Electricity Theft Detection

SEMINAR REPORT 2024 ELECTRICITY THEFT DETECTION
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
The Smart Electric Bill is a complicated platform to the manner we acquire power
nowadays. In earlier times the demand for electricity was substantial compared thereto
presently. Since the demand for electricity has tremendously increased, a redesign of the
present grid system is far needed. With the technology available in these times , the smart
grid might be designed in such a fashion , that it uses digital technology to detect and react to
local changes in usage. The system will feature a two-way dialog where electricity and
knowledge are often exchanged between the buyer and utility. This can increase or decrease
the quantity of energy a consumer needs by analyzing the feedback of the two-way dialog.In
this system a practical energy meter is installed in every consumer unit and a server is
maintained on the service provider side.
Both the meter and the server are prepared with which enables communication among
the 2 ends using Server. The Arduino receives the tariff records from the energy meter and
sends the received information to the server. The server in the transmission system is
connected with the cloud, through this we are able to monitor and control the EB lines of
every consumer through the Internet. This system also serves to shut off the EB Line to the
consumers who aren't paying their monthly bills properly. The process can be easy and
maintenance then even more secure this system also helps the 4 consumers to monitor their
daily usage current through the Internet.
The transfer of electricity and knowledge between consumer and utility would
increase efficiency, reliability and security. The Smart grid also enables renewable electricity
technology to be integrated into the device for a greener, greater environmentally.
1.2 EXISTING SYSTEM
In existing systems errors may occur due to less concentration. It requires Huge Man
power. The system monitoring work gets delayed due to external conditions. Due to this
Manual operation there is a high wastage of Power. Controlling the home appliance through
Bluetooth, GSM is an already existing system .Bluetooth is having the distance parameter
and there is no more monitoring. By using the GSM module it just sends the units
DEPT. OF EEE 1 EKNMMPTC KALLIASSERI

consumption to the mobile but not to store any kind of data. Nowadays the sector is facing
such an environment that gives demanding situations. Energy crisis is the main problem that
our society faces. A relevant system control and monitor power usage is one of the solutions
to this problem. One approach which is today’s energy crisis that can be addressed through
reduction of power usage in households. The customers are increasing rapidly and also a
burden to electricity supplying divisions sharply increasing.
1.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM
The smart grid entails the application of superior communications and control
technologies and practices to enhance reliability, performance, and protection which are key
elements inside the on-going modernization of the energy delivery infrastructure. Advanced
metering infrastructure (AMI), which take in smart meters, communication networks,
information management systems, is enhancing operational efficiency of utilities that provide
electricity customers with the information to make more effective 14 management of their
energy use. smart grid programs permit utilities that automatically find and isolate faults
which reduce outages, dynamically optimize voltage and reactive power levels for making
more efficient power use, and monitor asset health for guide maintenance.
To placing the current sensor in the transmitter side and receiver side if any one theft
the power in- between the lines receiver side is get analyse power consumption automatically
gives the indication through the LCD screen To automatically control the electrical appliance
through internet because it does not having any kind of distance parameter and the
continuously monitoring the data and stored in cloud The smart EB involves the application
of advanced communications and control technologies and practices to improve reliability,
efficiency, and security which are key ingredients in the on-going modernization of the
electricity delivery infrastructure.
Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), which take in smart meters, communication

networks, information management systems, is enhancing the operational efficiency of
utilities and providing electricity to the customers with information to make more effective
management of their energy use. smart grid applications allow utilities to mechanically locate
and isolate faults which lessen outages, dynamically optimize voltage and reactive power
levels for making more efficient power use, and also to monitor asset health to guide
maintenance. By using a button to manually restart the function.

1.4 ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED TECHNIQUE
 Control the appliance at anywhere in the world.

 Continuously monitoring.

CHAPTER 2
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig No: 2.1 Block Diagram
This configuration demonstrates that Arduino microcontroller is used as the central

unit and monitor the entire process.
 LCD is connected to micro controller through parallel to interface the display

information.
 Transfer is utilized to turn off the power when the bill isn't paid.
 GPRS is utilized for the security in the power board through GSM administration and
UART convention.
 The present sensor is utilized to detect and interface with controller through ADC.
The Android telephone devoted application ,the vitality utilization and relating charge
subtleties are gotten.

