MOD 1 REVIEWERS

CIC
Computer Overview
ACRONYMS

A. (IBM) International Business Machines

B. (EDVAC) Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
C. (ENIAC) Electric Numerical Integrator And Computer
D. (UNIVAC) Universal Automatic Computer
E. (ABC) Atenasoff-Berry Computer

PEOPLES

1963

- Wilhem Schikard (German Scientist) – Invented 11 complete and 6 incomplete wheel that can
add and divide.

1642

- Blaise Pascal (French philo, mathematician, and physicist) added subtracting ro the machine and
burrow digits column to column and build 50 of his machine but mostly use by wealthy

17th Century.

- Gottfried Leibniz (German mathematician) added multiplication to on pascal machiine

Early 19th Century

- Joseph-Marie Jacquard (French Inventor) devised silk loom.

- Computer Key Punch – IBM010 punch was one of the first devices designed to perfornate card.

Early 1820s

- Difference enigma – early mechanical computer designed by Charles Babbage

It had 20 decimal capacity and can solve math problemS.
Analytical Engine designed to perform arithmetic operations .and math operations but lack of
fund and approval prevents it from being build.
Augusta Ada Byron (countess of lovelace and personal friend and student of Babbage. Prepared
extensive notes concerning Babbage ideas and the Analytical Engine. Lovelace Concept leads to
the naming of programming language call ada in honor of her
20th century

Early Electronic Calculator

- Herman Hollerith (American Inventor) combined the use of punched cards with devices that
created and electronically read the
cards.
- Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine Company eventually merged with two companies to
form the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company. In 1924 the company changed its name
to International Business Machines (IBM).

1936

- Alan Turing (British mathematician) invented turing machine that use symbols for math and logic
instead of letters. Proposed the idea of no human direction of a machine that can solve equation

1930s

- Howard Aiken (American mathematician) developed the Mark I

calculating machine, which was built by IBM. It use relays and electromagnetic components to
replace mechanical components. Used vacuum tubes and solid state
transistors (tiny electrical switches) to manipulate the binary numbers.

John von Neumann (Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, Hungarian-American
mathematician)

- developed one of the first computers used to solve

problems in mathematics, meteorology, economics, and hydrodynamics.
- His 1945 design for EDVAC was the first electronic computer design
to incorporate a program stored entirely within its memory.
BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
12

John Mauchly ( American physicist )

- proposed the electronic digital

computer called ENIAC.
- ENIAC was build along with John Presper Eckert, Jr. (American engineer) , at the Moore School of
Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.

ENIAC

- first successful, general digital computer.

- It occupied 167 sq m (1,800 sq ft), weighed more than 27,000 kg
(60,000 lb), and contained more than 18,000 vacuum tubes.
UNIVAC

- Eckert and Mauchly formed their own company, which

was then bought by the Rand Corporation and produced first ever UNIVAC.
- Used for variety commercial apps
- First UNIVAC was delivered to United States Census Bureau in 1951. By 1957,
there were 46 UNIVACs in use.

ABC

- American physicist John Vincent Atanasoff built a prototype

computing device called the Atanasoff-Berry Computer, or ABC,
with the help of his assistant, Clifford Berry.
- first computer to separate data processing from memory

1948

Walter Houser Brattain, John Bardeen, and William Bradford Shockley developed the transistor, a
device that can act as an electric switch.

In the late 1960s, integrated circuits (ICs) revolutionized computing by combining transistors and
components on a single chip. This innovation, pioneered by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce, led to the
development of modern microprocessors in the 1970s. Today’s microprocessors, containing over 40
million transistors, reflect significant advances in processing power and miniaturization.

ADDITIONALS

- Computers were developed in the late 1940s and early 1950s, and were designed initially
for military and governmental uses.
The microprocessor was developed in 1971 by Dr. Ted Hoff, who at that time worked for
Intel.
- Using the microprocessor technology, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak built the first Apple
computer.
- In 1980, Bill Gates worked with IBM to develop the disc operating system for the IBM PC.

LAST ACTITIVY QnA

General Purpose Computer

- Categories are based on size, function, cost, and performance and include: desktop, mobile,
midrange, mainframe, and super computers.

Blaised Pascal
 - invented a machine in 1642 that added and subtracted, automatically carrying and borrowing
digits from column to column.

Supercomputer

- An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per secs.

Computer

- is a fast electronic calculating machine that accepts input data/information, processes it

according to a list of internally stored instructions called program, and produces a meaningful
result or output.

Special purpose computer

- Used to control other objects such as telephones, appliances, and scientific experiments.

Dr. Ted Hoff

- The microprocessor was developed in 1971.

