchanged emails with over the years.

It's meetings like this when I remember open source is more than just writing code; it's about a
community. And while I've always done well with our virtual community that communicates via

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email, I really appreciated getting to talk to people without the asynchronous delay or artificial
filter of email—making that real-time connection means a lot to me.

Don Watkins: How does someone get involved in the community?

I think our community is very welcoming, so anyone is free to join. We communicate via an
email list, which you can find on the FreeDOS website. Join the freedos-user email list if you
want to talk about FreeDOS or ask for help. Developers should join the freedos-devel email
list; that’s where most of the FreeDOS developers hang out. Our email list volume is pretty
low, so you aren’t likely to fill up your inbox by subscribing to either email list.

A great way to get started is by writing or updating documentation, or by fixing bugs. I think
that’s true of pretty much every open source project out there. We always need folks to work
on the documentation and fix bugs. But for a project like FreeDOS, I think reading through the
documentation is important if you’re new to DOS. A common mistake for newcomers is
thinking of FreeDOS as a stripped-down version of Linux, when in fact DOS uses a different
memory and execution model. You can learn about that by reading the documentation, which
is why I recommend new contributors start there.

For the more adventurous, we maintain a list of priority projects on our website. If you’d like to
contribute to FreeDOS, but aren’t sure what needs work, you might consider tackling one or
more of these projects:

If you’ve got some programming experience:

• Port FreeDOS utilities to OpenWatcom C and NASM—our preferred C compiler
and Assembler for FreeDOS. (Some older FreeDOS programs were probably
written for Borland C or Turbo C or Microsoft C, or Microsoft ASM or Turbo
ASM)

• Port GNU utilities to FreeDOS, such as using IA-16 GCC (while IA-16 GCC
requires a ’386 or better to compile, programs compiled with IA-16 GCC run on
all CPUs)

• Create a new alternative shell, similar to COMMAND.COM but with expanded

BAT programming

• Add international language support to a FreeDOS program that currently only

supports one language.

If you’re a highly-skilled DOS developer:

• Write a guest tool like VMSMOUNT for VirtualBox

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 • Write a driver for modern sound cards

• Add some kind of UEFI bootstrap BIOS emulator, perhaps implemented as

a CSM

We like to make it easy for new contributors to get started in FreeDOS, and we welcome
everyone who wants to work on FreeDOS. If you still don’t know how to contribute, feel free to
ask on the email list.

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Install and remove software
packages on FreeDOS

By Jim Hall

On Linux, you may have used a package manager to install or remove packages. For example,
the default package manager on Debian Linux is the deb command, and the default package
manager on Fedora Linux is the dnf command. But did you know that FreeDOS has a
package manager, too?

Installing packages
The FreeDOS distribution includes lots of great programs and applications you can use.
However, we don't install all of them by default—we don't want to fill your hard drive space
unnecessarily, especially on older systems that may have hard drive capacities of only a few
hundred megabytes. And if you selected the "Plain DOS system" option when you installed
FreeDOS, you will find your FreeDOS system is quite small (about 20 megabytes).

However, it's easy to install new packages. From the command line, run
the FDIMPLES program. Because DOS is case insensitive, you can type this command using
uppercase or lowercase letters: fdimples is the same as FDIMPLES or FDImples.

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FDIMPLES is an acronym for "FreeDOS Installer - My Package List Editor Software," and is
an interactive package manager. FDIMPLES reads the installation media to identify packages
that it can install or remove. If you see a different menu that says "Installed" but does not let
you install other software, check that the FreeDOS install CD-ROM is loaded on your system.
On a physical machine, you'll need to insert the CD-ROM into the CD-ROM drive; on a virtual
machine like QEMU or VirtualBox, you'll need to associate the install CD-ROM image with the
virtal machine.

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Let's say you wanted to install software that lets you play music and other sound files. Use the
Up and Down arrow keys to navigate to the Sound Tools entry in the menu. This is called
a package group for the sound and music programs.

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To select all of the packages in this group, press the spacebar on your keyboard. Should you
decide to install individual packages in this group, press the Tab key to move into the package
list pane, then select each package with the spacebar.

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You can continue to select other packages or package groups that you want to install. When
you have selected everything, use the Tab key to highlight the OK button, and press the
spacebar.

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FDIMPLES then installs all of the packages you selected. This may only take a few moments if
you selected only a couple of small packages, or it could take minutes if you asked to install
many larger packages. As it installs each package, FDIMPLES prints the status. Afterward,
FDIMPLES exits to the command line, so you can get back to work.

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Removing packages
What if you install a package, only to discover afterward that you don't want it? Removing
packages is just as easy in FDIMPLES.

Just as when installing packages, start FDIMPLES, and use the arrow keys to navigate to the
group that contains the packages you want to remove. For example, if I wanted to uninstall a
few of the music-player packages I installed earlier, I would navigate to the Sound Tools
package group.

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To remove the entire package group at once, you can press the spacebar on the group you
want to remove to unselect it. But let's say I only wanted to remove a few packages that I
didn't need, like the CDP audio CD player. (I don't have any physical music CDs.) To remove
CDP, hit the Tab key to move into the package list pane, then use the spacebar to unselect
the CDP package. This removes the X on that package.

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You can continue to unselect other packages or package groups that you want to remove.
When you have selected everything, use the Tab key to highlight the OK button, and press
the spacebar. FDIMPLES will remove the packages you unselected, then automatically
returns you to the command line.

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We include many packages in FreeDOS, across a variety of package groups. Use FDIMPLES
to install the software you need. Feel free to experiment! If you decide you don't want to keep
a package, you can remove it and free up your disk space for other things.

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Install FreeDOS without the
installer

By Jim Hall

Most people should be able to install FreeDOS very easily using the installer. The FreeDOS
installer asks a few questions, then takes care of the rest—including making space for
FreeDOS and making the system bootable.

But what if the installer doesn't work for you? Or what if you prefer to set up your FreeDOS
system manually, without using the installer? With FreeDOS, you can do that too! Let's walk
through the steps to install FreeDOS without using the installer. I'll do all of these steps using
the QEMU virtual machine, using a blank hard drive image. I created a one hundred megabyte
("100M") hard drive image with this Linux command:

$ qemu-img create freedos.img 100M

I downloaded the FreeDOS installation LiveCD as FD13LIVE.iso, which provides a "live"

environment where I can run FreeDOS, including all the standard tools. Most users also use
the LiveCD to install FreeDOS with the regular installer, but here I'll only use the LiveCD to
install FreeDOS using individual commands from the command line.