CHAPTER 3
BLOCK DIAGRAM DISCRIPTION
3.1 GENERAL
Electrical power theft is a major problem in power system networks all over the
world, which is illegal and should be strictly prohibited. Power theft can be defined as the
usage of electrical power without any contract with the supplier. In order to eliminate power
theft,the location of power theft is to be known so that appropriate action will be taken on the
legal offenders. Circuit consists of an Arduino,GSM,ESP8266 and Current transformer.
Meters cannot be used for high currents so current sensing is done by current transformers.
Three current transformers are used two is at load side measure of current of load and one is
connected at supplier end. Using IOT power theft detectors or kits has been implemented.
3.2 MODULE NAME
 Arduino UNO
 ACS712 Current Sensor
 NodeMCU ESP8266
 Bulbs
 Switches
3.3 MODULE DESCRIPTION
3.3.1 IOT (INTERNET OF THINGS)
The internet of things (IOT) is the inter-networking of physical devices, vehicles (also
known as "connected devices" and "smart devices"), buildings, and different items embedded
with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and community connectivity which enable
these gadgets to acquire and alternate information.
In 2013 the worldwide requirements Initiative on internet of factors (IOT GSI)

defined the IOT as "a global infrastructure for the information society, enabling advanced
services by interconnecting (bodily and virtual) matters based on existing and evolving
interoperable information and communication networks" and for those purposes a "thing" is
"an object of the physical world (physical things) or the information world (virtual things),

which capable of being diagnosed and included into communication networks". The IOT
permits objects to be sensed or controlled remotely across current community infrastructure,
creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical global into computer based
systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit in addition to
reduced human intervention.
3.3.2 ARDUINO UNO
Arduino is an open-supply platform used for constructing electronics tasks. Arduino

includes each a physical programmable circuit board (often called a microcontroller) and a
piece of software program, or IDE (integrated improvement environment) that runs to your
laptop, used to put in writing and add computer code to the physical board.
The Arduino platform has grown to be quite famous with people simply beginning out
with electronics, and for true cause. in contrast to most previous programmable circuit
boards, the Arduino does no longer want a separate piece of hardware (known as a
programmer) which will load new code onto the board – you can honestly use a USB cable.
Additionally, the Arduino IDE makes use of a simplified version of C++, making it less
complicated to discover ways to use software program . Subsequently, Arduino offers a well
known shape component that breaks out the capabilities of the micro-controller into a greater
handy package.
What Does it Do?
The Arduino hardware and software turned into designed for artists, designers,
hobbyists, hackers, rookies, and everyone interested in creating interactive objects or
environments. Arduino can engage with buttons, LEDs, vehicles, audio system, GPS units,
cameras, the internet, or even your smart-telephone or your tv this pliability combined with
the reality that the Arduino software program is free, the hardware boards are pretty
reasonably-priced, and both the software and hardware are easy to examine has brought about
a large network of customers who've contributed code and released instructions for a big sort
of Arduino-based totally initiatives. For everything from robots and a heating pad hand
warming blanket to sincere fortune telling machines, and even a Dungeons and Dragons dice-
throwing gauntlet, the Arduino may be used as the brains in the back of nearly any
electronics venture.

What's on the board?
There are numerous kinds of Arduino forums (explained on the following page) that
may be used for one of a kind purposes. A few forums look a piece different from the one
below, but maximum Arduino’s have the majority of these additives in commonplace.
Fig No: 3.1 Arduino UNO
The Arduino programming is a simplified version of C/C++. in case you understand

C, programming the Arduino can be familiar. if you do not now recognize C, no need to
worry as just a few commands are hard to carry out beneficial functions.
An important characteristic of the Arduino is that you may create a control software
at the host computer, download it to the Arduino and it will run automatically. Get rid of the
USB cable connection to the computer, and this system will nevertheless run from the
pinnacle on every occasion you push the reset button.do away with the battery and put the
Arduino board in a closet for 6 months.
While you reconnect the battery, the final program you stored will run. Which means
you connect the board to the host computer to expand and debug your application, but once
this is completed, you do not need the laptop to run the program. What You want for a
working device:

Arduino Duemilanove board
USB programming cable (A to B)
9V battery or external electricity deliver (for stand-alone operation)
Solderless breadboard for external circuits, and 22 g stable cord for connections
Host pc jogging the Arduino improvement environment. Variations exist for windows, Mac
and Linux installing the software.
3.3.3 CURRENT SENSOR
The Allegro ACS712 offers comparatively cheap and particular solutions for AC or
DC modern-day sensing in commercial, commercial, and communications structures. The
device bundle lets in for clean implementation by using the purchaser. Typical programs
encompass motor control, load detection and control, switched mode electricity components,
and over modern-day fault safety. The tool isn't meant for automobile packages. For the car
grade model , seeacs712.
Fig No: 3.2 Current Sensor
The device includes a particular, low-offset, linear corridor sensor circuit with a
copper conduction direction positioned near the floor of the die. carried out present day
flowing through this copper conduction route generates a magnetic discipline which is sensed
by the included corridor IC and transformed right into a proportional voltage. device accuracy
is optimized through the close proximity of the magnetic sign to the corridor transducer.

