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polynomutat ort P denote the class g au delanialsh c Polywomial pablo sO ttnee PF SNP Problems 1hSch AL tnonn = ho HE Pare Ber @ited ac teattoble- Probume which Lie ontiid p ate offer toned a tw hactablke “The yalacbtoa she behwcen P $uD & dupteled 9 figure below , On ket Lt 412 be. prblems. — Problem Li reduetes fo Lp Cli vlo) iff 4here & Away 4 Colve Ly by 4 delemiaicke pormomtal Liew alge rFpans wiry a Acoemin she algod Pin thect solmet bd ty Pelyove netat fine 6 This de) tok hey Sinaplets Yat if bth aPolyre ne al tina atari thes pe $2, hen we can fO\verg 1 ain) polynonstal. Bind One Cin roa dely vewsly of u & tanwdye Lelat’, se ss A pobem to NP-hatd Ut docticfabi tty — redeeres fel. ho pobin Cu WP complub 1 bu MP gLewe Ht ean 4s vee Ant there are WP hard Problims at ae not wp Complcte ~ baby 4 dectsvbn problem Can be WP ~Corplete Hoven, ao — opal galio, probluu May be WP hard . Te Lid a deciCwn produ. -4L2 a oplSrurgates., pebim dh Ly dh2. bre cory Chow thot hnogpsacs prs blem redurw b Knap sack Opdtuazabies problem ~ephiigation probkan canndt be WP Complete» there as d eckain problem Cane This telabeon chip a deg fetid belo , 24100 App the branch and ‘bound algoridhers fp Golme the traveling Salet rman proba Qr We -gpaph Qrre0 below. The lower bowed Jor TE? prsblinn Can be compwted wag “the qotlooing relode's + P= 4\ phn £ & fun sf Avo Gualed idence |_—_—_4 } vor each city = . 4 athgo Omallert dictonta » fray ‘ 2 = Iq qhe infkral Satiapace fee Wiis lower boul to Showa below Ee AbAg The dover bounds by facludery Various edger Gn be compnttd Showa below jos edgelap) Ab= (BF eC 346) tr) + (344) +43) =f Ve foc edge Cac) rot feaci bh jor edge (ad) ab = (F4VD G46) C042) 043 )t (043) = bb, 2for Cavey the B40 4(346) + (ia) 413 4) R42). Iq 2 Conpritnsy lower bound by consider various ~eolges Rom verter b ! (b, DaLb each dow oy neadrie, So tute Minimum 6 eat, my 4 add tum br } Get the takyqt Doe bound as chown beloro "Yar [ap [53 [24 [uti # 3 | q h> a \9 ble e § a | & F 3 & q Hlop |B re ey Jonet bound tb=Io. The athal ftote Space be Hy lower bound & Far) bb=f0 Consider felon a Assig vort ous joer to a gy Compre the’ over bound ay Shoo below FA ast iho fs} 24 Sime Qt, hare woo, ColumesT Yan) [33 [4 [iS enue ala [zi 7 [ez 4 bl ele [3 | g | 9/2] cls ! a la [ale [4 |4 Abs A384 tH =!F eb A= dr , Whe Coot = 2 hace kerr eare we a Column2. tbe €434144 =lo Ket a3 , ace ef -a>t, rokue Coot =7 oe) | QbeAt44044 220 care WHA, Column 3 ishue tort = 8 Lice are, heave wn a 7 Column t be B12 FIH sig + | Stak |. © tb=10 ° a) 2 eee | a3 O74 cLbeete Lb eth In the above partial dolutwy , mosh pratodg & the one yohtch has leat faoee bound Fy obelo. Heee a ast Tyned . ] 062 Soluble WPA Lod 22. Contdee jeuroo b : Asagry varldur obec ds peacon