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Lecture Notes

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5 views

Lecture Notes

notes education

Uploaded by

wafuladenis222
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3 The measuring system/Tracing

The tracing table reset on the manuscript and is made about manually in the X&Y direction for the purpose of plotting on position of any point.

Condition to be fulfilled by arectifer.


a)Scheme fug condition – it states that in projecting images through a lens if -ve or +ve planes must all insect along commonly line to satisfy the lens formulae and
sharp focus for all images.

b)lens condition –it consist of lens equation which maintains the sharp focus of the images(1/f=1/v+1/v)

c)Projectivity condition –in any central projection the infinite number of other control projection that relate.

Working principale of a mirror steneoscope giving its advantage over the lens steneoscope
-May be equipped by binocular which help in enlargement of limited portion of steneoscopic image for detailed study.

-it has two large mirror & two smaller eye piece mirrors mounted at 45 degrees to the horizontal.

-the binoculars maybe focused individually to accommodate each eye permit.

-The light rays emitting from image point and the photo are reflected from the mirror surface.

-According to the principal of reflection and are closed to the eye performing the paraline <Q

-the brain automatically associate dept.

Advantages over mirror over lens stereoscope


1 mirror enables entire stereomodel to be viewed simulteniously while lens is difficult in viewing photos stereoscopically does require the following.

2 mirror has clear image due to correct train of lens magnification is small.

3 mirror permits the two photos to be complete separating whwn viewing while lens photos overlap observe some areas with details.

Different ways by which electromagnetic radiation interact with atmosphere


1Atmospheric absorption-the image molecule present in the atmosphere strongly absorb theEMR passing through atmosphere.

2 Atmospheric windows –the general atmospheric transmitter across the whole surface of length it transmits energy of certain wavelength

3 Refraction –this is bending of light at the contact between two media.

4 ATM scattering –when paticals on suspended in the atm it reduces the image contrast bty also changing the spectral signature.

Main parts of electromagnetic spectram used for remort sensing


1 infered spectrum –wavelength longer than the red portion the visible spectrum (0.7um-100um).

2 visible spectrum –this is the light which our eyes can detect (0.4-0.7um).

3 ultra-violet

4 Gammer rays

5 x-rays

State the aim of inner orientation giving the parameters determine for its realization
1 it is used to reconstruct the inner perspective of a photo or geometric of the projected rays the way they were during exposure(Xo,yo,to)

Sources of error in triangulation

1 Differential paper shirinkage.


2 Erros in location of the principal point.

3 faulty transfer of configure point.

4 tilt displacement of aerial photo.

5 flying height and terrain effect.

Sources of error in parallax heightng(equation)


1 the accuracy of ground control point.

2 the tilted photo.

3 shirinkage and expansion of photo.

4 an equal flying height for the two exposure.

5 orienting the stereopine of parallax measurement.

6 errors due to lens distortion and atm refraction destotion.

Factors affecting stereoscopic vision


a) Improper orientation of the photos

b)variations in flying height .

c)excessive tilt.

d) y-parallax.

e)great different in parallax and images .

f)mis alignment of the flight line that causes y parallax.

g)mis alignment of stereoscope to the flight line

Marginal information
1 fiducial marks –basically 2mres 1 with crosses of the 4 corner of the camera format &v shaped characters at the middle of 4 side to the camera format.

2antimeter-this is to indicate the aproxmate flying height and together with principal distance.

3 time-this is a clock reading indicating the time the exposure took place.

4 camera number –it indicates so as to assist in identification shown of aerial camera.

5level burble –it composed of cycle with barble to indicate the position of the air plane at the instant of the exposure.

6 principal distance –during its calibration it is indicated to assist in establishment of interior orientation parament of each exposure.

State giving reasons the requirement of photo control point for topographic mapping by photos.
Basics-consist of horizontal control monuments which serve as framework for subsequent photo control survey.
-are used to control photo operation-the accuracy of basic control surmel is generally higher than that of subsequent photo control survey.
-photo control-consist of horizontal establishing objects space positions by means of survey originating from basic control network.