I started the virtual machine with this rather long QEMU command, and selected the "Use
FreeDOSin Live Environment mode" boot menu entry:

$ qemu-system-x86_64 -name FreeDOS -machine pc-i440fx-4.2,accel=kvm,usb=off,dump-

guest-core=off -enable-kvm -cpu host -m 8 -overcommit mem-lock=off -no-user-
config -nodefaults -rtc base=utc,driftfix=slew -no-hpet -boot menu=on,strict=on -
sandbox on,obsolete=deny,elevateprivileges=deny,spawn=deny,resourcecontrol=deny -
msg timestamp=on -hda freedos.img -cdrom FD13LIVE.iso -device sb16 -device adlib
-soundhw pcspk -vga cirrus -display sdl -usbdevice mouse

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 Select "Use FreeDOSin Live Environment mode" to boot the LiveCD
(Jim Hall, CC-BY SA 4.0)

That QEMU command line includes a bunch of options that may seem confusing at first. You
configure QEMU entirely with command-line options, so there is a lot to examine here. But I'll
briefly highlight a few important options:

• -m 8: Set the system memory ("RAM") to 8 megabytes

• -boot menu=on,strict=on: Use a boot menu, so I can select if I want to boot
from the CD-ROM image or the hard drive image
• -hda freedos.img: Use freedos.img as the hard drive image
• -cdrom FD13LIVE.iso: Use FD13LIVE.iso as the CD-ROM image
• -device sb16 -device adlib -soundhw pcspk: Define the machine with a
SoundBlaster16 sound card, AdLib digitial music card, and PC speaker emulation
(these are useful if you want to play DOS games)
• -usbdevice mouse: Recognize the user's mouse as a USB mouse (click in the QEMU
window to use the mouse)

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Partition the hard drive
You can use FreeDOS from the LiveCD, but if you want to install FreeDOS to your computer,
you'll first need to make space on the hard drive. This requires creating a partition with the
FDISK program.

From the DOS command line, type FDISK to run the fixed disk setup program. FDISK is a full-
screen interactive program, and you only need to type a number to select a menu item. From
the main FDISK menu, enter "1" to create a DOS partition on the drive, then enter "1" on the
next screen to create a primary DOS partition.

Select "1" to create a partition

(Jim Hall, CC-BY SA 4.0)

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 Select "1" on the next menu to make a primary partition
(Jim Hall, CC-BY SA 4.0)

FDISK asks you if you wish to use the full size of the hard disk to create the partition. Unless
you need to share space on this hard drive with another operating system, such as Linux, you
should answer "Y" to this prompt.

After FDISK creates the new partition, you'll need to reboot before DOS can recognize the
new partition information. Like all DOS operating systems, FreeDOS identifies the hard drive
information only when it boots up. So if you create or delete any disk partitions, you'll need to
reboot so FreeDOS recognizes the changed partition information. FDISK reminds you to
reboot, so you don't forget.

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 You need to reboot to recognize the new partition
(Jim Hall, CC-BY SA 4.0)

You can reboot by stopping and restarting the QEMU virtual machine, but I prefer to reboot
FreeDOS from the FreeDOS command line, using the FreeDOS Advanced Power
Management (FDADPM) tool. To reboot, type the command FDADPM /WARMBOOT and
FreeDOS reboots itself.

Formatting the hard drive

After FreeDOS restarts, you can continue setting up the hard drive. Creating the disk partition
was "step 1" in this process; now you need to make a DOS filesystem on the partition so
FreeDOS can use it.

DOS systems identify "drives" using the letters A through Z. FreeDOS recognizes the first
partition on the first hard drive as the C drive, and so on. You often indicate the drive with the
letter and a colon (:) so the new partition we created above is actually the C: drive.

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You can create a DOS filesystem on the new partition with the FORMAT command. This
command takes a few options, but we'll only use the /S option to tell FORMAT to make the
new filesystem bootable—the "S" means to install the FreeDOS "System" files.
Type FORMAT /S C: to make a new DOS filesystem on the C: drive.

Format the partition to create the DOS filesystem

(Jim Hall, CC-BY SA 4.0)

With the /S option, FORMAT will run the SYS program to transfer the system files. You'll see
this as part of the output from FORMAT:

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 FORMAT /S will use SYS to make the disk bootable
(Jim Hall, CC-BY SA 4.0)

Installing software
Having created a new partition with FDISK and a new filesystem with FORMAT, the
new C: drive is basically empty. At this point, the C: drive only contains a copy of the kernel
and the COMMAND.COM command-line shell. To do anything useful with the new disk, we need
to install software on it. This is the last step for the manual install process.

The FreeDOS LiveCD contains all of the software you might want to install on the new
system. Each FreeDOS program is available as a separate "package," which is really just a Zip
archive file. The packages that set up the standard DOS environment are stored in
the BASE directory, under the PACKAGES directory on the LiveCD.

You could install the packages by "unzipping" each of them to the hard drive, one at a
time. With 62 individual packages in the "Base" group, installing each package individually

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would take a very long time. However, you can run a one-line FOR "loop" command to "unzip"
each program. Then FreeDOS can "unzip" all of the packages for you.

The basic usage of the FOR loop indicates a single-letter variable (let's use %F) that FreeDOS
uses to "fill in" the filename later. The FOR also requires a list of files in brackets and the
command that it should run against each of the files. The syntax to unzip a list of Zip files
looks like this:

FOR %F IN (*.ZIP) DO UNZIP %F

This extracts all of the Zip files into the current directory. To extract or "unzip" the files into a
different location, use the -d ("destination") option at the end of the UNZIP command line.
For most FreeDOS systems, you will want to install the software packages to the C:\
FDOS directory:

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 Unzip all of the Base packages to finish installing FreeDOS
(Jim Hall, CC-BY SA 4.0)

FreeDOS takes care of the rest, installing all 62 packages to your system. This may take
several minutes because DOS can be slow when working with lots of individual files—and this
command needs to extract 62 Zip files. The installation process would run a lot faster if we
used a single BASE.ZIP archive file, but using packages provides more flexibility in what
software you might want to install versus what you choose to leave out.

