Unit 2

AI Project Cycle
AI project cycle stages
1. List the different stages of the AI Project cycle.
The different stages of AI Project cycle are:
1. Problem Scoping
2. Data Acquisition
3. Data Exploration
4. Modelling
5. Model Evaluation

2. Define the following

a. Problem scoping:-
Problem scoping is to acquire data which will become the base of your
project as it will help you in understanding what the parameters that are
related to the problem are scoping.
b. Data Acquisition:-
 Data acquisition is by collecting data from various reliable and
authentic sources.
 Since the data you collect would be in large quantities, you can try to
give it a visual image of different types of representations like graphs,
databases, flow charts, maps, etc which makes it easier for you to
interpret the patterns in which your acquired data follows.
 Data needs to be accurate and reliable as it ensures the efficiency of
your system.
c. Data Exploration
 At the data exploration stage you try to interpret some useful
information out of the data you have acquired.
 For this, you explore the data and try to put it uniformly for a better
understanding.
 d. Data Modelling
 After exploring the patterns, you can decide upon the type of model
you would build to achieve the goal.
 For this, you can research online and select various models which give
a suitable output.
 You can test the selected models and figure out which is the most
efficient one.
 The most efficient model is now the base of your AI project and you
can develop your algorithm around it.
e. Evaluation
 Once the modelling is complete, you now need to test your model on
some newly fetched data. The results will help you in evaluating your
model and hence improving it.
 Finally, after evaluation, the project cycle is now complete and what
you get is your AI project.


Problem Scoping

1. Explain 4 W’s of problem scoping

Ans) The 4W’s of Problem Scoping
Who – Who is facing a problem? Who are the stakeholders of the
problem?
What – What is the problem, How do you know about the problem?
Where – It is related to the context/location/situation of the problem?
Why – Why we need to solve this problem? What are the benefits for the
stakeholders?
2. Define the term Stake holders?
Ans) Stakeholders are the people who face this problem and would be
benefitted with the solution.
3. In 4w’s problem scoping explain individually the terms
WHO –
  Refers that who is facing a problem and who are the stakeholders of
the problem.
 Under this, you find out who the ‘Stakeholders’ to this problem are
and what you know about them.
 Stakeholders are the people who face this problem and would be
benefitted with the solution
WHAT –
 Under the “What” block, you need to look into what you have on
hand.
 At this stage, you need to determine the nature of the problem.
 What is the problem and how do you know that it is a problem?
 Under this block, you also gather evidence to prove that the problem
you have selected exists.
Newspaper articles, Media, announcements, etc are some
examples.
WHERE –
 Now that you know who is associated with the problem and what the
problem actually is
 you need to focus on the context/situation/location of the problem
 This block will help you look into the situation in which the problem
arises, the context of it, and the locations where it is prominent.
WHY –
 You have finally listed down all the major elements that affect the
problem directly.
 Now it is convenient to understand who the people that would be
benefitted by the solution are,
 what is to be solved, where will the solution be deployed.
 These three canvases now become the base of why you want to solve
this problem.

4. What is meant by problem statement template?

The Problem Statement Template helps us to summarize all the key points into one
single template so that in future, whenever there is need to look back at the basis of
the problem, we can take a look at the Problem Statement Template and
understand the key elements of it
 DATA ACQUISITION
Q1) What is meant by DATA ? Explain with an example in terms of AI?

Answer) Data can be a piece of information or facts and statistics collected

together for reference or analysis. Whenever we want an AI project to be able to
predict an output, we need to train it first using data.

Example: If you want to make an Artificially Intelligent system which can predict
the salary of any employee based on his previous salaries, you would feed the data
of his previous salaries into the machine. This is the data with which the machine
can be trained. Now, once it is ready, it will predict his next salary efficiently. The
previous salary data here is known as Training Data while the next salary
prediction data set is known as the Testing Data.
2) Explain and differentiate between 2 types of data?

answer)
Training Data Testing data

1) Is the one which we train and 1) Is used only to assess

fit our model basically to fit performance of model
the parameters

2) Output is available to model 2) The unseen data for which

predictions have to be made

3. How can AI project improve for better efficiency? Explain with example.
Answer) For better efficiency of an AI project, the Training data needs to be
relevant and authentic to the problem statement scoped.
In the previous example, if the training data were not of the previous salaries
but of his expenses, the machine would not have predicted his next salary
correctly since the whole training went wrong. Similarly, if the previous salary
 data was not authentic, that is, it was not correct, then too the prediction could
ha
4) List the reliable source to acquire real and authentic data?
Answer) Data creates the base on which the AI project is built It is very
important to acquire data that is authentic reliable and correct.
These are the reliable sources to acquire real and authentic data:
1. Surveys 2. Web scrapping 3. Application Programming Interface (API) 4.
Cameras 5. Sensors 6. Observations

5) Define System map? What is the importance of system map in Data

acquisition?
Answer) System map help us to understand complex issues with multiple factors
that affect each other
A system comprises of
Elements – These are the different, discrete elements within the system
Interconnections – These are the relationship that connect the elements

6) Explain the rules of creating system maps?