REQUIREMENTS FOR PASS POINT USED IN RADIOLINE TRIANGULATION


-They must sharp and well define and easily identified.
-they should be located near edge of aerial photos .
-they must appear on right line if move than I flight line is involved .
-the point should have an evaluation that is near as possible
ELEMENTS OF INTERIOR ORIENTATION DETERMINED DURING CAMERA CALIBRATION
-The calibrated focal length of camera
-Image quality measures eg resolution
-The position of the perspect center with respect to fiducial work
-The coodinates of the fiducial mark between them so that codinate can determined.

ADVANTAGES OF PHOTO MAP


-measurements may be taken directly from photo as from line maps.
-they have the pictorial quality of air photos because the image of unlimited can be recognized.
-stored numerically in a computer can be incoparated in a regular grid.

SIMILARITIES OF HUMAN EYE AND CAMERA


-Eye as a lens for allowing ray to be refracted while camera has a lens that gathers light rays from an object and brings to the camera.
-Eye as pupil that allows light to the eyes while a camera has a flim.
-Eye has an iris that regulate amount of light entering the eye while the camera has an apatone that allows out light to the camera.

STATE ORBITAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAND SAY AND NAME SENSORS ON BORD


1 Altitude Thematic maper
2 obit period Multspectoral scanner
3 orbit type
4inclination
5 launch date

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE QUALITY OF PHOTO AND IMAGE


-film speed –used to compare overall sensitive to light of different material
-exposure time –unit of measurement amount of light admitted to the to the film
-atmospheric condition –the image from light has to pass through layer of haze which has a projectful affect in the appearance of aerial photograph

PROCEDURE OF PROCESSING BLACK AND WHITE FILM


-chemical process-making latent images visible by developing agents to foam an image in metallic silver
-step bath-it is necessary to neutrolise the developing sign to stop the developing process
-fixing baths-it is a sign that changes unchanged silver halide is dissolved out in the bath
-washing-involve running water over negative to remove all soluble silver complex
-drying-blowing warm air for the purpose of drying the process

DIFFERENT ANALOGUE CHARACTERISTIC USED AS ACRETARIC FOR PHOTO INTERPRETATION


-Tone/color-the greater the light reflected from an object into the camera lens the lighter the tone on the photo eg white and black panoramic photo.
-Texture-it is the degree of roughness and smoothness exhibited by photo image eg photo scale.
-pattern –this is a spatial arangements of object on photo eg spatial arrangement of 3in an orchard compared to natural regulation then their difference
will be seen
-shape- this is a feature which may symbolize objects on a photo eg characteristic of the stadium.
-size- is when both relative and absolute size are impotant in identifying object on photos eg small resident with an apartment building
-shadow-it is used on truly vertical photo to show the shape of full object eg chimney towers.
-association –this is accurancy of certain features in relation to other that can be only associated with certain function eg smoke industries
,aeroplane/airstrips

PROCEDURE OF RELATIVE ORIENTATION USING TWO PROJECTOR ILLUSTRATING THE STANDARD POINT USED
-clear parallax at one with the swing of projector 2(kappa)
-clear y parallax at two with swing projector one
-clear y parallax at 3 with swing projector 2(phi)
-clear y parallax at 4 with y tip of projector 1
-over correct 1 and half time the y parallax of either 5or 6 with x-tilt of either projector(omega)
-repeat the same procedure until all position have been cleaned with the parallax
ELEMENT OF INTERIOR ORIENTATION DETERMINED DURING CAMERA CALIBRATION
1 the position of perspective center with respect to fiducial marks
2 the codinate of fiducial msark or distance between them so that codinate can be determined
3 the calibration focal length of the camera
4 the radial and decentering distortion of assembly including the origin of the radial distortion with respect to fiducial system
5 image quality measures such as resolution .

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