PA Class Module: Table of Contents
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PA Class Module: Table of Contents
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MX2 Readings & Formulas Quick Reference
Purpose &
Diagram of measurements & readings used for flaw location.
Scope
Measurements & Readings Formulas
SA = T / Cos Θ
PA = T x Tan Θ
1st Leg DA = SA x Cos Θ
2nd Leg DA = 2T - (Cos Θ x SA)
3rd Leg DA = (SA x Cos Θ) - 2T
Vi(A) = Weld Centerline to Reflector
Form Number: CMS-830-15-FM-QR 1 Issued for Use: 06 Jul 2014 Page 3 of 24
& Formulas Quick Reference
r flaw location.
& Readings Formulas
Form Number: CMS-830-15-FM-QR 1 Issued for Use: 06 Jul 2014 Page 4 of 24
MX2 Axes & Scales Quick Reference
Purpose & Single document for easy reference and searching of commonly used functions, views & measuring tools
Scope for PA & ToFD interp / sizing.
Axis Colors and Applications
Axis Color Which display shows it & how to use it
Ultrasonic Purple A-scan & S-scan - use the U(m-r) cursor to measure flaw height on S-scan
Scan Turquoise B-scan & C-scan - use S(m-r) on PA & ToFD B-scans to measure flaw length
Index Green S-scan & C-scan - use ViA to measure flaw distance from CL of weld
ToFD µseconds Light Pink ToFD time axis in microseconds (uncalibrated) - only used when calibrating plate thickness
ToFD Thickness Dark Pink ToFD time axis in mm (calibrated) - use ToFD(m-r) to measue flaw height
Cursors
Cursor Title Cursor Color What the cursor does & how to use it
Reference Red Found on all displays - use to measure start & top of flaw
Measurement Green Found on all displays - use to measure end & bottom of flaw
Found on S-scan - use to scroll through each beam angle
Found on C-scan - use to scroll along scan axis - location on scan axis shown in S-scan
Data Blue
Found on PA B-scan - use to scroll along scan axis - location on scan axis shown in S-scan
Found on ToFD B-scan - use to scroll along scan axis - location on scan axis shown in ToFd A-scan
Readings & Indication Sizing
Reading
What It Tells You How / When to Use It
Abbreviation
PA Dist. from front of wedge along top of part to indication Use ViA on S-Scan instead of this
SA Sound path distance of signal crossing A gate Meas. sound path distance to flaw from scanning surface
DA Depth of signal crossing A gate Meas. depth under scanning surface to flaw
%A Amplitude of signal crossing A gate Meas. amplitude of A-scan spike between A gate
ViA Volumetric position of signal crossing A gate Meas. flaw distance from CL of weld on Index Axis (S-Scan)
S( r ) Reference cursor on on Scan axis Meas. start of flaw on Scan Axis (C-Scan & PA / ToFD B-scans)
S(m-r) Meas. cursor minus Reference cursor on Scan axis Meas. flaw length on Scan Axis (C-scan & PA / ToFD B-scans)
U(m-r) Meas. cursor minus Reference cursor on Ultrasonic Axis Meas. flaw height on Ultra. Axis (S-scan)
ToFD( r ) Reference cursor on on ToFD axis Meas. start of flaw on ToFD axis (flaw depth under surf.)