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 After installing all the Base packages
(Jim Hall, CC-BY SA 4.0)

After you've installed everything, reboot your system with FDADPM /WARMBOOT. Installing
manually means your new FreeDOS system won't have the
usual FDCONFIG.SYS configuration file, so FreeDOS will assume a few typical default values
when it starts up. Without the AUTOXEC.BAT file, FreeDOS also prompts you for the time and
date.

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 Rebooting FreeDOS after a manual install
(Jim Hall, CC-BY SA 4.0)

Most users should be able to use the more user-friendly process to install FreeDOS on a new
computer. But if you want to install it yourself the "old school" way, you can also run the
installation steps manually. This can provide some additional flexibility and control because
you install everything yourself. And now you know how to do it.

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How to use FreeDOS as an
embedded system

By Jim Hall

The FreeDOS website says that most people use FreeDOS for three main tasks:

1. Playing classic DOS games

2. Running legacy DOS software
3. Running an embedded system

But what does it mean to run an "embedded" system?

An embedded system is basically a very minimal system that is dedicated to run a specific
task. You might think of embedded systems today as part of the Internet of Things (IoT)
including sensors, thermostats, and doorbell cameras. Many embedded systems today run on
Linux.

But once upon a time, embedded systems either ran on a custom, proprietary platform or ran
on DOS. Some of these DOS-based embedded systems still run today, such as cash registers
or phone private branch exchange (PBX) systems. In one example as recently as 2017,
trainspotters discovered a Russian electric train control system (Russian: САВПЭ) running
FreeDOS with special software to control and monitor the route of suburban trains and to
make passenger announcements.

Setting up an embedded system on DOS requires defining a minimal DOS environment that
runs a single application. Fortunately, setting up a minimal FreeDOS environment is pretty
easy. Technically, all you need to boot FreeDOS and run DOS applications is the kernel and
a FDCONFIG.SYS configuration file.

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Installing a minimal system
We can simulate a dedicated, minimal FreeDOS system by using the QEMU emulator with
very small allocations. To reflect an embedded system more accurately, I'll define a virtual
machine with only 8 megabytes of memory and a mere 2 megabytes for a virtual hard drive.

To create the tiny virtual hard drive, I'll use this qemu-img command to define a 2-megabyte
file:

$ qemu-img create tiny.img 2M

Formatting 'tiny.img', fmt=raw size=2097152

This command line defines a 32-bit "i386" CPU with 8 megabytes of memory, using the 2-
megabyte tiny.img file as the hard drive image and the FreeDOS LiveCD as the CD-ROM
media. We'll also set the machine to boot from the CD-ROM drive (-boot order=d)
although we only need that to install. We'll boot the completed embedded system from the
hard disk after we've set everything up:

qemu-system-i386 -m 8 -hda tiny.img -cdrom FD13LIVE.iso -boot order=d

Boot the system using the "Live Environment mode"—this provides us with a running FreeDOS
system that we can use to transfer a minimal FreeDOS to the hard disk.

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 Boot into the LiveCD environment
(Jim Hall, CC-BY SA 4.0)

We'll need to create a partition on the virtual hard drive for our programs. To do that, run the
FDISK program from the command line. FDISK is the standard fixed disk utility on FreeDOS.
Use FDISK to create a single hard drive partition that spans the entire (2-megabyte) hard
drive.

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 FDISK, after creating the 2 megabyte partition
(Jim Hall, CC-BY SA 4.0)

But FreeDOS won't see the new hard drive partition until you reboot—FreeDOS only reads the
hard disk details at startup. Exit FDISK and reboot, and you'll be ready for the next step.

After rebooting, you need to create a DOS filesystem on the new hard drive. Since there's just
the one virtual hard disk, FreeDOS will identify it as the C: drive. You can create a DOS
filesystem on C: with the FORMAT command. The /S option transfers the operating system
files (the kernel, plus a copy of the COMMAND.COM shell) to the new drive.

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 Format the new drive to create a DOS filesystem
(Jim Hall, CC-BY SA 4.0)

Now that you've created the drive and formatted it, you can install the application that will run
on the embedded system.

Installing the dedicated application

An embedded system is really just a single-purpose application running on a dedicated
system. Such applications are usually custom-built for the system it will control, such as a cash
register, display terminal, or control environment. For this demonstration, let's use a program
from the FreeDOS installation CD-ROM. It needs to be small enough to fit in the tiny 2-
megabyte hard drive we've created for it. This can be anything—so just for fun, let's make it a
game.

FreeDOS includes several fun games. One game that I like is a board game called Simple
Senet. It's based on Senet, an ancient Egyptian board game. The details of the game aren't

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important for this demonstration, except that we'll install it and set it up as the dedicated
application for the embedded system.

To install the application, go into the \PACKAGES\GAMES directory on the FreeDOS LiveCD.
You'll see a long list of packages there, and the one we want is SENET.ZIP.

A list of game packages from FreeDOS

(Jim Hall, CC-BY SA 4.0)

To unzip the Simple Senet package onto the virtual hard drive, use the UNZIP command. All
FreeDOS packages are Zip files, so you can use any Zip-compatible archive utility to manage
them. FreeDOS includes ZIP to create Zip archives, and UNZIP to extract Zip archives. Both
are from the Info-Zip Project.

UNZIP SENET.ZIP -d C:\FDOS

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Normally, using UNZIP will extract a Zip file in the current directory. The -d C:\FDOS option
at the end of the command line tells UNZIP to extract the Zip file to the C:\FDOS directory.
(-d means "destination.")

Unzipping the Simple Senet game

(Jim Hall, CC-BY SA 4.0)

To run the Simple Senet game whenever the embedded system boots, we need to tell
FreeDOS to use Senet as the system "shell." The default FreeDOS shell is
the COMMAND.COM program, but you can define a different shell program using
the SHELL= directive in the FDCONFIG.SYS kernel configuration file. We can use FreeDOS
Edit to create the new C:\FDCONFIG.SYS file.

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 (Jim Hall, CC-BY SA 4.0)

If you need to define other parameters to support the embedded system, you can add those
to the FDCONFIG.SYS file. For example, you might need to set environment variables using
the SET action, or tune the FreeDOS kernel with FILES= or BUFFERS= statements.

