4s Aim | Study of compound microscope ™ Z4 Introduction v¥ A microscope (Greek: mikron = small and scopeos = to look). v MICROSCOPE: Is an instrument for viewing objects that are too small to be seen by the naked or unaided eye. vy MICROSCOPY: The science of investigating sm objects using such an instrument is called microsco yo,History vy 1590: The two Janssen brothers of Holland, Francis Janssen and Zacharias Janssen, who were spectacle makers built the first operational light micr: ie pound microscope. the first laboratory microscope which has a magnifita TOR $2 X. He observed small pores in Pe, ¥ 1674: Leeuwenho eiseavered Profez0a by hisaself built microscope with ar cates sation of 270 XrrHe discovered bacteria for the first time 9 yearsilater. \a v 1905: Zsigmondy invented dark-field microscopy. 4 —ho unox< 4 eonunoszn-F Types of microscope Depending on the number of lenses Simple microscope ( Single lens Depending on number of eyepiece Monocular ( single eyepiece), Depending on source of illumination Electron microscope (Uses electron beam) Light or optical microscope (Uses | Compound [ 7 Transmission microscope ( ror Cae right field Electron |_two lenses) uae Ps | microscope 5 ‘Scanning gaia Lie Ce microscope Fluorescence microscope Phase -contrast microscopevy The term microscope can be split into two separate words, ‘micro’ and ‘scope’, where the term ‘micro’ means small or tiny, and ‘scope’ means to view or to observe. Therefore, a microscope can be understood as an instrument to observe tiny elements. v The optical microscope often referred to as the light microscope, is a type of microscope that uses visible light and a system of lenses to magnify images of small subjects. v_ There are two basic types of optical microscopes: Simple microscopes Compound microscopesMagnification of compound microscope ¥ Inorder to ascertain the total magnification when viewing an image with a compound light microscope, take the power of the objective lens which is at 4x, 10x or 40x and multiply it by the power of the eyepiece which is typically 10x. v Therefore, a 10x eyepiece used with a 40X objective lens will produce a magnification of 400X. The naked eye can now view the specimen at magnification 400 times greater and so microscopic details are revealed. v Alternatively, the magnification of the compound microscope is given by: m =D/fo*L/fe where, D = Least distance of distinct vision (25 cm) 4 Wf feelin of tee tube 2Parts of a Compound Microscope v It consist of 3 major systems 1. Support system: it comprises of stage, base & body tube 2. Illumination system: it comprises of light source or mirror , iris diaphragm and a condenser . The light source may be plain or concave mirror or electrical lamp. 3. Magnification system: it consists of 2 sets of lenses, the one which is near to specimen is called objective lens. The second lens through which image is seen is called eyepiece lens. 4Parts Ocular (eyepiece) Objective Body tube Arm Base / Foot Coarse focus adjustment knob Fine focus adjustment knob Stage Draw tube Nosepiece EN RG CondenserHead (Body tube) v This is also known as the body, it carries the optical parts in the upper part of the microscope eeKd = v Supports the body tube. vY The entire microscope is handled by a strong and curved structure known as the arm. v The arm connects the body tube to the base of the microscope. |Base v Supports and stabilizes the microscope. Y Houses the illuminatorEyepiece v¥ also known as the ocular. v_ this is the part used to look through the microscope. Its found at the top of the microscope. Y Its standard magnification is 10x with an optional eyepiece having magnificéitions from 5X - 30X. eeEyepiece tube v its the eyepiece holder. vy It carries the eyepiece just above the objective lens. v¥ Insome microscopes such as the binoculars, the eyepiece tube is flexible and can be rotated for maximum visualization, for variance in For monocular microscopes, they aObjective lenses v These are the major lenses used for specimen visualization. v They have a magnification power of 40x- 100X. vy There are about 1- 4 objective lenses placed on one microscope, in that some are rare facing and others face forward. vY Each lens has its own magnification powe' ZA —Objective — ¥ Oil immersion objective - 100X v High power objective - 45X v Low power objective - 10XNose piece also known as the revolving turret. It holds the objective lenses. It is movable hence it cal revolve the objective lenses depending on the magnification power of the lens.The Adjustment knobs v¥ These are knobs that are used to focus the microscope. v There are two types of adjustment knobs ie fine adjustment knobs and the coarse adjustment knobs. eeStage v This is the section on which the specimen is placed for viewing. v¥ They have stage clips hold the specimen slides in place. vy The most common stage is a mechanical stage, which allows the control of the slides by moving the slides using the mechanical knobs on the stage instead of mo it manual : Io| Aperture v This is a hole on the microscope stage, through which the transmitted light from the source reaches the stage.Microscopic illuminator ¥ This is the microscopes light source, located at the base. Y It is used instead of a mirror. it captures light from an external source of a low voltage of about 100v.Condenser v These are lenses that are used to collect