ToFD(m-r) Meas. cursor - Reference cursors on ToFD axis Meas. cursor - Reference cursor on ToFD axis (flaw height)
Form Number: CMS-830-15-FM-QR 2 Issued for Use: 06 Jul 2014 Page 5 of 24
ales Quick Reference
hing of commonly used functions, views & measuring tools
s and Applications
Which display shows it & how to use it
m-r) cursor to measure flaw height on S-scan
on PA & ToFD B-scans to measure flaw length
measure flaw distance from CL of weld
nds (uncalibrated) - only used when calibrating plate thickness
ated) - use ToFD(m-r) to measue flaw height
Cursors
What the cursor does & how to use it
o measure start & top of flaw
o measure end & bottom of flaw
oll through each beam angle
oll along scan axis - location on scan axis shown in S-scan
scroll along scan axis - location on scan axis shown in S-scan
to scroll along scan axis - location on scan axis shown in ToFd A-scan
& Indication Sizing
How / When to Use It
Use ViA on S-Scan instead of this
Meas. sound path distance to flaw from scanning surface
Meas. depth under scanning surface to flaw
Meas. amplitude of A-scan spike between A gate
Meas. flaw distance from CL of weld on Index Axis (S-Scan)
Meas. start of flaw on Scan Axis (C-Scan & PA / ToFD B-scans)
Meas. flaw length on Scan Axis (C-scan & PA / ToFD B-scans)
Meas. flaw height on Ultra. Axis (S-scan)
Meas. start of flaw on ToFD axis (flaw depth under surf.)
Meas. cursor - Reference cursor on ToFD axis (flaw height)
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ASME vs. API Fracture Mechanics Quick Reference
Purpose &
Compare & contrast ASME & API Fracture Mechanics Acceptance Criteria
Scope
Common Rules Between ASME & API
1. Flaw sizing is based on height, length and distance from a pressure retaining surface.
2. Flaw height is measured in same direction as plate thickness and length is measured in direction of welding.
3. When sizing flaws draw an imaginary box around the max height and length of the flaw. The box that contains the entire flaw will be the flaw's dimensions.
4. Flaws must be categorized Surface or Subsurface. This is decided by the flaws height and its distance underneath a pressure retaining surface (ID or OD wall).
5. When a flaw is categorized Surface you add its depth beneath the surface to the actual flaw height - this sum is the new flaw height you calculate acceptable length off of.
6. When a flaw is categorized Subsurface you use half of the actual flaw height to calculate acceptable length off of.
7. Unless UT can confirm that Surface flaws are not open to the surface, they must be inspected with MT or PT.
Flaw Types &
API Rules ASME Rules
Spacing
Distance from surface is less than 1/2 flaw height Dist. from surface is less than 1/2 flaw height
= Surface = Surface
(U.6.4) (Figure 7.11 b)
Isolated Flaws: How to
determine if they are Distance from surface is equal to 1/2 flaw height Dist. from surface is equal to 1/2 flaw height
= Subsurface = Surface
surface or subsurface (U.6.4) (Figure 7.11 b)
Distance from surface is greater than 1/2 flaw height Dist. from surface is greater than 1/2 flaw height
= Subsurface = SubSurface
(U.6.4) (Figure 7.11 c)
Distance between is less than height of larger adjacent Dist. between is less than 1/2 height of larger adjacent Subsurface or
= One Flaw = One Flaw
Multiple Flaws in Same (U.6.5.3) full height of larger adjacent Surface (Figure 7.12 )
Plane - Aligned in
Thickness Direction: Distance between is equal to height of larger adjacent Dist. between is equal to 1/2 height of larger adjacent Subsurface or
= Two Flaws = One Flaw
Stacked like (U.6.5.3) full height of larger adjacent Surface (Figure 7.12)
floors in a building
Distance between is greater than height of larger adjacent Dist. between is greater than 1/2 height of larger adjacent Subsurface or
= Two Flaws = Two Flaws
(U.6.5.3) full height of larger adjacent Surface (Figure 7.12)
Distance between is less than length of larger adjacent Dist. between is less than 1/2 height of larger adjacent Subsurface or full
= One Flaw = One Flaw
(U.6.5.2) height of larger adjacent Surface (Figure 7.12)