Gottfried Leibniz

- Designed a special gearing system to enable multiplication on Pascal’s machine.

Joseph-Marie Jacquard

- devised a specialized type of computer: a silk loom.

Augusta Ada Byron

- prepared extensive notes concerning Babbage’s ideas and the Analytical Engine

Hybrid Computer

- A combination of computers those are capable of inputting and outputting in both digital and
analog signals

Turing Machine

- Proposed the idea of machine that could process equation without human direction

Howard Aiken

- Develop the Mark 1 calculating machine.

First to Fourth Gen computers

1- Vacuum Tubes
2- Transistors
3- Integrated Circuits
4- Microprocessor

Analog Computer
 - A form of computer that uses continuous physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or
hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved.

Miniframe/s

- Very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of users
simultaneously

Workstation

- It is a type of computer used for engineering applications (CAD/CAM), desktop publishing,

software development, and other types of applications that require a moderate amount of
computing power and relatively high quality graphics capabilities.

DATA

- are facts which are processed to produce information

Procedures

- step-by-step instruction to be follow by a computer to produce an output

Software

- refers to the instructions or programs that tell the computer to do a specific task

Hardware

- refers to the physical component of the computer system

Peopleware

- represent the personnel involves in system analysis, programming, computer operation, system
maintenance, and the like.

Information

- data that have been processed and presented in a form suitable for the user or human to
interpret or understand.

Mini Computer

- Midsize computer/ Capable of supporting up to 200 users simultaneously

Charles Babbage

- Father of Modern Computer

Steve jobs and Steve woznak

- Build the first apple computer

Digital Computer
- A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities represented as
digits, usually in the binary number.

1980

- Bill Gates worked with IBM to develop the disc operating system for the IBM PC

Tower Model

- Devices (are tall) are stacked on top of each other in a cabinet. Ex CPU

Desktop Model

- designed to be very small are sometimes referred to as slimline models

- Broad and low

Notebook Computer

- extremely lightweight personal computer. Notebook computers typically weigh less than 6
pounds and are small enough to fit easily in a briefcase.

Laptop Computer

- A small, portable computer -- small enough that it can sit on your lap. Nowadays, laptop
computers are more frequently called notebook computers.

Hand-held Computer

- portable computer that is small enough to be held in one’s hand.

- also called PDAs, palmtops and pocket computers

Palmtop

- fits in your palm.

PDA (personal digital assistant)

- handheld device that combines computing, telephone/fax, and networking

features. A typical PDA can function as a cellular phone, fax sender, and personal organizer.
NUMBER SYSTEM

A digital system can understand positional number system only where there are a few symbols
called digits and these symbols represent different values depending on the position they
occupy in the number.
A value of each digit in a number can be determined using
▰ The digit
▰ The position of the digit in the number
▰ The base of the number system (where base is defined as the total number of digits
available in the number system).

Decimal Number Systee

- base (10) 0-9

- Each position represents a specific power of the base (10)
- For example, the decimal number 1234
consists of the digit 4 in the units position, 3 in the tens position, 2 in the hundreds position, and
1 in the thousands position can be written as :

Binary Number System

- Base (2) 0 and 1

- Last position in binary is always raise to 0 ex 20 which = 1

Octal Number System

- Base (8) 0-7

- Last position in octal is always raise to 0 ex 8 0 which = 1

Hexadecimal Number System

- Base (16) 0-9(10 number) and A-F (6 letters)

- A = 10, B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F = 15.
- Last position in hexadecimal is always raise to 0 ex 160 which = 1
CONVERSION OF NUMBER SYSTEMS
 DECIMAL TO BINARY
1. 2910 = 11101 (un pagkuha neto is from bottom to top)
A. 29 un pagkuha neto is from bottom to top)÷ 2 = 14(14.5 dahil may (.) lumabas) = 1
B. 14 ÷ 2 = 7( since wala (.) lumabas) = 0
C. 7 ÷ 2 = 3(3.5) = 1
D. 3 ÷ 2 = 1(1.5) = 1
E. 1 ÷ 2 = 0(0.5) = 1
NOTES : You can also determine kung even ang last digit(2,4,6,8,0) is = 1 if odd last digit
(1,3,5,7,9) is = 0

DECIMAL TO OCTAL
2. 29810 = 452 (un pagkuha neto is from bottom to top)
A. 298 ÷ 8 = 37x8 = 296-298 = 2
B. 37 ÷ 8 = 4x8 = 32-37 = 5
C. 4 ÷ 8 = 0 = 4(if 0 na un result sa division ng B. magiging sagot)

DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL
3. 197510 = 7B7 (un pagkuha neto is from bottom to top)
A. 1975 ÷ 16 = 123x16 =1968 – 1975 =7
B. 123 ÷ 16 = 7x16 = 112-123 = 11 -> B
C. 7 ÷ 16 = 0 = 7 (if 0 na un result sa division ng B. magiging sagot)

10 = A 11 = B 12 = C 13 = D 14 = E 15 = F
BINARY TO DECIMAL

Raise to 0 is always = to 1 for example 20 which = 1

BINARY TO OCTAL

Always start at the right in labeling and only add the numbers that is under 1 for example below

BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL

Same steps with binary to octal

OCTAL TO DECIMAL

OCTAL TO BINARY

Use 3 bit Representation

OCTAL TO HEXADECIMAL

Group the number into 4 and use 4 bit representation

BIT REPRESENTATION
HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL

A = 10, B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F = 15.

0
16 always = 1

HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY

Use 4 bit representation

HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL

Group them into 3 and use 3 Bit Representation

please click the link to watch the following videos on latest trend:
▰ https://youtu.be/dNoeqow9RZM
▰ https://youtu.be/B5fuzSuk2WI
▰ https://youtu.be/s6LrBex9NPA
Please click the link to watch Highest Paying IT Jobs for 2020
▰ https://youtu.be/1MyM6Vc9P5c
Please click the link to watch Top 10 Certifications for 2020
▰ https://youtu.be/dCNlL5i1dgQ
MODERN TRENDS IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

SUMMARIZE THESE LINKS

CSP
An Overview of Ethics
ETHICS

- Set of beliefs about right and wrong behavior within a

society
 Moral code: Statements about how people should behave within a society

- Morality: Shared social conventions about right and

wrong that become the basis for an established consensus ( which means a rules that created by
people what are the wrong and right that lead to common understanding)
 Vary by age, culture, ethnicity, religion, life-experiences, education, and
gender
- Virtues and vices define an individual’s moral value
 Virtue: Habit that inclines people to do what is acceptable
 Vice: Habit of unacceptable behavior

INTEGRITY

§ Acting in accordance with a personal code of

principles
§ Extending same respect and consideration to all
that one expects to receive from others
§ Applying the same moral standards in all
situations
§ Inconsistency emerges:
 § In a situation that conflicts with one’s moral standards
§ If one applies moral standards differently according to the situation or people involved

Morals Ethics Laws

- Personal beliefs - Standards or - System of rules,
about right and codes of enforced by a set
wrong behavior of institutions,
- Moral acts expected of an that tells us what
conform to what individual by a we can and
an individual group to which cannot do
believes to be the individual - Legal acts are
the right thing to belongs acts that
do conform to the
law

Difference Between Morals, Ethics, and Laws

Ethics in the Business World

§ Following increases likelihood of unethical

behavior
- Highly complex work environments make it difficult to
apply principles and codes of ethics consistently
- Pressure to maintain revenue and profits
§ Risk of financial loss and criminal or civil lawsuits
is more prevalent for businesses that act
unethically
- Result of heightened vigilance by employees, shareholders, and regulatory agencies

Bathsheba Syndrome
§ Reference to the biblical story of King David, who became corrupted by his power and success
§ Moral corruption of those in power is facilitated when people choose to ignore their leaders
inappropriate behavior

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

§ Organization taking responsibility for the impact

of its actions on the:
- Environment
- Community
- Welfare of its employees
§ Supply chain sustainability: Developing and maintaining a supply chain that meets the needs of
the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs

Why Fostering Corporate Social Responsibility and

Good Business Ethics Is Important
- To gain the good will of the community
- To create an organization that operates consistently-=
- To foster good business practices
- To protect organization/employees from legal action
- To avoid unfavorable publicity

REDUCING ETHICS RISK

Characteristics of a Successful Ethics Program

§ Employees are willing to seek advice about ethics issues

§ Employees feel prepared to handle situations that could lead to misconduct
§ Employees are rewarded for ethical behavior
§ Organization does not reward success obtained through questionable means
§ Employees feel positively about their company

Corporate Ethics Officer

§ Provides an organization with vision and leadership in the area of business conduct
§ Ideally a senior-level manager who reports directly to the CEO
§ Known as corporate compliance officer
§ Responsibilities
§ Ensuring compliance of ethical procedures
§ Creating and maintaining the ethics culture that the highest level of corporate authority wishes to
have
§ Being the key contact person for ethics issues

Ethical Standards Set by Board of

Directors
§ Conducting themselves according to the highest standards of personal and professional integrity
§ Setting the standard for company-wide ethical conduct
§ Ensuring compliance with laws and regulations
§ Creating an environment in which employees can:
§ Seek advice about business conduct
§ Raise issues
§ Report misconduct