Run the embedded system

With the embedded system fully defined, we can now reboot the machine to run the
embedded application. Running an embedded system usually requires only limited resources,
so for this demonstration, we'll tweak the QEMU command line to only boot from the hard
drive (-boot order=c) and not define a CD-ROM drive:

qemu-system-i386 -m 8 -hda tiny.img -boot order=c

When the FreeDOS kernel starts up, it reads the FDCONFIG.SYS file for its startup
parameters. Then it runs the shell using the SHELL= line. That runs the Simple Senet game
automatically.

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 Running Simple Senet as an embedded system
(Jim Hall, CC-BY SA 4.0)

We've used Simple Senet to demonstrate how to set up an embedded system on FreeDOS.
Depending on your needs, you can use whatever standalone application you like. Define it as
the DOS shell using the SHELL= line in FDCONFIG.SYS and FreeDOS will automatically
launch the application at boot-time.

However, there's one limitation here. Embedded systems do not usually need to exit back to a
command prompt, so these dedicated applications don't usually allow the user to quit to
DOS. If you manage to exit the embedded application, you'll likely see a "Bad or missing
Command Interpreter" prompt, where you'll need to enter the full path to a new shell. For a
user-focused desktop system, this would be a problem. But on an embedded system that's
dedicated to doing only one job, you should never need to exit anyway.

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FreeDOS commands
you need to know

By Kevin O'Brien

FreeDOS, the open source implementation of DOS, provides a lightweight operating system
for running legacy applications on modern hardware (or in an emulator) and for updating
hardware vendor fails with a Linux-compatible firmware flasher. Getting familiar with
FreeDOS is not only a fun throwback to the computing days of the past, it's an investment
into gaining useful computing skills. In this article, I'll look at some of the essential commands
you need to know to work on a FreeDOS system.

Essential directory and file commands

FreeDOS uses directories to organize files on a hard drive. That means you need to use
directory commands to create a structure to store your files and find the files you've stored
there. The commands you need to manage your directory structure are relatively few:

• MD (or MKDIR) creates a new directory or subdirectory.

• RD (or RMDIR) removes (or deletes) a directory or subdirectory.
• CD (or CHDIR) changes from the current working directory to another directory.
• DELTREE erases a directory, including any files or subdirectories it contains.
• DIR lists the contents of the current working directory.

Because working with directories is central to what FreeDOS does, all of these (except
DELTREE) are internal commands contained within COMMAND.COM. Therefore, they are
loaded into RAM and ready for use whenever you boot (even from a boot disk). The first three
commands have two versions: a two-letter short name and a long name. There is no
difference in practice, so I'll use the short form in this article.

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Make a directory with MD
FreeDOS's MD command creates a new directory or subdirectory. (Actually, since the root is
the main directory, all directories are technically subdirectories, so I'll refer to subdirectories in
all examples.) An optional argument is the path to the directory you want to create, but if no
path is included, the subdirectory is created in the current working subdirectory.

For example, to create a subdirectory called letters in your current location:

C:\HOME\>MD LETTERS

This creates the subdirectory C:\letters.

By including a path, you can create a subdirectory anywhere:

C:\>MD C:\HOME\LETTERS\LOVE

This has the same result as moving into C:\HOME\LETTERS first and then creating a
subdirectory there:

C:\CD HOME\LETTERS
C:\HOME\LETTERS\>MD LOVE
C:\HOME\LETTERS\>DIR
LOVE

A path specification cannot exceed 63 characters, including backslashes.

Remove a directory with RD

FreeDOS's RD command removes a subdirectory. The subdirectory must be empty. If it
contains files or other subdirectories, you get an error message. This has an optional path
argument with the same syntax as MD.

You cannot remove your current working subdirectory. To do that, you must CD to the parent
subdirectory and then remove the undesired subdirectory.

Delete files and directories with DELTREE

The RD command can be a little confusing because of safeguards FreeDOS builds into the
command. That you cannot delete a subdirectory that has contents, for instance, is a safety
measure. DELTREE is the solution.

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DELTREE deletes an entire subdirectory "tree" (a subdirectory), plus all of the files it contains,
plus all of the subdirectories those contain, and all of the files they contain, and so on, all in
one easy command. Sometimes it can be a little too easy because it can wipe out so much
data so quickly. It ignores file attributes, so you can wipe out hidden, read-only, and system
files without knowing it.

You can even wipe out multiple trees by specifying them in the command. This would wipe out
both of these subdirectories in one command:

C:\>DELTREE C:\FOO C:\BAR

This is one of those commands where you really ought to think twice before you use it. It has
its place, definitely. I can still remember how tedious it was to go into each subdirectory,
delete the individual files, check each subdirectory for contents, delete each subdirectory one
at a time, then jump up one level and repeat the process. DELTREE is a great timesaver when
you need it. But I would never use it for ordinary maintenance because one false move can do
so much damage.

Format a hard drive

The FORMAT command can also be used to prepare a blank hard drive to have files written to
it. This formats the D: drive:

C:\>FORMAT D:

Copy files
The COPY command, as the name implies, copies files from one place to another. The required
arguments are the file to be copied and the path and file to copy it to. Switches include:

• /Y prevents a prompt when a file is being overwritten.

• /-Y requires a prompt when a file is being overwritten.
• /V verifies the contents of the copy.

This copies the file MYFILE.TXT from the working directory on C: to the root directory of the
D: drive and renames it EXAMPLE.TXT:

C:\>COPY MYFILE.TXT D:\EXAMPLE.TXT

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This copies the file EXAMPLE.TXT from the working directory on C: to the C:\DOCS\
directory and then verifies the contents of the file to ensure that the copy is complete:

C:\>COPY EXAMPLE.TXT C:\DOCS\EXAMPLE.TXT /V

You can also use the COPY command to combine and append files. This combines the two
files MYFILE1.TXT and MYFILE2.TXT and places them in a new file called MYFILE3.TXT:

C:\>COPY MYFILE1.TXT+MYFILE2.TXT MYFILE3.TXT

Copy directories with XCOPY

The XCOPY command copies entire directories, along with all of their subdirectories and all of
the files contained in those subdirectories. Arguments are the files and path to be copied and
the destination to copy them to. Important switches are:

• /S copies all files in the current directory and any subdirectory within it.
• /E copies subdirectories, even if they are empty. This option must be used with the /S
option.
• /V verifies the copies that were made.