Multiple Flaws in Same
Plane - Aligned in
Distance between is equal to length of larger adjacent Dist. between is equal to 1/2 height of larger adjacent Subsurface or full
Welding Direction: = Two Flaws = One Flaw
(U.6.5.2) height of larger adjacent Surface (Figure 7.12)
Lined up like
train cars
Distance between is greater than length of larger adjacent Dist. between is greater than 1/2 height of larger adjacent Subsurface or
= Two Flaws = Two Flaws
(U.6.5.2) full height of larger adjacent Surafce (Figure 7.12)
Form Number: CMS-830-15-FM-QR 3 Issued for Use: 06 Jul 2014 Page 7 of 24
ASME vs. API Fracture Mechanics
Purpose &
Compare & contrast ASME & API Fracture Mechanics Acceptance Criteria
Scope
Flaw Types &
API Rules ASME Rules
Spacing
Distance between planes is less than 1/2 inch Distance between planes is less than 1/2 inch
= One Flaw = One Flaw
(U.6.5.1) (Figure 7.13)
Flaws in Separate Distance between planes is equal to 1/2 inch Distance between planes is equal to 1/2 inch
= Two Flaws = One Flaw
Planes: (U.6.5.1) (Figure 7.13)
Distance between planes is greater than than 1/2 inch Distance between planes is greater than 1/2 inch
= Two Flaws = Two Flaws
(U.6.5.1) (Figure 7.13)
Distance between is less than height of larger adjacent Distance between is greater then 1/2 height of larger adjacent Subsurface
= One Flaw = One Flaw
Multiple Flaws in Same (U.6.5.3) or full height of larger adjacent Surface (Figure 7.14)
Plane - Non-
aligned in Thickness Distance between is equal to height of larger adjacent Distance between is equal to 1/2 height of larger adjacent Subsurface or
= Two Flaws = One Flaw
Direction: Like (U.6.5.3) full height of larger adjacent Surface (Figure 7.14)
staggered floors in a
building Distance between is greater than height of larger adjacent Distance between is greater then 1/2 height of larger adjacent Subsurface
= Two Flaws = Two Flaws
(U.6.5.3) or full height of larger adjacent Surface (Figure 7.14)
Distance between planes is less than 1/2 inch
= One Flaw TBD = One Flaw
(U.6.5.1)
Multiple Flaws in Same
Plane - Non- Distance between planes is equal to 1/2 inch
= Two Flaws TBD = Two Flaws
aligned in Welding (U.6.5.1)
Direction:
Distance between planes is greater than than 1/2 inch
= Two Flaws TBD = Two Flaws
(U.6.5.1)
Form Number: CMS-830-15-FM-QR 3 Issued for Use: 06 Jul 2014 Page 8 of 24
s Quick Reference
SME & API Fracture Mechanics Acceptance Criteria
es Between ASME & API
direction of welding.
The box that contains the entire flaw will be the flaw's dimensions.
nd its distance underneath a pressure retaining surface (ID or OD wall).
aw height - this sum is the new flaw height you calculate acceptable length off of.
acceptable length off of.
ected with MT or PT.
ASME Rules
Surface
Surface
SubSurface
One Flaw
One Flaw
Two Flaws
One Flaw
One Flaw
Two Flaws
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ture Mechanics
SME & API Fracture Mechanics Acceptance Criteria
ASME Rules
One Flaw
One Flaw
Two Flaws
One Flaw
One Flaw
Two Flaws
One Flaw
Two Flaws
Two Flaws
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PA Sizing Quick Reference
Purpose &
Quick Reference for PA Sizing utilizing B-scan & S-scan.
Scope
Scroll thru S-scan & Watch B-scan
Step 1
Scroll S-scan cursor from
low angle to high angle
Step 2
Watch B-Scan for
indications to appear.
Notice 'Cradle Reflections' at Weld Cap & Root
Step 3
Notice cap & root reflections
at B0 & T1.
Don't confuse them for indications!
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PA Sizing Quick Reference
Keep Scrolling S-scan and Watching B-scan for Indications to Appear
Step 4
When an indication
appears on B-scan,
zoom in on it
When Indication Appears on B-scan, use S-scan to Maximize its Length
Step 5
Scroll S-scan back and forth
Step 6
Maximize indication
length on B-scan &
put cursor on top of it.
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PA Sizing Quick Reference
Switch to B-scan Cursor & Scroll Back & Forth Over Indication to Maximize its Length on S-Scan
Step 7 Step 8
Scroll B-scan To maximize
cursor height
over on S-scan
indication...