A particular, proportional voltage is provided with the aid of the low-offset, chopper
stabilized Bi CMOS corridor IC, that is programmed for accuracy after package.
Fig No: 3.3 Output Voltage Vs Sensed Current
3.3.4 NodeMCU ESP8266
NodeMCU is an open-source Lua primarily based firmware and development board

specially targeted for IoT primarily based programs. It includes firmware that runs at the
ESP8266 wireless SoC from Espress if systems, and hardware that is primarily based at the
ESP-12 module. The NodeMCU ESP8266 development board comes with the ESP-12E
module containing ESP8266 chip having Tensilica Xtensa 32-bit LX106 RISC
microprocessor. This microprocessor helps RTOS and operates at 80MHz to 160 MHz
adjustable clock frequency. NodeMCU has 128 KB RAM and 4MB of Flash memory to save
records and packages. Its high processing strength with in-constructed Wi-Fi / Bluetooth and
Deep Sleep operating capabilities make it perfect for IoT projects. NodeMCU can be
powered by the use of Micro USB jack and VIN pin (outside deliver Pin). It supports UART,
SPI, and I2C interface.
Fig No: 3.4 NodeMCU ESP8266

3.4 MODES OF OPERATION
Smart grid applications enable utilities to automatically locate and isolate faults to
reduce outages, dynamically optimize voltage and reactive power levels for more efficient
power use, and monitor as set health to guide maintenance. To design a smart grid using
various sensors this can be controlled and monitored by the Raspberry Pi via the Internet of
Things (IOT) .To provide a low cost platform for interconnecting electrical/electronic devices
and various sensors in a home via the internet network.
Fig No: 3.5 Connecting Diagram

CHAPTER 4
SIMULATION THEORY
4.1 ARDUINO INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT (IDE)
The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using unique regulations of code
structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software program library from the Wiring challenge,
which presents many commonplace input and output strategies. user-written code best calls
for simple capabilities, for beginning the cartoon and the main program loop, which might be
compiled and related with a program stub predominant into an executable cyclic government
software with the GNU toolchain, also protected with the IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE
employs this machine arduino to convert the executable code into a text report in
hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by means of the usage of a loader
software program in the board's firmware. With the aid of default, arduino is used as the
uploading tool to flash the consumer code onto reputable Arduino boards.
4.2 BUILDING OF MODEL
IOT devices can be used to screen and control the mechanical, electric and digital
systems applied in various kinds of houses (e.g., public and private, commercial enterprise,
establishments, or residential) in home automation and constructing automation structures. in
this context, 3 main regions are being protected in literature: the mixture of the net with
building electricity management systems to be able to create strength performance and IOT
driven “ smart buildings'. The viable way of real-time tracking for decreasing energy
consumption and monitoring occupant behaviours. The aggregate of clever gadgets in the
built surroundings and the way they are probably used in destiny packages.
4.3 ABOUT ARDUINO IDE
The Arduino project gives the Arduino incorporated development surroundings (IDE),
that's throughout-platform utility written inside the programming language Java. It originated
as a hierarchy of operation menus. It consists of a code editor with capabilities which
includes text reducing and pasting, looking and changing textual content, automated
indenting, brace matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides easy one-click on
mechanisms to collect and add programs to an Arduino board.

It also carries a message location, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for not
unusual functions. An application written with the IDE for Arduino is called a ketch.
Sketches are stored on the development pc as textual content documents with the record
extension into. Arduino software program (IDE) pre-1.0 saved sketches with the extension.
The Arduino IDE helps the languages C and C++the use of unique regulations of code
structuring. user-written code most effectively requires simple functions, for starting the
cartoon and the principle software loop, which might be compiled and linked with a program
stub predominant () into an executable cyclic executive software with the GNU tool chain,
also covered with the IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE employs this system to convert the
executable code right into a text record in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the
Arduino board with the aid of a loader application within the board's firmware.
4.4 PROGRAM OF ARDUINO
Fig No: 4.1 Arduino Program