This is a very powerful and useful command, particularly for backing up directories or an entire
hard drive.

This command copies the entire contents of the directory C:\DOCS, including all
subdirectories and their contents (except empty subdirectories) and places them on drive D:
in the directory D:\BACKUP\DOCS\:

C:\>XCOPY C:\DOCS D:\BACKUP\DOCS\ /S

Using FreeDOS
FreeDOS is a fun, lightweight, open source operating system. It provides lots of great utilities
to enable you to get work done on it, whether you're using it to update the firmware of your
motherboard or to give new life to an old computer. Learn the basics of FreeDOS. You might
be surprised at how versatile it is.

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Understanding file names and
directories in FreeDOS

By Kevin O'Brien

The open source operating system FreeDOS is a tried-and-true project that helps users play
retro games, update firmware, run outdated but beloved applications, and study operating
system design. FreeDOS offers insights into the history of personal computing (because it
implements the de facto operating system of the early '80s) but in a modern context. In this
article, I'll use FreeDOS to explain how file names and extensions developed.

Understanding file names and ASCII text

FreeDOS file names follow what is called the 8.3 convention. This means that all FreeDOS file
names have two parts that contain up to eight and three characters, respectively. The first
part is often referred to as the file name (which can be a little confusing because the
combination of the file name and the file extension is also called a file name). This part can
have anywhere from one to eight characters in it. This is followed by the extension, which can
have from zero to three characters. These two parts are separated by a dot.

File names can use any letter of the alphabet or any numeral. Many of the other characters
found on a keyboard are also allowed, but not all of them. That's because many of these other
characters have been assigned a special use in FreeDOS. Some of the characters that can
appear in a FreeDOS file name are:

~ ! @ # $ % ^ & ( ) _ - { } `

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There are also characters in the extended ASCII set that can be used, such as �.

Characters with a special meaning in FreeDOS that, therefore, cannot be used in file names
include:

*/ + | \ = ? [ ] ; : " . < > ,

Also, you cannot use a space in a FreeDOS file name. The FreeDOS console uses spaces to
separate commands from options and parameters.

FreeDOS is case insensitive, so it doesn't matter whether you use uppercase or lowercase
letters. All letters are converted to uppercase, so your files end up with uppercase letters in
the name, no matter what you do.

File extensions
A file in FreeDOS isn't required to have an extension, but file extensions do have some uses.
Certain file extensions have built-in meanings in FreeDOS, such as:

• EXE: executable file

• COM: command file
• SYS: system file
• BAT: batch file

Specific software programs use other extensions, or you can use them when you create a file.
These extensions have no absolute file associations, so if you use a FreeDOS word processor,
it doesn't matter what extension you use for your files. You could get creative and use
extensions as part of your filing system if you want. For instance, you could name your memos
using *.JAN, *.FEB, *.MAR, *.APR, and so on.

Editing files
FreeDOS comes with the Edit application for quick and easy text editing. It's a simple editor
with a menu bar along the top of the screen for easy access to all the usual functions (such as
copy, paste, save, and so on.)

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As you might expect, many other text editors are available, including the tiny but versatile e3
editor. You can find a good variety of FreeDOS applications on GitLab.

Creating files
You can create empty files in FreeDOS using the touch command. This simple utility updates
a file's modification time or creates a new file:

C:\>touch foo.txt
C:\>dir
FOO TXT 0 01-12-2021 10:00a

You can also create a file directly from the FreeDOS console without using the Edit text
editor. First, use the copy command to copy input in the console (con for short) into a new
file object. Terminate input with Ctrl+Z followed by the Return or Enter key:

C:\>copy con test.txt

con => test.txt

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This is a test file.
^Z

The Ctrl+Z character shows up in the console as ^Z. It isn't copied to the file but serves as an
End of File (EOF) delimiter. In other words, it tells FreeDOS when to stop copying. This is a
neat trick for making quick notes or starting a simple document to work on later.

Files and FreeDOS

FreeDOS is open source, free, and easy to install. Exploring how FreeDOS treats files can help
you understand how computing has developed over the years, regardless of your usual
operating system. Boot up FreeDOS and start exploring modern retro computing!

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How to navigate FreeDOS
with CD and DIR

By Jim Hall

FreeDOS is an open source DOS-compatible operating system that you can use to play
classic DOS games, run legacy business software, or develop embedded systems. Any
program that works on MS-DOS should also run on FreeDOS.

But if you've never used DOS, you might be confused about how to navigate the system.
FreeDOS is primarily a command-line interface; there is no default graphical user
interface (GUI) in FreeDOS. You need to type every command at the command line.

Two commands that help you find your way around FreeDOS: CD and DIR. I've written those
commands in all uppercase, but DOS is actually case insensitive, so you can type your
commands using either uppercase or lowercase letters. DOS doesn't care.

Let's start with the DIR command. This command name is short for directory and is similar to
the ls command on Linux systems. You can run DIR anywhere on your system to see what
files you have. Just type the command DIR to get a list of files and directories:

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 (Jim Hall, CC-BY SA 4.0)

The output from DIR is very utilitarian. At the top, DIR prints the "volume name" of the
current drive. Then DIR shows all the files and directories. In the screenshot, you can see the
directory listing of the FreeDOS LiveCD. It contains several directories, including
the FREEDOS directory which contains all of the core FreeDOS programs and utilities. You can
also see several files, starting with the COMMAND.COM shell, which is similar to Bash on Linux—
except much simpler. The FreeDOS kernel itself is the KERNEL.SYS file further down the list.

At the top level of any drive, before you go into a directory, you are at the root directory. DOS
uses the \ ("back slash") character to separate directories in a path, which is slightly different
from the / ("slash") character in Linux systems.

To navigate into a directory, you can use the CD command. Like cd on Linux, this stands
for change directory. The CD command sets the new working directory to wherever you want
to go. For example, you might go into the GAMES directory and use DIR to list its contents:

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 (Jim Hall, CC-BY SA 4.0)

You can also specify a path to CD, to jump to a specific directory elsewhere on your system. If I
wanted to change to the FREEDOS directory, I could simply specify the full path relative to the
root directory. In this case, that's the \FREEDOS directory. From there, I can run
another DIR command to see the files and directories stored there:

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 (Jim Hall, CC-BY SA 4.0)

Like Linux, DOS also uses . and .. to represent a relative path. The . directory is the current
directory, and .. is the directory that's one level before it, or the parent directory.
Using .. allows you to "back up" one directory with the CD command, so you don't need to
specify a full path.