Ethical Standards Set by Board of

Directors
§ Conducting themselves according to the highest standards of personal and professional integrity
§ Setting the standard for company-wide ethical conduct
§ Ensuring compliance with laws and regulations
§ Creating an environment in which employees can:
§ Seek advice about business conduct
§ Raise issues
§ Report misconduct

Establishing a Corporate Code of

Ethics
§ Code of ethics: Statement that:
- Highlights an organization’s key ethical issues
- Identifies the overarching values and principles important to the organization and its decision making

§ Organizational code of ethics should:

§ Apply to its directors, officers, and employees
§ Focus on employees in work-roles susceptible to ethicalrisk
§ Provide mechanisms for reporting unethical conduct
§ Fostering a culture of honesty and accountability

Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

§ Enacted in response to public outrage over several major accounting scandals
§ Section 404
- Annual reports must be signed by the CEO and CFO
attesting that the information in the firm’s SEC filings is
accurate
§ Section 406
- Public companies must disclose whether they have a code
of ethics and any waiver of the code for certain members
of management

§ Requires listed companies to have code applicable to all employees, senior management, and
directors
§ Code of ethics
§ Company-wide acceptance requires employee participation and endorsement by the leadership
§ Must be easily accessible by employees, shareholders, business partners, and the public
§ Must continually be applied to a company’s decision making and be an important part of its culture

Social Audit
§ Organization reviews its ethical and social
responsibility goals, and communicates its goals
for the upcoming year
§ Information is shared with the:
- Stakeholders
- Market analysts
- Government agencies
- Communities in which the organization operates

Ethics Training for Employees

§ Includes:
- Showing employees examples of how to apply the code of ethics in real life

- Comprehensive ethics education program that

encourages employees to act ethically
§ Goal
- Encourage employees to report any misconducts
- Show employees effective ways of reporting incidents
- Reassure employees that such feedback will be acted on and that they will not be subjected to
retaliation

Ethical Criteria in Employee Appraisals

§ Treating others fairly and with respect
§ Operating effectively in a multicultural environment
§ Accepting personal accountability for meeting business needs
§ Continually developing others and themselves
§ Operating openly and honestly with suppliers, customers, and other employees

Table 1.4 - Manager’s Checklist for Establishing an Ethical Work Environment

Steps in a Decision-Making Process

Problem statement
••Clear and concise description of the issue

Identify, evaluate, and choose an alternative

••Brainstorming with others will help identify a broad range of
alternatives and determine the best solution

Implement the decision in an efficient, effective, and timely manner

••Requires developing a transition plan to explain to people how the
change will be carried out

Evaluate the results

••Observe impact on the organization and stakeholders

Limitations of Various Approaches to Ethical Decision Making

Value ethics approach
••Does not provide a guide for action
••Virtue cannot be worked out objectively, it depends on the circumstances

Utilitarian approach
••Measuring and comparing the values of certain benefits and costs is difficult
••Predict the full benefits and harm that result from a decision is difficult

Fairness approach
••Decisions can be influenced by personal bias
••Affected parties may consider the decision unfair

Common good approach

••Arriving at a consensus becomes difficult
••Some groups are required to bear greater costs than others

Ethics in Information Technology

§ Concerns about the ethical use of information
technology
- E-mail and Internet access monitoring at work
- Downloading in violation of copyright laws
- Unsolicited e-mail
- Identify theft by hackers
- Plagiarism by students
- Cookies and spyware to track a site’s visitors’ hard drives

§ Requires managers to assume greater

responsibility for ethical decisions by:
- Making broad-minded, objective decisions based on
technical savvy, business know-how, and a sense of ethics
- Creating a working environment in which ethical
dilemmas can be discussed openly, objectively, and
constructively

Summary
§ Ethics is important because the risks associated with inappropriate behavior have increased
§ Organizations have at least five good reasons for encouraging employees to act ethically
§ To gain the good will of the community
§ To create an organization that operates consistently
§ To foster good business practices
§ To protect the organization and its employees against legal action
§ To avoid unfavorable publicity
§ Organizations require successful ethics programs
§ The corporate ethics officer ensures that ethical procedures are installed and followed
§ Managers’ behaviors and expectations can strongly influence employees’ ethical behavior
§ Most of us have developed a simple decision- making model that includes five steps
§ Ethical considerations must be incorporated into decision making

Four common approaches to ethical decision making

§ Virtue ethics approach
§ Utilitarian approach
§ Fairness approach
§ Common good approach