Size for Length on B-scan using -6 dB drop
Step 10
Put red & green
Step 9 cursors at 35% FSH
Blue cursor shows either end of
indication amplitude indication
of 70% FSH on A-scan
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PA Sizing Quick Reference
Size for Height on S-scan using -3 dB drop
Step 12
Put red & green
Step 11 cursors at 35% FSH
top and bottom
Blue cursor shows of indication
indication amplitude
of 70% FSH on A-scan
Size for Height on S-scan using -3 dB drop
Height is .156"
Length is .642"
Distance from
CL of weld .199"
Indication starts
at 23.008"
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ToFD Sizing Quick Reference
Purpose &
Quick Reference for understanding of ToFD principles and sizing utilizing A-scan and D-Scan.
Scope
Phase Recognition - Look for Phase Changes
Notice the Phase of Lateral Wave & Back Wall on the A & B-scans
Lateral Wave and Back Wall have OPPOSITE PHASE
Phase of Lateral Wave = Down Up Down or Black White Black
Back Wall Phase = Up Down Up or White Black White
Indication Characterization - 3 Types
Type 1 - Clear Top & Clear Bottom
Phase of Lateral Wave = Down Up Down or Black White Black
Flaw Top = Opposite Phase of L-wave = Up Down Up or White Black White
Flaw Bottom = Same Phase as L-wave = Down Up Downor Black White Black
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ToFD Sizing Quick Reference
Type 2 - Clear Top & No Bottom - One flaw, OPPOSITE PHASE as L-Wave
Phase of Lateral Wave = Down Up Down or Black White Black
Phase of Indication = Up Down Up or White Black White
This means one of 3 things are happening:
1.) System cannot resolve the time difference between top and bottom of signal
- flaw height is less than pulse ringdown time.
2.) Indication has no sharp angles to radiate top and bottom signals from like
Porosity.
3.) Bottom of signal is mixed in with Back Wall so this is now the Top.
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ToFD Sizing Quick Reference
Type 3 - Clear Bottom & No Top - One flaw with same phase as L-wave
Phase of Lateral Wave = Down Up Down or Black White Black
Notice Phase of Indication = Up Down Up or White Black White
This means one of 3 things are happening:
1.) System cannot resolve the time difference between top and bottom of signal
because signal has height less than pulse ringdown time.
2.) Indication has no sharp angles to radiate top and bottom signals from like
Porosity.
3.) Bottom of a signal whose top is mixed in with L-wave or Top of a signal
whose bottom is mixed in with Back Wall.
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ToFD Sizing Quick Reference
Lateral Wave: Always Same Phase
Negative Positive Negative
or
Down Up Down
Opposite Phase =
Flaw Top or Isolated Flaw
Positive Negative Positive
or
Up Down Up
Same Phase =
Flaw Bottom or Isolated Flaw or Top
of Bottom- Connected or Bottom of
Top-Connected
Negative Positive Negative
or
Down Up Down
Back Wall: Always Opposite L-wave
Positive Negative Positive
or
Up Down Up
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zing Quick Reference
inciples and sizing utilizing A-scan and D-Scan.
n - Look for Phase Changes
haracterization - 3 Types
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zing Quick Reference
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zing Quick Reference
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zing Quick Reference
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UT Web Links Quick Reference
Purpose &
Internet site link for UT physics, theory & applications. Media citations & release of liability statement.
Scope
NDT.net
Some media used in this presentation is the property of NDT.net. Neither NDT.net or its material originators have responsibility for the use of their material in this presentation.
Olympus.com
Some media used in this presentation is the property of Olympus. Olympus has no responsibility for the use of its material in this presentation.
NDT.org
acs.psu.edu/drussel
Eng-Tips
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Links Quick Reference
ications. Media citations & release of liability statement.
NDT.net
net or its material originators have responsibility for the use of their material in this presentation.
ympus.com
us. Olympus has no responsibility for the use of its material in this presentation.
NDT.org
su.edu/drussel
Eng-Tips
Form Number: CMS-830-15-FM-QR 6 Issued for Use: 06 Jul 2014 Page 24 of 24
