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Psychology Reviewer

Psychology Reviewer

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Ying De Leom
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33 views3 pages

Psychology Reviewer

Psychology Reviewer

Uploaded by

Ying De Leom
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Psychology Reviewer

1. Introduction to Psychology

 Definition: The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.


 Major Perspectives:
o Biological: Focus on the physiological bases of behavior.
o Cognitive: Emphasizes mental processes such as perception, memory, and
problem-solving.
o Behavioral: Studies observable behaviors and the effects of the environment.
o Psychodynamic: Examines unconscious processes and childhood experiences.
o Humanistic: Focuses on individual potential and self-actualization.

2. Research Methods in Psychology

 Types of Research:
o Descriptive: Observes and describes behavior.
o Correlational: Examines relationships between variables (correlation does not
imply causation).
o Experimental: Manipulates variables to determine cause-and-effect relationships.
 Key Terms:
o Independent variable: The variable manipulated by the researcher.
o Dependent variable: The variable measured in response to changes in the
independent variable.
o Control group: The group not exposed to the treatment.

3. Biopsychology

 Neurons: Basic units of the nervous system, transmitting information.


 Brain Structure and Function:
o Cerebral Cortex: Responsible for higher-order functions (e.g., thinking,
language).
o Limbic System: Involved in emotion and memory (e.g., amygdala,
hippocampus).
o Brainstem: Controls basic life functions (e.g., breathing, heartbeat).
 Neurotransmitters: Chemicals that transmit signals across synapses (e.g., serotonin,
dopamine).

4. Developmental Psychology

 Stages of Development:
o Infancy and Childhood: Attachment theories (e.g., Bowlby, Ainsworth).
o Adolescence: Identity development (Erikson’s stages).
o Adulthood: Physical and cognitive changes; stages of aging.
 Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development:
o Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational.
5. Cognitive Psychology

 Memory: Processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval.


o Types of memory: Sensory, short-term, and long-term.
 Learning Theories:
o Classical conditioning (Pavlov).
o Operant conditioning (Skinner).
o Observational learning (Bandura).

6. Social Psychology

 Key Concepts:
o Social influence: Conformity, compliance, and obedience.
o Group dynamics: Groupthink, social loafing, and deindividuation.
o Attitudes: Formation, change, and the role of cognitive dissonance.
 Prejudice and Discrimination: Causes and effects on individuals and groups.

7. Abnormal Psychology

 Psychological Disorders:
o Anxiety disorders, mood disorders, personality disorders, psychotic disorders.
 Diagnosis and Classification: DSM-5 criteria for mental disorders.
 Treatment Approaches:
o Psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychodynamic therapy).
o Biological treatments (medication, electroconvulsive therapy).

8. Personality Psychology

 Theories of Personality:
o Trait Theory (e.g., Big Five: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion,
Agreeableness, Neuroticism).
o Psychodynamic Theory (Freud’s structure of personality: id, ego, superego).
o Humanistic Theory (Rogers and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs).

9. Health Psychology

 Psychological Factors in Health: How behavior and mental processes affect health and
illness.
 Stress and Coping: Stressors, physiological response, and coping mechanisms.

10. Industrial-Organizational Psychology

 Workplace Behavior: Employee motivation, job satisfaction, leadership, and team


dynamics.
 Selection and Assessment: Methods for hiring and evaluating employee performance.
Key Terms to Remember

 Cognitive Dissonance: Discomfort experienced when holding conflicting thoughts or


beliefs.
 Operant Conditioning: Learning through reinforcement or punishment.
 Attachment Styles: Secure, anxious, avoidant.

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