4.5 PROGRAM ALGORITHM

 Start the execution.
 Power on Node MCU(ES P 8266) WiFi Module.
 Sensors S1, S2, S3 connected to Nodemcu wifi for measuring electrical parameters
from Line 1, Line 2 and Theft Line.
 Sensors will measure the Power from Line 1, Line 2, Theft Line.
 Current flowing through the sensors will calculate the power w.r.t L1, L2.
 Calculated Load will be sent to the Cloud.
 Power consumption is increased beyond the values and Threshold values conditions
will execute.
 Condition 1: Sensor value 3 is equal to 3 and Sensor value 1 is greater than Sensor
value 1 in addition to 20.
 Then theft power detected in line 1.
 Condition 2: Sensor value 2 is equal to 3 and Sensor value 1 is greater than Sensor
value 3 in addition to 20.
 Then power theft was detected in line 2.
 Then notification displayed on mail.
 Stop the Execution.

CHAPTER 5
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
5.1 INTRODUCTION
The hardware of the proposed system is implemented using Internet Of Things (IOT).
The software system like C++ is used for the system design for coding the program.
5.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
5.2.1 INTERNET OF THINGS
The internet of factors (IOT) is the inter-networking of physical devices, vehicles

(additionally referred to as "related gadgets" and "clever devices"), buildings, and one of a
kind gadgets embedded with electronics, software, sensors ,actuators, and network
connectivity which allow these gadgets to acquire and alternate records. In 2013 the global
necessities Initiative on internet of factors (IOT-GSI) defined the IOT as "a international
infrastructure for the statistics society, allowing advanced offerings by way of
interconnecting (physical and digital) topics primarily based on existing and evolving
interoperable facts and communique networks" and for the ones purposes a "component" is
"an object of the bodily global (physical things) or the records global (digital matters), which
capable of being recognized and included into communique networks".
The IOT lets in gadgets to be sensed or controlled remotely throughout modern-day

network infrastructure, growing possibilities for extra direct integration of the bodily
international into computer primarily based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency,
accuracy and monetary gain in addition to reduced human intervention. whilst IOT is
augmented with sensors and actuators, the era becomes an example of the more preferred
beauty of cyber-bodily structures, which additionally encompasses technologies which
include clever grids, clever houses, smart transportation and smart cities. each issue is
uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing device but is able to interoperate
within the modern-day internet infrastructure.
Experts estimate that the IOT will encompass about 30 billion gadgets by using 2020.
usually, IOT is anticipated to offer advanced connectivity of devices, structures, and offerings
that goes beyond gadget-to-system (M2M) communications and covers a spread of protocols,

domain names, and packages. The interconnection of those embedded gadgets (which
includes clever gadgets), is anticipated to herald automation in almost all fields, whilst
moreover allowing superior packages like a smart grid, and increasing to regions which
include smart towns. "matters'', within the IOT feel, can speak to a great sort of devices
which incorporates coronary heart monitoring implants, biochip transponders on farm
animals, electric powered clams in coastal waters, motors with built-in sensors, DNA analysis
devices for environmental/meals/pathogen tracking, or discipline operation gadgets that help
hearth opponents in search and rescue operations. criminal pupils recommend concerning
"matters" as an "inextricable combination of hardware, software program, statistics and
provider". these devices collect useful facts with the help of numerous present era and then
autonomously glide the records among other devices.
Present day marketplace examples consist of domestic automation (moreover known

as clever domestic devices) along with control and automation of lighting, heating (like
clever thermostat), air flow, air conditioning (HVAC) structures, and domestic gadget such as
washer/dryers, robotic vacuums, air purifiers, ovens, or refrigerators/freezers that use wi-fi
for far off tracking. in addition to the enlargement of internet-linked automation right into a
plethora of latest software areas, IOT is likewise anticipated to generate big amounts of
records from numerous places, with the consequent necessity for brief aggregation of the
information, and an boom inside the need to index, hold, and way such facts more correctly.
IOT is one of the platforms of modern day clever city, and smart energy management gadget.
5.2.2 APPLICATIONS
According to Gartner, Inc. (an era research and advisory enterprise), there could be
nearly 20.8 billion devices on the internet of things by 2020. ABI studies estimates that more
than 30 billion devices might be wirelessly linked to the internet of factors by the year 2020.
As in step with a 2014 survey and study carried out through Pew research internet mission, a
big majority of the generation experts and engaged net customers who replied—83 percent—
agreed with the belief that the net/Cloud of things, embedded and wearable computing (and
the corresponding dynamic systems could have massive and useful consequences by 2025.
As such, it is clear that the IOT will encompass a totally large variety of devices being
connected to the internet.
In an energetic circulation to accommodate new and emerging technological