From the first DIR screenshot, we can see the root directory also contains a DEVEL directory.
If we're already in the \FREEDOS directory, we can navigate to DEVEL by "backing up" one
directory level, and "going into" the ..\DEVEL directory via a relative path:

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 (Jim Hall, CC-BY SA 4.0)

Armed with just two commands DIR and CD, you can navigate your FreeDOS system from the
command line. Try it on your FreeDOS system to locate files and execute programs.

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FreeDOS commands for Linux fans

By Jim Hall

f you've tried FreeDOS, you might have been stymied by the command line. The DOS
commands are slightly different from how you might use the Linux command line, so getting
around on the command line requires learning a few new commands.

But it doesn't have to be an "all new" experience for Linux users. We've always included some
standard Unix commands in FreeDOS, in addition to the DOS commands that are already
similar to Linux. So if you're already familiar with the Linux command line, try these commands
to help ease into FreeDOS:

Getting Around
Use the cdcommand to change directory in the FreeDOS filesystem. The usage is basically
the same on FreeDOS as it is on Linux. To change into a subdirectory called apps, type cd
apps. To go back to the previous directory, type cd ...

The only difference when navigating through directories and paths is that on FreeDOS, the
directory separator is \ ("backslash") instead of / ("forward slash") that you use on Linux.
For example, let's say you were in the \devel directory and you wanted to move to the \
fdos directory. Both of those are at the same "level" relative to the root directory. So you
could type cd ..\fdos to "back up" one directory level (with ..) and then "go into" the
fdos directory.

To change to a new directory, you could instead give the full path with the leading backslash.
This is handy if you are already deep into another path, and just want to switch immediately to
the new location. For example, to change to the \temp directory, you can type cd \temp.

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C:\>cd apps
C:\APPS>cd ..
C:\>cd devel
C:\DEVEL>cd ..\fdos
C:\FDOS>cd \temp
C:\TEMP>_

In FreeDOS, like most DOS systems, you can see your current path as part of the DOS
prompt. On Linux, your prompt is probably something like $. On FreeDOS, the prompt lists
the current drive, the current path within that drive, then> as the prompt (taking the place of
$ on Linux).

Listing and Displaying Files

On Linux, the standard command to list files in the current directory is the ls command. On
FreeDOS, it's a different command: dir. But you can get a similar behavior aslsby creating
an alias.

To create an alias to another command, use the built-in alias command. For example, use
this command to define an alias for ls that will display a directory listing in a similar way to
using ls on Linux:

C:\>alias ls=dir /one /w /b /l

C:\>ls
[apps] command.com [devel] fdauto.bat fdconfig.sys
[fdos] kernel.sys [src] [temp]
C:\>

The command option format is slightly different on FreeDOS than on Linux. On Linux, you
start options with a hyphen character (-). But on FreeDOS, options start with a forward slash.
The alias command above uses the slash character—those are options to dir. The /one
option tells dir to order (o) in a certain way: sort any files and directories by name (n) and
then by extension (e). Using /w says to use a "wide" directory listing, /b uses a "bare"
display without the other information dir usually provides, and /l instructs dir to display
files and directories in lowercase.

Note that the command-line options for the FreeDOS dir command are quite different from
the options to Linux ls, so you can't use this ls alias exactly like you would on Linux. For

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example, typing ls -l with this alias on FreeDOS will result in a "File not found" error,
because the underlying FreeDOS dir command will be unable to find a file called -l. But for
basic "see what files I have on my system," this ls alias is good enough to help Linux users
get started with FreeDOS.

Similarly, you can create an alias for the FreeDOS type command, to act like the Linux cat
command. Both programs display the contents of a text file. While type doesn't support the
command-line options you might use under Linux, the basic usage to display a single file will
be the same.

C:\FDOS>alias cat=type
C:\FDOS>cat version.fdi
PLATFORM=FreeDOS
VERSION=1.3-RC4
RELEASE=2021-04-30
C:\FDOS>

Other Unix-like Commands

FreeDOS includes a selection of other common Unix-like commands, so Linux users will feel
more at home. To use these Linux commands on FreeDOS, you may need to install the Unix
Like Tools package from the FreeDOS Installer - My Package List Editor Software
(FDIMPLES) package manager.

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 (Jim Hall, CC-BY SA 4.0)

Not all of the Unix-like utilities work exactly like their Linux counterparts. That's why we call
them Unix-like. You might want to check the compatibility if you're using some esoteric
command-line options, but typical usage should be fine. Start with these common Unix-like
commands on FreeDOS:

The cal command is the standard Unix calendar program. For example, to display the
calendar for the current month, just type cal. To view a specific month, give the month and
year as arguments:

C:\>cal 6 1994
June 1994
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30

View your disk usage with the du command. This is a simple version of the Linux disk usage
command and doesn't support any command-line options other than a path.

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C:\>du -s apps
usage: du (start path)
C:\>du apps
158784 C:\APPS\FED
0 C:\APPS
Total from C:\APPS is 158784
C:\>

Thehead command displays the first few lines of a file. For example, this is a handy way to
determine if a file contains the correct data.

C:\>head fdauto.bat
@ECHO OFF
set DOSDIR=C"\FDOS
set LANG=EN
set TZ=UTC
set PATH=%dosdir%\BIN
if exist %dosdir%\LINKS\NUL set PATH=%path%;%dosdir%\LINKS
set NLSPATH=%dosdir%\NLS
set HELPPATH=%dosdir%\HELP
set TEMP=%dosdir%\TEMP
set TMP=%TEMP%
C:\>

To view an entire file, use the more command, the default file viewer on FreeDOS. This
displays a file one screenful at a time, then prints a prompt to press a key before displaying
the next screenful of information. The more command is a very simple file viewer; for a more
full-featured viewer like you might use on Linux, try the less command. The less
command provides the ability to scroll "backwards" through a file, in case you missed
something. You can also search for specific text.