and focus light from the illuminator into the specimen. v They are found under the stage next to the diaphragm of the microscope. < They play a major role in ensuring clear sharp images are produced with a high magnification of 400X and above. < The higher the magnification of the condenser, the more the image clarity. v¥ More sophisticated microscopes come with a ‘soon nS me magnification ofCondenser Fig. 278._ The pa of ight waves fo orm at image formed bythe obecve of compound imcrescope: B, Two stages of mage formation ‘ra tieatvene< Diaphragm its also known as the iris. Its found under the stage of the microscope and its primary role is to control the amount of light that reaches the specimen. Its an adjustable apparatus, hence controlling the light intensity and the size of the beam of light that gets to the specimen. For high-quality microscopes, the diaphragm*comes attached with an Abbe condenser and combined}they are able to control the light focus and light in’ that imen.Condenser focus knob v this is a knob that moves the condenser up or down thus controlling the focus of light on the specimen. ZAbbe Condenser v this is a condenser specially designed on high-quality microscopes, which makes the condenser to be movable and allows very high magnification of above 400x. v The high-quality microscopes normally have a high numerical aperture than that of the objectiveenses. 4The rack stop v It controls how far the stages should go preventing the objective lens from getting too close to the specimen slide which may damage the specimen. v It is responsible for preventing the specimen slide from coming too far up and hit the objective lens. 4%Working Principle of the Compound Microscope Compound microscopes have a combination of lenses that enhances both magnifying powers as well as the resolving power. vy The specimen or object, to be examined is usually mounted on a transparent glass slide and positioned on the specimen stage between the condenser lens and objective lens. / vA beam of vigible light from the base is focused by a condenser lens onto the specimen. Vv The obje picks up the light transmitted by t@ specimen and creates’a magnified image of the specimen called the primary Por i -/body tube. This image is again magnif y the oct lar = i eyepiece. 4v When higher magnification is required, the nose piece is rotated after low power focusing to bring the objective of a higher power (generally 45X) in line with the illuminated part of the slide. Y Occasionally very high magnification it required (e.g. for observing bacterial cell). In that case, an oil immersion objective lens (usually 100X) is employed. The common light microscope is also called a bright-field microscope because the image is produced amidst a brightly illuminated field. The image appears darker because the specimen or object is denser and somewhat opaque than the surroundings. Part of the light passing through or object is absorbed.Precautions The objective lenses and eyepiece should be cleaned with the help of silk cloth and cleaning liquid before using. The microscope should not be tilted when working, using it. When an object needs to be studied, focus on low power objective first and then move to high power. The lower power needs to be left in place af t@g all observations are completed. When focusing care needs to be taken to ensure.tY¥ Only the fine adjustment knob should be used when the high power objective is employed. Y Cover slip should always be used to cover well-mount preparations before observation under the microscope is made. ¥ Do not dismantle the microscope. v¥ When carrying the microscope, always use both hands. v Try to place it ina box after using the microscope. v The concave part of the mirror should be used undép dim light. sce eeaenitew nAResult Study of compound microscope was studiedQueshion Bank 1.A compound microscope uses a. 2 lenses b. 1 lens c. 4 lenses d. 5 lenses Answer: a. 2 lenses 2. The lens that is within the eyepiece of the light microscope is called the: a.scanning b. low power c. high power d. ocular Answer:d. ocular 3. A microscope has a 4x ocular lens and a 10x objective, what is this microscope's total magni ion? a.4x b.14x c.40x d.400x1.What is meant by magnifying glass? Ans. A simple microscope is also called a magnifying glass because it produces magnified image of very small objects. 2. Where the image is formed in compound microscope? Ans. The image is compound microscope is formed at the least distance of distinct vision, which is 25 cm for a healthy eye. 3. What is the formula to calculate the magnifying power of compound microscope? Ans. The magnifying power of a compound microscope is given by: M=L/fo (1+d )/fo Where, fo = focal length of objective fo = focal length of eye-piece Z4. What is magnifying power? Ans. Magnifying power as simply magnification produced by any lens is the ratio of distance of image to distance of object from the lens. i.e. Magnification = distance of image from the lens / distance of object from the lens 5. What is an objective and an eye-piece? Ans. An objective is a lens which is placed near the object, and eye-piece is a lens which is close to the eye. 6. What is a compound microscope and what are it uses? Ans. It is an optical instrument consists of two conv, lenses. It is used for viewing magnified image of vei I] objects. %Thank You !!! is ank You “y