innovation, the United Kingdom authorities, in their 2015 finances, allotted £40,000,000

towards research into the internet of things. the former British Chancellor of the Exchequer
George Osborne, posited that the internet of things is the next stage of the data revolution and
referenced the inter-connectivity of everything from city shipping to scientific devices to
household appliances. The potential to network embedded gadgets with limited CPU,
memory and power sources method that IOT unearths applications in almost every area. Such
structures might be in the price of collecting statistics in settings starting from natural
ecosystems to buildings and factories, thereby locating applications in fields of environmental
sensing and urban making plans. Then again, IOT systems may also be liable for appearing
actions, now not just sensing things.
Smart buying structures, for example, could screen specific customers' purchasing
habits in a store by means of monitoring their specific cellular telephones. Those users may
want to then be supplied with unique gifts on their favorite merchandise, or even region of
items that they need, which their refrigerator has automatically conveyed to the phone.
additional examples of sensing and actuating are contemplated in packages that deal with
heat, water, energy and power management, as well as cruise-helping transportation
structures. Other programs that the net of factors can offer is enabling extended home
protection features and domestic automation. The concept of an "internet of living things" has
been proposed to explain networks of organic sensors that would use cloud-based total
analyses to permit customers to examine DNA or other molecules. but, the utility of the IOT
is not best confined to those areas. other specialized use instances of the IOT may exist. An
overview of some of the most outstanding software areas is furnished right here.
5.2.3 SIMULATION
IOT modelling and simulation (and emulation) is commonly done at the design stage
before deployment of the community. community simulators like OPNET, net Sim and NS2
can be used to simulate IOT networks. Virtual Twins can also be carried out to supply
updates on the reputation and health of an asset, primarily based upon sensor readings
integrated with a computational model of the asset.
5.3 UBIDOTS
Use the Ubidots platform to send facts to the cloud from any net enabled device. you
could then configure actions and indicators based totally to your real-time records and free up
the value of your records through visual gear. Ubidots offers a rest API that lets in you to

examine and write records to the sources available: statistics assets, variables, values,
activities and insights. The API supports each HTTP and HTTPS and an API secret's
required.
5.3.1 DATA STORAGE AND ANALYTICS
A venture for producers of IOT packages is to systemize and interpret the huge
amount of records that is accumulated with the aid of the sensors. there may be an answer
proposed for the analytics of the facts called wireless Sensor Networks. those networks
percentage statistics amongst sensor nodes which can be shipped to a dispensed gadget for
the analytics of the sensory facts. Another venture is the garage of this bulk data. relying on
the software there may be excessive facts acquisition requirements which in turn result in
high garage necessities. Presently the internet is already chargeable for five% of the whole
strength generated and this consumption will increase considerably while we begin using
packages with multiple embedded sensors.
5.4 ARDUINO INSTALLATION
Once we learn the Arduino installation, we'll be able to upload our program on the
Arduino board. During this section, we'll learn in easy steps, the way to find out the Arduino
IDE on our computer and prepare the board to receive the program via USB cable fig 5.1.
Step 1: First need to have your Arduino board and a USB cable. Just in case you employ
Arduino UNO, Arduino Duemilanove, Nano, Arduino Mega 2560, or Diecimila, you may
need a standard USB cable (A plug to B plug), the sort you'd hook up with a USB cable as
shown within the following image.
Fig No: 5.1 USB Cable

Step 2: Download Arduino IDE Software
You can get different versions of Arduino IDE from the Download page as shown in fig 5.2
on the Arduino Official website. You want to select your software, which is compatible
together with your OS (Windows, IOS, or Linux). After your record download is complete,
unzip the file.
Fig No: 5.2 Download Arduino IDE Software
Step 3: Power up your board.
The Arduino Uno, Mega, Duemilanove and Arduino Nano routinely draw energy from either
the USB connection to the computer or an outside power supply. In case you're using an
Arduino Diecimila, you have to be positive that the board is configured to draw energy from
the USB connection.. The electricity delivery is chosen with a jumper, a touch piece of plastic
that fits on top of the three pins between the USB and strength jacks. ensure it's far on the 2
pins closest to the USB port. Join the Arduino board to your laptop and use the USB cable.
The green energy LED needs to glow.
Step 4: Launch Arduino IDE
After your Arduino IDE fig 5.3 software is downloaded, you would like to unzip the folder.
Inside the folder, you'll find the appliance icon with an infinity label (application.exe).
Double-click the icon to start out the IDE.

