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MATH 1281 - Unit 3 MA

UoPeople, MATH 1281 - Statistical Inference Course Assignment for Week 3

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191 views6 pages

MATH 1281 - Unit 3 MA

UoPeople, MATH 1281 - Statistical Inference Course Assignment for Week 3

Uploaded by

Andrey
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Math Assignment

University of The People

MATH 1281-01 Statistical Inference - AY2025-T1

Pallavi Khanna

September 26, 2024


Part 1

a. Hypotheses

- Null Hypothesis (H₀): Barking deer do not show a preference for foraging in certain

habitats over others. The observed distribution of deer in the habitats matches the

expected distribution based on habitat availability.

- Alternative Hypothesis (Hₐ): Barking deer show a preference for foraging in certain

habitats. The observed distribution of deer in the habitats differs from the expected

distribution.

b. Type of Test

To determine if barking deer prefer certain habitats, we use the chi-square goodness of fit test.

This test is appropriate because we are comparing observed counts to expected counts across

different categories.

c. Assumptions and Conditions

1. Random Sampling: We assume that the sites were randomly selected to represent the

foraging preferences of the deer.

2. Expected Frequency: Each expected frequency should be at least 5. For example, for the

woods habitat, the expected frequency is calculated as follows:

𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 530 ✕ 0. 048 = 25. 44

All categories meet this condition.


d. Hypothesis Test

1. Calculating Expected Counts:

- Woods: 530 ✕ 0. 048 = 25. 44

- Cultivated grassplot: 530 ✕ 0. 147 = 77. 91

- Deciduous forests: 530 ✕ 0. 396 = 209. 88

- Other: 530 ✕ (1 − 0. 048 − 0. 147 − 0. 396) = 216. 77

2. Chi-Squared Statistic Calculation:


2
2 (𝑂𝑖−𝐸𝑖)
𝑥 = ∑ 𝐸𝑖
(Diez et al, 2019)

2
(6−25.44)
- Woods: 25.44
= 14. 63

2
(18−77.91)
- Cultivated grassplot: 77.91
= 44. 55

2
(71−209.88)
- Deciduous forests: 209.88
= 91. 82

2
(435−216.77)
- Other: 216.77
= 218. 92

2
𝑥 = 14. 63 + 44. 55 + 91. 82 + 218. 92 = 369. 92

3. Degrees of Freedom:

𝑑𝑓 = number of categories − 1 = 4 − 1 = 3

4. Conclusion:
Given that the p-value is less than 0.001, we reject the null hypothesis. This provides convincing

evidence that barking deer prefer to forage in certain habitats over others.

Part 2

a. Calculating Actual Number of Site Visitors

1. Position 1:

- Download: 501✕0. 16 = 80. 16 ≈ 80

- No Download: 501✕0. 209 = 104. 71 ≈ 105

2. Position 2:

- Download: 501✕0. 148 = 74. 15 ≈ 74

- No Download: 501✕0. 212 = 106. 21 ≈ 106

3. Position 3:

- Download: 501✕0. 119 = 59. 62 ≈ 60

- No Download: 501✕0. 152 = 76. 15 ≈ 76

b. Testing for Imbalance in Groups

1. Hypotheses:

- H₀: The groups are balanced; any differences in totals are due to random chance.

- Hₐ: The groups are not balanced.


2. Chi-Squared Test Statistic:

Using the same formula as in Part 1:


2
2 (𝑂𝑖−𝐸𝑖)
𝑥 = ∑ 𝐸𝑖

For the three groups, using equal expected counts (since each group should ideally have (

501
3
= 167).

3. Conclusion:

Given that the p-value is 0.01215, which is less than 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis. This

indicates that there is significant evidence suggesting the groups were not balanced.
References:

Diez, D. M., Barr, C. D., & Çetinkaya-Rundel, M. (2019). Openintro statistics - Fourth edition.

Open Textbook Library.

https://www.biostat.jhsph.edu/~iruczins/teaching/books/2019.openintro.statistics.pdf

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