C:\>less fdauto.bat
@ECHO OFF
set DOSDIR=C"\FDOS
set LANG=EN
set TZ=UTC
set PATH=%dosdir%\BIN
if exist %dosdir%\LINKS\NUL set PATH=%path%;%dosdir%\LINKS
set NLSPATH=%dosdir%\NLS
set HELPPATH=%dosdir%\HELP
set TEMP=%dosdir%\TEMP
set TMP=%TEMP%
[...]

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If you have a lot of directories in your program path variable (PATH) and aren't sure where a
certain program is running from, you can use the which command. This scans the program
path variable, and prints the full location of the program you are looking for.

C:\>which less
less C:\>FDOS\BIN\LESS.EXE
C:\>_

FreeDOS includes other Unix-like commands that you might use in other, more specific
situations. These include:

• bc: Arbitrary precision numeric processing language

• sed: Stream editor
• grep and xgrep: Search a text file using regular expression
• md5sum: Generate an MD5 signature of a file
• nro: Simple typesetting using nroff macros
• sleep: Pause the system for a few seconds
• tee: Save a copy of a command-line stream
• touch: Modify a file's timestamp
• trch: Translate single characters (like Linux tr)
• uptime: Report how long your FreeDOS system has been running

FreeDOS at your command

FreeDOS, like Linux and BSD, is open source. Whether you want to challenge yourself by
learning a new style of command-line interaction, or you want to fall back on the comfort of
familiar Unix-like tools, FreeDOS is a fun and fresh operating system to explore. Give it a try!

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Set your path in FreeDOS

By Kevin O'Brien

Everything you do in the open source FreeDOS operating system is done from the command
line. The command line begins with a prompt, which is the computer's way of saying, "I'm
ready. Give me something to do." You can configure your prompt's appearance, but by
default, it's:

C:\>

From the command line, you can do two things: Run an internal command or run a program.
External commands are programs found in separate files in your FDOS directory, so running
programs includes running external commands. It also means running the application software
you use to do things with your computer. You can also run a batch file, but in that case, all
you're doing is running a series of commands or programs that are listed in the batch file.

Executable application files

FreeDOS can run three types of application files:

1. COM is a file in machine language less than 64KB in size.

2. EXE is a file in machine language that can be larger than 64KB. EXE files also have
information at the beginning of the file telling DOS what type of file it is and how to
load and run it.
3. BAT is a batch file written with a text editor in ASCII text format containing FreeDOS
commands that are executed in batch mode. This means each command is executed in
sequence until the file ends.

If you enter an application name that FreeDOS does not recognize as either an internal
command or a program, you get the error message Bad command or filename. If you see this
error, it means one of three things:

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 1. The name you gave is incorrect for some reason. Possibly you misspelled the file name,
or maybe you're using the wrong command name. Check the name and the spelling
and try again.
2. Maybe the program you are trying to run is not installed on the computer. Verify that it
is installed.
3. The file does exist, but FreeDOS doesn't know where to find it.

The final item on this list is the subject of this article, and it's referred to as the PATH. If you're
used to Linux or Unix already, you may already understand the concept of the PATH variable.
If you're new to the command line, the path is an important thing to get comfortable with.

The path
When you enter the name of an executable application file, FreeDOS has to find it. FreeDOS
looks for the file in a specific hierarchy of locations:

1. First, it looks in the active directory of the current drive (called the working directory). If
you're in the directory C:\FDOS, and you type in the name FOOBAR.EXE, FreeDOS
looks in C:\FDOS for a file with that name. You don't even need to type in the entire
name. If you type in FOOBAR, FreeDOS looks for any executable file with that name,
whether it's FOOBAR.EXE, FOOBAR.COM, or FOOBAR.BAT. Should FreeDOS find a file
matching that name, it runs it.
2. If FreeDOS does not find a file with the name you've entered, it consults something
called the PATH. This is a list of directories that DOS has been instructed to check
whenever it cannot find a file in the current active directory.

You can see your computer's path at any time by using the PATH command. Just type path at
the FreeDOS prompt, and FreeDOS returns your path setting:

C:\>path
PATH=C:\FDOS\BIN

The first line is the prompt and the command, and the second line is what the computer
returned. You can see that the first place DOS looks is FDOS\BIN, which is located on the C
drive. If you want to change your path, you can enter a path command and the new path you
want to use:

C:\>path=C:\HOME\BIN;C:\FDOS\BIN

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In this example, I set my path to my personal BIN folder, which I keep in a custom directory
called HOME, and then to FDOS\BIN. Now when you check your path:

C:\>path
PATH=C:\HOME\BIN;C:\FDOS\BIN

The path setting is processed in the order that directories are listed.

You may notice that some characters are lower case and some upper case. It really doesn't
matter which you use. FreeDOS is not case-sensitive and treats everything as an upper-case
letter. Internally, FreeDOS uses all upper-case letters, which is why you see the output from
your commands in upper case. If you type commands and file names in lower case, a
converter automatically converts them to upper case, and they are executed.

Entering a new path replaces whatever the path was set to previously.

The autoexec.bat file

The next question you might have is where that first path, the one FreeDOS uses by default,
came from. That, along with several other important settings, is defined in the
AUTOEXEC.BAT file located at the root of your C drive. This is a batch file that automatically
executes (hence the name) when you start FreeDOS. You can edit this file with the FreeDOS
program EDIT. To see or edit the contents of this file, enter the following command:

C:\>edit autoexec.bat

This line appears near the top:

SET PATH=%dosdir%\BIN

This line defines the value of the default path.

After you look at AUTOEXEC.BAT, you can exit the EDIT application by pressing the following
keys in order:

1. Alt
2. f
3. x

You can also use the keyboard shortcut Alt+X.

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Using the full path
If you forget to include C:\FDOS\BIN in your path, you won't have immediate access to any
of the applications stored there because FreeDOS won't know where to find them. For
instance, imagine I set my path to my personal collection of applications:

C:\>path=C:\HOME\BIN

Applications built into the command line still work:

C:\cd HOME
C:\HOME>dir
ARTICLES
BIN
CHEATSHEETS
GAMES
DND

However, external commands fail:

C:HOME\ARTICLES>BZIP2 -c example.txt
Bad command or filename - "BZIP2"

You can always execute a command that you know is on your system but not in your path by
providing the full path to the file:

C:HOME\ARTICLES>C:\FDOS\BIN\BZIP2 -c example.txt
C:HOME\ARTICLES>DIR
example.txb

You can execute applications from external media or other directories the same way.