Fig No: 5.3 Launch Arduino IDE
Step 5: Open your first project
Once the software starts, you've got two options:
 Create a replacement project.

 Open an existing project example.
To make a replacement project, select File --> New as shown in fig. 5.4.
Fig No: 5.4 Create new project
To open an existing project example, select File -> Example -> Basics -> Blink as shown in
fig 5.5.
Fig No: 5.5 Open an existing project example

Here, we are selecting only one of the examples with the name Blink. It turns the LED
on and off with a while delay. You'll select the other example from the list.
Step 6: Select your Node MCU 1.0 (ESP-12E Module)
To avoid any error while uploading your program to the board, you want to select the
right Nodemcu 12E board as shown below fig. 3.6 which matches with the board connected
to your computer. Attend Tools -> Board and choose your board.
Fig No: 5.6 Select NodeMCU(12E) board
Here, select NodeMCU board consistent with our tutorial, but you want to select the
name matching the board that you simply are using.
Step 7: Select your serial port
Select the serial device of the Arduino board. Attend equipment -> interface menu.
This is normally possible to be COM3 or higher . To seek out, you'll disconnect your Arduino
board and re-open the menu as shown in the figure below fig. 5.7, the access that disappears
has to be of the Arduino board. Reconnect the board and choose that interface.
Fig No: 5.7 Select serial port

Step 8: Add the program to your board.
Before explaining how the program will upload to the board, we must demonstrate the
function of every symbol appearing within the Arduino IDE toolbar as shown in fig 5.8.
Fig No: 5.8 Upload the program to our board
Upload the program, clearly click the "add" button inside the surroundings. Wait more
than one seconds; you may see the RX and TX LEDs on the board, flashing. If the add is a
success, the message "completed importing" will seem inside the reputation bar.
Note: If you've got an Arduino Mini, NG, or other board, you would like to press the push
button physically on the board, immediately before clicking the upload button on the Arduino
Software.
5.5 NODE-MCU (ESP8266)
The Node MCU is AN ASCII text record microcode and development package that
helps you to photo your IOT product among a handful of Lua script traces. It includes
microcode that runs on the ESP8266 fig.2.2 wireless SOC from Espressif systems, and
hardware that is predicated at the ESP-12 module ESP8266EX offers a complete and self-
contained Wi-Fi networking resolution.
Fig No: 5.9 Node MCU (ESP8266)

The pin diagram of ESP8266 is shown in fig two.3. As a result of the ESP8266 was
developed as a Serial to Wi-Fi adapter, its microcode enforced AN interpreter for AT
commands. Therefore initial utilization of the IC became limited to using either a USB to
Serial adapter, or a separate microcontroller (e.g., ATmega328) to issue AT instructions over
the ESP8266's Serial UART interface.
It is a unit typically accustomed to host the appliance or to unload wireless

networking functions from any other software processor. Once ESP8266EX hosts the
equipment, it boots up directly from an outside flash. ESP8266EX is most of the foremost
integrated wireless contribute the enterprise; it integrates the antenna switches, RF balun,
power digital gadget, low noise acquire digital gadget, filters, power management modules, it
needs token external electronic equipment, and thus the complete resolution, as well as front-
end module, is supposed to occupy token PCB space.
Fig No: 5.10 Pin diagram of Node MCU
The ESP8266 has visible a first rate adoption as a value-powerful decision for IoT and
WiFi-capable gadgets. The ESP8266 evolved via Shanghai-based Espressif systems, as a
Serial (UART) to wireless SoC (gadget on a Chip) primarily based around a Tensilica Xtensa
LX3DPU. This tiny IC includes AN RF front , RAM, ANd (usually) an aboard TCP/IP stack
that allows it to be attached with a close-by Access purpose, to act as AN Access purpose
itself, or both. As the ESP8266 was developed as a Serial to Wi-Fi adapter, its microcode
enforced AN interpreter for AT commands. Therefore preliminary usage of the IC was

confined to using either a USB to Serial adapter, or a separate microcontroller (e.g.,

ATmega328) to issue AT commands over the ESP8266's Serial UART interface. For this
reason, the ESP01 board quickly became widespread amongst the ESP8266 community
thanks to its 2×4, 0.1in-pitch instrumentation which is able to be simply wired to a USB to
Serial adapter.
The instrumentation gave access to the pins used for serial communication, specifically RX
and Texas, conjointly as four management pins, GPIO0, GPIO2, CH_PD and RST(reset),
aboard VCC and GND. However, alternative ESP-NN boards supply access to a wider form
of pins, though their packaging is of a custom Surface-Mount Device, with crenelated pins as
seen among the documentation page coupled on top of. From the assorted ESP-NN boards,
we have a tendency to begin to experiment with the ESP-12E.
5.5.1 FEATURES
 Low cost, compact and powerful Wi-Fi Module.

