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BABU BANARASI DAS NORTHERN INDIA INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS &

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SUBJECT NAME: MINI PROJECT LAB

(SUBJECT CODE: KEC354)
ACADEMIC SESSION: 2022-23

SUBMITTED BY: SATYAM SINGH

1. INTRODUCTION

OBJECTIVE- The main objective is to design a 12 volt regulated DC power supply system by
using Bridge Rectifier.
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12V power supplies (or 12VDC power supplies) are one of the most common power supplies in
use today. A 12VDC output is obtained from a 220VAC input using a combination of
transformers, diodes and transistors

It consists of following blocks

FIGURE 1
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The main blocks used are

● Transformer
● Bridge rectifier
● Filter
● regulator

ADVANTAGES-

Use a 12 volt system when intended to run appliances directly from batteries. This is a safer
voltage for DC circuits as opposed to any higher operating voltages. Most appliances,
especially those used domestically, operate on 12 volt systems making this voltage the most
widely used.

APPLICATION-

● Computer Peripherals and Networking Applications

● Telecommunications and Fiber optic Network
● Voice, Data and Analog Communications
● Universities and Educational Facilities
● Instrumentation and Electronics
● Utility and Power Industries
● Data Acquisition
● Medical
● Military
● Motor control

2. LITERATURE SURVEY
A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. The
main purpose of a power supply is to convert electric current from a source to the correct
voltage, current, and frequency to power the load.
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FIGURE 2

Regulated power supply- Voltage regulation refers to maintaining the voltage at the
desired level, which is suitable for the connected appliance. Regulated power supplies
maintain the voltage in order to provide a smooth supply of voltage to sensitive electrical
and electronic devices.

Unregulated power supply- In an unregulated power supply, a voltage regulation is not

involved. However, some amount of regulation happens in unregulated power supplies
as well. There, all blocks in the regulated power supply except the voltage regulation
block are also available in an unregulated power supply.

3. COMPONENT USED

IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS

⦁ A regulator Integrated Circuit (IC) unit contains the circuitry - the reference source,
comparator, amplifier, control device, and the overload protector - inside a single IC. There
are also adjustable voltage regulators which allow the user to set the desired output level.
Other IC regulators have fixed output values. It is said that IC regulators are superior
compared to transistor voltage regulators when it comes to linearity of the output voltage.

⦁ A voltage regulator is one of the most widely used electronic circuitry in any device.
A regulated voltage (without fluctuations & noise levels) is very important for the smooth
functioning of many digital electronic devices. A common case is with micro controllers,
where a smooth regulated input voltage must be supplied for the micro controller to
function smoothly.

DIODE

Diodes are used to protect circuits by limiting the voltage and to also transform AC into
DC. Semiconductors like silicon and germanium are used to make the most of the
diodes. Even though they transmit current in a single direction, the way with which they
transmit differs. There are different kinds of diodes and each type has its own
applications.
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FIGURE 3

A standard diode symbol is represented as above. In the above diagram, we can see
that there are two terminals that are known as anode and cathode. The arrowhead is the
anode that represents the direction of the conventional current flow in the forward biased
condition. The other end is the cathode.

Diode Construction

Diodes can be made of either of the two semiconductor materials, silicon and
germanium. When the anode voltage is more positive than the cathode voltage, the
diode is said to be forward-biased, and it conducts readily with a relatively low-voltage
drop. Likewise, when the cathode voltage is more positive than the anode, the diode is
said to be reverse-biased. The arrow in the diode symbol represents the direction of
conventional current flow when the diode conducts.

Types of Diodes
⦁ Light Emitting Diode
⦁ Laser diode
⦁ Avalanche diode
⦁ Zener diode
⦁ Schottky diode
⦁ Photodiode
⦁ PN junction diode
⦁ Different Diodes and their Notation
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FIGURE 4: TYPES OF DIODE

CAPACITOR

A capacitor is a two-terminal electrical device that can store energy in the form of an
electric charge. It consists of two electrical conductors that are separated by a distance.
The space between the conductors may be filled by vacuum or with an insulating
material known as a dielectric. The ability of the capacitor to store charges is known as
capacitance.

Capacitors store energy by holding apart pairs of opposite charges. The simplest design
for a capacitor is a parallel plate, which consists of two metal plates with a gap between
them. But, different types of capacitors are manufactured in many forms, styles, lengths,
girths, and materials.

FIGURE 5

For demonstration, let us consider the most basic structure of a capacitor – the parallel
plate capacitor. It consists of two parallel plates separated by a dielectric. When we
connect a DC voltage source across the capacitor, one plate is connected to the positive
end (plate I) and the other to the negative end (plate II). When the potential of the battery
is applied across the capacitor, plate I become positive with respect to plate II. The
current tries to flow through the capacitor at the steady-state condition from its positive
plate to its negative plate. But it cannot flow due to the separation of the plates with an
insulating material.