FreeDOS path
Generally, you probably want to keep C:\PDOS\BIN in your path because it contains all the
default applications distributed with FreeDOS.

Unless you change the path in AUTOEXEC.BAT, the default path is restored after a reboot.

Now that you know how to manage your path in FreeDOS, you can execute commands and
maintain your working environment in whatever way works best for you.

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Appendix: Navigate your
FreeDOS system

By Kevin O'Brien

FreeDOS is an open source implementation of DOS. It's not a remix of Linux, and it is
compatible with the operating system that introduced many people to personal computing.
This makes it an important resource for running legacy applications, playing retro games,
updating firmware on motherboards, and experiencing a little bit of living computer history. In
this article, I'll look at some of the essential commands used to navigate a FreeDOS system.

Change your current directory with CD

When you first boot FreeDOS, you're "in" the root directory, which is called C:\. This
represents the foundation of your filesystem, specifically the system hard drive. It's labeled
with a C because, back in the old days of MS-DOS and PC-DOS, there were always A and B
floppy drives, making the physical hard drive the third drive by default. The convention has
been retained to this day in FreeDOS and the operating system that grew out of MS-DOS,
Windows.

There are many reasons not to work exclusively in your root directory. First of all, there are
limitations to the FAT filesystem that would make that impractical at scale. Secondly, it would
make for a very poorly organized filesystem. So it's common to make new directories (or
"folders," as we often refer to them) to help keep your work tidy. To access these files easily,
it's convenient to change your working directory.

The FreeDOS CD command changes your current working subdirectory to another

subdirectory. Imagine a computer with the following directory structure:

C:\
\LETTERS\
\LOVE\
\BUSINESS\
\DND\
\MEMOS\
\SCHOOL\

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You start in the C:\ directory, so to navigate to your love letter directory, you can use CD:

C:\>CD \LETTERS\LOVE\

To navigate to your \LETTERS\BUSINESS directory, you must specify the path to your
business letters from a common fixed point on your filesystem. The most reliable starting
location is C:\, because it's where everything on your computer is stored.

C:\LETTERS\LOVE\>CD C:\LETTERS\BUSINESS

Navigating with dots

There's a useful shortcut for navigating your FreeDOS system, which takes the form of dots.
Two dots (..) tell FreeDOS you want to move "back" or "down" in your directory tree. For
instance, the LETTERS directory in this example system contains one subdirectory called
LOVE and another called BUSINESS. If you're in LOVE currently, and you want to step back
and change over to BUSINESS, you can just use two dots to represent that move:

C:\LETTERS\LOVE\>CD ..\BUSINESS
C:\LETTERS\BUSINESS\>

To get all the way back to your root directory, just use the right number of dots:

C:\LETTERS\BUSINESS\: CD ..\..
C:\>

Navigational shortcuts
There are some shortcuts for navigating directories, too.

To get back to the root directory from wherever you are:

C:\LETTERS\BUSINESS\>CD \
C:\>

List directory contents with DIR

The DIR command displays the contents of a subdirectory, but it can also function as a search
command. This is one of the most used commands in FreeDOS, and learning to use it properly
is a great time saver.

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DIR displays the contents of the current working subdirectory, and with an optional path
argument, it displays the contents of some other subdirectory:

C:\LETTERS\BUSINESS\>DIR
MTG_CARD TXT 1344 12-29-2020 3:06p
NON TXT 381 12-31-2020 8:12p
SOMUCHFO TXT 889 12-31-2020 9:36p
TEST BAT 32 01-03-2021 10:34a

Attributes
With a special attribute argument, you can use DIR to find and filter out certain kinds of
files. There are 10 attributes you can specify:

H Hidden
-H Not hidden
S System
-S Not system
A Archivable files
-A Already archived files
R Read-only files
-R Not read-only (i.e., editable and deletable) files
D Directories only, no files
-D Files only, no directories

These special designators are denoted with /A: followed by the attribute letter. You can
enter as many attributes as you like, in order, without leaving a space between them. For
instance, to view only hidden directories:

C:\MEMOS\>DIR /A:HD
.OBSCURE <DIR> 01-08-2021 10:10p

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Listing in order
You can also display the results of your DIR command in a specific order. The syntax for this is
very similar to using attributes. You leave a space after the DIR command or after any other
switches, and enter /O: followed by a selection. There are 12 possible selections:

N Alphabetical order by file name

-N Reverse alphabetical order by file name
E Alphabetical order by file extension
-E Reverse alphabetical order by file extension
D Order by date and time, earliest first
-D Order by date and time, latest first
S By size, increasing
-S By size, decreasing
C By DoubleSpace compression ratio, lowest to highest (version 6.0 only)
-C By DoubleSpace compression ratio, highest to lowest (version 6.0 only)
G Group directories before other files
-G Group directories after other files
To see your directory listing grouped by file extension:

C:\>DIR /O:E
TEST BAT 01-10-2021 7:11a
TIMER EXE 01-11-2021 6:06a
AAA TXT 01-09-2021 4:27p

This returns a list of files in alphabetical order of file extension.

If you're looking for a file you were working on yesterday, you can order by modification time:

C:\>DIR /O:-D
AAA TXT 01-09-2021 4:27p
TEST BAT 01-10-2021 7:11a
TIMER EXE 01-11-2021 6:06a

If you need to clean up your hard drive because you're running out of space, you can order
your list by file size, and so on.

Multiple arguments
You can use multiple arguments in a DIR command to achieve fairly complex results.
Remember that each argument has to be separated from its neighbors by a blank space on
each side:

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C:\>DIR /A:A /O:D /P

This command selects only those files that have not yet been backed up (/A:A), orders them
by date, beginning with the oldest (/O:D), and displays the results on your monitor one page
at a time (/P). So you can really do some slick stuff with the DIR command once you've
mastered these arguments and switches.

Terminology
In case you were wondering, anything that modifies a command is an argument.

If it has a slash in front, it is a switch. So all switches are also arguments, but some arguments
(for example, a file path) are not switches.

Better navigation in FreeDOS

FreeDOS can be very different from what you're used to if you're used to Windows or macOS,
and it can be just different enough if you're used to Linux. A little practice goes a long way,
though, so try some of these on your own. You can always get a help message with the /?
switch. The best way to get comfortable with these commands is to practice using them.

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