 Power Supply: +3.3V only.
 Current Consumption: 100mA.
 I/O Voltage: three.6V (max).
 I/O supply current: 12mA (max).
 512kB non-volatile storage.
5.5.3 APPLICATIONS
 Smart power plugs.

 Home automation.
 Mesh network.
 Industrial wireless management.
 Baby monitors.
 IP Cameras.
5.6 CURRENT SENSOR
5.6.1 INTRODUCTION
Sensing and dominant current flow is also a basic demand throughout an enormous
sort of applications together with, over-current protection circuits, battery chargers, change

mode power provides, digital watt meters, programmable current sources, etc. one among the
only techniques of sensing current is to put a little value resistance (also referred to as Shunt
resistor) in between the load and therefore the ground and measure the drop across it, which
actually, is proportional to the present flowing through it. Whereas this system is
straightforward and easy to implement, it's going to not be very precise because the worth of
the shunt resistor slightly varies with its temperature, which actually isn't constant due to the
Joule heating. Besides, this easy technique doesn't provide isolation between the load and
current sensing unit, which is desirable in applications, involving high voltage loads. Today,
we'll mention ACS712 current sensor device which provides a cheap and precise way of
sensing AC and DC currents supported Hall-effect. This discussion is split into two parts. The
primary part will provide a quick overview of the ACS712 sensor and its characteristics.
Within the second part, a test experiment is going to be administered to interface the sensor
with a PIC microcontroller to live a DC current.
Fig No: 5.11 ACS712 Current Sensor
5.6.2 FEATURES
 Extremely stable output offset voltage.

 Nearly zero magnetic physical phenomenon.
 Ratio metric output from offer voltage.
 Low-noise analog signal path.
 Device information measure is ready via the new FILTER pin.
 80 kc information measure.
 Total output error one.5% at metallic element = 25°C.
 Little footprint, low-profile SOIC8 package.

5.6.3 WORKING PRINCIPLE
The Allegro ACS712 current sensing element is based on the principle of Hall-effect,
which was discovered by Dr. Edwin Hall in 1879. In keeping with this principle, once a
current carrying conductor is placed into a magnetic flux , a voltage is generated across its
edges perpendicular to the directions of each this and so the magnetic flux . It's illustrated
inside the fig 5.12 shown below. A skinny sheet of semiconductor material (called Hall
element) is carrying a current (I) and is placed into a magnetic flux (B) that is perpendicular
to the direction of current flow. The hall voltage is immediately proportional to the
magnitudes of I and B. For this reason if one in every of them is recognised, the observed hall
voltage square measure commonly accustomed estimates the opportunity.
Fig No: 5.12 Current Sensor element rule
The ACS712 device is provided throughout a tiny low, surface mount SOIC8
package. It consists of a particular, low-offset, linear hall sensing detail circuit with a copper
physical phenomenon path located near the floor of the die. Once current is applied through
the copper conductor, a magnetic flux is generated that is detected by the inherent Hall part.
The strength of the magnetic flux is proportional to the magnitude of this through the
physical phenomenon path, providing a linear relationship between the output Hall voltage
and input physical phenomenon current. The on-chip signal conditioner associate degreed
filter circuit stabilizes associate degreed enhances the elicited Hall voltage to an applicable
level so as to be measured through an ADC channel of a microcontroller. The pin diagram of
ACS712 fig. 5.13 device and its typical application circuit is shown below. Pins 1, 2 and 3,
four kind the copper physical phenomenon path that is used for current sensing.
The interior resistance of this path is around 1.2 m, therefore providing low power
loss. Because the terminals of this physical phenomenon path square measure electrically
isolated from the sensing element leads (pins five through 8), the ACS712 device eliminates

the danger of damaging this observance circuit due to the high voltage on the physical
phenomenon facet. The electrical isolation between the physical phenomenon current and so
the sensing element circuit conjointly minimizes the safety issues whereas handling high
voltage systems.
Fig No: 5.13 Pin diagram and a typical application circuit of ACS712
In low-frequency applications, it's typically fascinating to feature a straightforward