Answer)
1. The circles represent elements
2. Arrows are used to represent relationship /interconnections
3. ‘+’ and ‘-’ signs are indicators of the nature of relationship
 The arrowhead depicts the direction of the effect and the sign (+ or -)
shows their relationship .
 If the arrow goes from x to y with a + sign ,it means that both are
directly related to each other . That is if X increases Y also increases
and vice versa .
  On the other hand ,if the arrow goes from X to Y with a – sign it
means that both the elements are inversely related to each other which
means if X increase ,Y should and vice versa

DATA EXPLORATION

Q1. Define data exploration:

Answer: Data Exploration refers to the techniques and tools used to visualize
data through complex statistical method.

Q2. What are the advantages of Data Visualization?

Answer:

Ø A better understanding of data

Ø Provides insight into data

Ø Allows user interaction

Ø Provides real time analysis

Ø Helps to make decision

Ø Reduces the complexity of data

Ø Provides the relationship and patterns contained within data

Ø Defines a strategy for your data model

Q3. List down 5 new data visualization techniques which you learnt from
datavizcatalogue.com?

Answer: The 5 new data visualization techniques are as follows:

1. Scatter Plot

2. Bar Charts

3. Pie Chart

4. Histogram 5. Line Graph

Q4. Explain the function of:

i) Bar Chart- Bar charts show discrete, numerical comparison across categories .
It answers the questions of “how many” in each category.

ii) Pie Chart- A pie chart is the circular chart that shows how data sets relate to
one another.

iii)Histogram- A Histogram visualizes the distribution of data over a continuous

interval or certain period of time.

iv) Line graph- Line graphs are used to display quantitative values over a
continuous interval of time.

v) Scatter plot- Scatterplots use a collection of points placed using the cartesian
coordinates to display values from two variables.
Q5. In data visualization technique explain which graph is suitable for
which type of data ?

i) Bar Chart- Comparisons ,patterns

ii) Pie Chart- Comparisons ,proportions ,part to a whole

iii) Histogram- Comparisons, data overtime ,distribution, patterns, range

iv) Line Graph- Comparisons, data over time ,patterns

v) Scatter plot- Patterns and relationships

DATA MODELLING AND EVALUATION

1. Why do we need AI modelling in Project Cycle?
To build an AI based project, we need to work around Artificially
Intelligent models or algorithms. This could be done either by designing
your own model or by using the pre-existing AI models.
2. Differentiate between Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning
(ML) and Deep Learning (DL)?
3. Define AI modelling?
AI Modelling refers to developing algorithms, also called models which
can be trained to get intelligent outputs. That is, writing codes to make a
machine artificially intelligent.
4. Explain the two classifications of models?
A Rule based approach is generally based on the data and rules fed to
the machine, where the machine reacts accordingly to deliver the
desired output.
A learning approach, the machine is fed with data and the desired output
to which the machine designs its own algorithm (or set of rules) to match
the data to the desired output fed into the machine
5. What makes a machine intelligent?
Programming along with some aspects of human intelligence, that
includes learning, problem solving and prioritization, gives rise
to machine intelligence. It's indeed surprising how with these limited
abilities, a machine is able to tackle a complex set of problems.

6. How can a machine be Artificially Intelligent?

 Narrow AI is powered by breakthroughs in machine learning and deep
learning. The neural networks contain a number of hidden layers through
which the data is processed, allowing the machine to go "deep" in its
learning for the best results.
7. In data exploration, we have seen various types of graphical
representations which can be used for representing different
parameters of data in AI . Explain how data is explored in humans and
machines?
Data Exploration (Humans) Data Exploration (Machines )
Graphical representation of data Accessing and analyzing data (0’s and 1’s)
helps to discover trends and Mathematical representation of patterns and
patterns of data trends of data.

8. Explain in detail Decision trees in AI Modelling?

 It is a rule-based AI model which helps the machine in predicting what
an element is with the the help of various decisions (or rules) fed to it.
 The beginning point of any Decision Tree is known as its Root.
 It then forks into two different ways or conditions: Yes or No.
 The forks or diversions are known as Branches of the tree.
 The branches either lead to another question, or they lead to a
decision like Go to Sleep which is known as the leaf.
 If you look closely at the image above, you would notice that it looks
like an inverted tree with root above and the leaves below. help of
various decisions (or rules) fed to it.