b Cleaving ond yok 2 phich q Aasiqrud fo Q bithCost =2) 4 Compnite the lower boyd ar Lhown below + Let boi 7 rue eet 2k Leb?! | leave Corb, Column t dbs Sthtit4 = Kop bod , PAue Corr = 3 Lbte 633, Lane mob, column 3 Ab a dt3t044 al4 Kea bo Cort =4 ; Site b>4 feare toy b , Column ¥ Abe 4d ttt alt Fo dhe -akore paral delute, ) mort 1 mie golutieg Bi the. Soe xohfeh ha lent Lowes loud. Fre node £ piththela. Hete aU Od Grea jaw 2 ick ie AKTgned ob L nite co a6,Conatder peor ecg Various your de perdon ¢ Cleave ont “fob 2 4yeht shech & oudtgned & atank b with Cot 26) 4 Compl He lover pound ad Shann below det C23 , hue tot} =3 Since Co3,\eaw youc ,wlumn 3 db= Lette =le el co , hue Cort =F Che c574q Nenve Wow e Column 4 dba dts 1844 al pasa] [ars lb =oto be bo) b>3 b 34 tbe13 b= lq tbe) oe \ x |c2? | |co As 22 Cost = 13 Coste ks ophiual Solubiss, ~ A792, bol, 633 ,As4 [ ore STAT =B ABauth \N ‘ Mast, Oy Deni Reapemnes Prof. Nesmeen , Shaith
each dow oy neadrie, So tute Minimum 6 eat, my 4 add tum br } Get the takyqt Doe bound as chown beloro "Yar [ap [53 [24 [uti # 3 | q h> a \9 ble e § a | & F 3 & q Hlop |B re ey Jonet bound tb=Io. The athal ftote Space be Hy lower bound & Far) bb=f0 Consider felon a Assig vort ous joer to a gy Compre the’ over bound ay Shoo below FA ast iho fs} 24 Sime Qt, hare woo, ColumesT Yan) [33 [4 [iS enue ala [zi 7 [ez 4 bl ele [3 | g | 9/2] cls ! a la [ale [4 |4 Abs A384 tH =!F eb A= dr , Whe Coot = 2 hace kerr eare we a Column2. tbe €434144 =lo Ket a3 , ace ef -a>t, rokue Coot =7 oe) | QbeAt44044 220 care WHA, Column 3 ishue tort = 8 Lice are, heave wn a 7 Column t be B12 FIH sig + | Stak |. © tb=10 ° a) 2 eee | a3 O74 cLbeete Lb eth In the above partial dolutwy , mosh pratodg & the one yohtch has leat faoee bound Fy obelo. Heee a ast Tyned . ] 062 Soluble WPA Lod 22. Contdee jeuroo b : Asagry varldur obec ds peacon b Cleaving ond yok 2 phich q Aasiqrud fo Q bithCost =2) 4 Compnite the lower boyd ar Lhown below + Let boi 7 rue eet 2k Leb?! | leave Corb, Column t dbs Sthtit4 = Kop bod , PAue Corr = 3 Lbte 633, Lane mob, column 3 Ab a dt3t044 al4 Kea bo Cort =4 ; Site b>4 feare toy b , Column ¥ Abe 4d ttt alt Fo dhe -akore paral delute, ) mort 1 mie golutieg Bi the. Soe xohfeh ha lent Lowes loud. Fre node £ piththela. Hete aU Od Grea jaw 2 ick ie AKTgned ob L nite co a6,Conatder peor ecg Various your de perdon ¢ Cleave ont “fob 2 4yeht shech & oudtgned & atank b with Cot 26) 4 Compl He lover pound ad Shann below det C23 , hue tot} =3 Since Co3,\eaw youc ,wlumn 3 db= Lette =le el co , hue Cort =F Che c574q Nenve Wow e Column 4 dba dts 1844 al pasa] [ars lb =oto be bo) b>3 b 34 tbe13 b= lq tbe) oe \ x |c2? | |co As 22 Cost = 13 Coste ks ophiual Solubiss, ~ A792, bol, 633 ,As4 [ ore STAT =B ABauth \N ‘ Mast, Oy Deni Reapemnes Prof. Nesmeen , Shaith