RESISTANCE
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Resistance refers to the property of materials that allow the flow of electric current.
Resistance certainly opposes the flow of current. Furthermore, the unit of resistance is
ohms which is represented by the Greek uppercase letter omega Ω. Moreover, the
resistance depends on the voltage across a particular resistor and the current flowing
through it. Resistance refers to a measure of the opposition to current flow in a particular
electrical circuit.
The electrical resistance of an object refers to the measure of its opposition to the flow of
electric current. The inverse quantity refers to the electrical conductance. Electrical
conductance refers to the ease with which the passing of an electrical current passing
takes place. Moreover, electric resistance shares some parallels with mechanical
friction. Also, resistors refer to the components of the electric circuits. All the materials
certainly resist current flow to a certain degree.

Resistance Formula

The resistance formula is as follows:

Resistance = voltage drop across a resistor/ current flowing through a resistor.
R = V/I
R = resistance (Ohms, Ω)
V = voltage difference which is between the two ends of a resistor (Volts, V)
I = the current which flows through a resistor (Amperes, A)

FIGURE 6: RESISTOR

THE BASICS OF LED LIGHTING

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FIGURE 7

LED stands for light emitting diode. LED lighting products produce light up to 90% more
efficiently than incandescent light bulbs. How do they work? An electrical current passes
through a microchip, which illuminates the tiny light sources we call LEDs and the result
is visible light. To prevent performance issues, the heat LEDs produce is absorbed into a
heat sink.

Lifetime of LED Lighting Products

The useful life of LED lighting products is defined differently than that of other light
sources, such as incandescent or compact fluorescent lighting (CFL). LEDs typically do
not “burn out” or fail. Instead, they experience ‘lumen depreciation’, wherein the
brightness of the LED dims slowly over time. Unlike incandescent bulbs, LED “lifetime” is
established on a prediction of when the light output decreases by 30 percent.

TRANSFORMER

A transformer is a device used in the power transmission of electric energy. The

transmission current is AC. It is commonly used to increase or decrease the supply
voltage without a change in the frequency of AC between circuits. The transformer works
on basic principles of electromagnetic induction and mutual induction.

Transformer Types
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Transformers are used in various fields like power generation grid, distribution sector,
transmission and electric energy consumption. There are various types of transformers
which are classified based on the following factors;

* Working voltage range.

* The medium used in the core.
* Winding arrangement.
* Installation location.

Based on Voltage Levels

Commonly used transformer type, depending upon voltage they are classified as:

⦁Step-up Transformer: They are used between the power generator and the power grid. The
secondary output voltage is higher than the input voltage.

⦁Step down Transformer: These transformers are used to convert high voltage primary
supply to low voltage secondary output.

Based on the Medium of Core Used

In a transformer, we will find different types of cores that are used.

3. IMPLEMENTATION

Follow the steps given below-

1. Draw the circuit diagram
2. Prepare PCB
3. Trace the circuit on PCB
4. Etching
5. Drilling
6. Soldering
7. Testing

1. Circuit diagram- A circuit diagram is a graphical representation of an electrical

circuit. A pictorial circuit diagram uses simple images of components, while a
schematic diagram shows the components and interconnections of the circuit
using standardized symbolic representations.
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2.- PCB
- Copper clad laminate (CCL), the PCB substrates in PCB manufacturing,
which is the most widely and importantly used to fabricate the boards. And
the copper clad laminate is a kind of material that soak in resin with the
electronic glass fiber or other reinforcing material to make with copper clad
on either one side or both sides. what's more, it’s widely applied in
television, radio, computer, mobile communications and other electronic
products.

3.- ExpressPCB is used to assemble the components of basic design, and then
you can quickly change the design into the schematics drawing and then change into
the PCB design layout.

4.- Tracing - Trace the circuit on the pcb board to make a visible circuit.
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5.- Etching- PCB etching is the process of removing unwanted copper from a
printed circuit board. Once all of the excess copper has been removed from the
PCB, only the required circuit remains. Before the etching process begins, a layout
for the board is generated.
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6.- Drilling - PCB drilling (which is also known as printed circuit board drilling), is the
process of creating holes, slots and other cavities in an electronic circuit
board. During the PCB drilling process, a

number of different hole types are drilled.

7.- Every electronic component had wire leads, and a PCB had holes drilled for each
wire of each component. The component leads were then inserted through the holes
and soldered to the copper PCB traces. This method of assembly is called through-
hole construction.

8.- Soldering -The PCB is your circuit board. All the soldering you'll do will take
place on the surface of this board as you use your soldering tools to connect various
components and terminals to one another and to the board.
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FINAL MODEL:
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Result and conclusion

DC allows for a constant flow of current to a device. Because AC is delivered initially,

power must first be converted from AC to DC.
This power supply system of our mini project provides 12 Volt Power Supply i.e. DC
supply by converting the 220 Volt AC current .This helps to charge and provide supply to
various electronic devices.

References

1. R.P. Jain, "Modern Digital Electronics," Tata McGraw Hill, 4th edition, 2009.
2. A. Anand Kumar, "Fundamental of Digital Circuits," PHI 4 th edition, 2018.
3. W.H. Gothmann, "Digital Electronics- An Introduction to Theory and Practice," PHI, 2nd
edition, 2006.
4. D.V. Hall, "Digital Circuits and Systems," Tata McGraw Hill, 1989.
5. A. K. Singh, "Foundation of Digital Electronics & Logic Design," New Age Int.
Publishers.
6. Subrata Ghosal, "Digital Electronics," Cengage publication, 2nd edition, 2018