RC filter circuit at the output of the device to reinforce the signal/noise.
The useful diagram of ACS712 fig 5.13 contains an interior electrical device (RF)
connected between the output of the on-chip signal electronic equipment and therefore the
input of the output buffer stage. the alternative finish of the electrical device is outwardly
accessible through pin half dozen (Filter). With this design, users will implement a
straightforward RC filter through the addition of an associate degree external condenser (CF)
between the Filter pin and ground. It ought to be noted that the use of an external condenser
will increase the rise time of the sensing element output, and so, sets the information measure
of the input .The utmost information measure of the input is eighty rate at zero external filter
condenser. The information measure decreases with increasing CF. The datasheet of ACS712
recommends mistreatment 1nF for CF to reduce noise underneath nominal conditions
5.6.4 SENSITIVITY AND OUTPUT
The output of the device has positive slope once Associate in Nursing increasing
current flows through the copper conductivity path (from pins one and a handful of, to pins
three and 4). The ACS712 device comes in 3 variants, providing current vary of±5A
(ACS712-05B), ±20A (ACS712-20B), and ±30A (ACS712-30A).
The ACS712-05B will live current up to ±5A and provides output sensitivity of
185mV/A (at +5V power supply), that suggests for every 1A increase among the present
through the conductivity terminals in positive direction, the output voltage conjointly rises by

185 mV. The sensitivities of 20A and 30A versions are one hundred mV/A and sixty six
mV/A, severally. At zero current, the output voltage is [*fr1] the supply voltage (Vcc/2). It
ought to be noted that the ACS712 provides magnitude relation metric output, that suggests
the zero current output and so the device sensitivity are each proportional to the supply
voltage, VCC. This feature is particularly helpful once exploiting the ACS712 with Associate
in Nursing data converter.
The preciseness of any A/D conversion depends upon the stability of the reference
voltage utilized within the ADC operation. In most microcontroller circuits, the reference
voltage for A/D conversion is the availability voltage itself. So, if the supply voltage is not
stable, the ADC measurements won't be precise and correct. However, if the reference
voltage of ADC is the same as a result of the availability voltage of ACS712, then the
magnitude relation metric output of ACS712 can catch any error among the A/D conversion
due to the fluctuation among the reference voltage.
Let's justify this with an Associate in nursing example. Suppose, Associate in Nursing
ADC chip uses Vcc = five.0V as a reference for A/D conversion and so identical voltage
powers Associate in Nursing ACS712 detector chip. The analog output of the ACS712 is
aiming to be digitized through the ADC chip. Once there is zero current through the current
detector, the output is Vcc/2 = a pair of.5V. If the ADC chip is 10bit (0-1023), it will convert
the analog output from the ACS712 detector into digital worth of 512 count.
Now, if the supply voltage drifts and becomes Vcc = four.5V, then, due to the
magnitude relation metric nature, the new output of the ACS712 detector ar aiming to be
four.5/2 = 2.25V, which might still be digitized to 512 by the ADC as its reference voltage is
in addition down to four.5V.
Fig No: 5.14 Output voltage vs Detected current

Correct sensor to stay Ac/DC present day up to 20A.The sensor may even degree high
AC mains present day and remains remoted from the measuring component way to
incorporate hall sensor. The board operates on 5V.
ACS712 current sensor from 5V and outputs analog voltage proportional to cutting
edge measured on the sensing terminals. Easy use a microcontroller ADC to study the values.
Sensing terminals can even degree current for hundreds operating at high voltages like 230V
AC mains while output sensed voltage is removed from measuring components.
5.6.5 APPLICATIONS
 When mixed with threshold detection they act as a switch.

 Those are applied in ultra-excessive-reliability applications like keyboards.
 Corridor impact sensors are accustomed to the speed of wheels and shafts.
 Used to observe the position of static magnet in brushless electrical DC motors.
 Sensors are embedded in digital electronic devices at the side of linear transducers.
 Sensing the presence of the field of force in industrial applications.
5.7 CONNECTING WIRES
Connecting wires fig 5.15 permits associates in nursing electrical current to travel
from one purpose on a circuit to a unique, as a result of electricity desires a medium through
that to maneuver.
Fig No: 5.15 Connecting wire
Within the case of computers, wires are embedded into circuit boards, carrying pulses
of electricity that are understood as binary signals of zeros and ones. Most wires in computers
and electronic parts are made of copper or metal. Copper is cheap and electrically conductive.
In a basic circuit, the wire comes from one terminal of Associate in Nursing influence supply,
sort of a battery. It then connects to a switch that determines whether or not the circuit is open

or closed. The wire then connects to the device that is the attraction, permitting it to draw
electricity and perform its task.
5.8 NODE MCU BASE BOARD
Node MCU is a companion in nursing open supply IoT platforms. It consists of

microcode that runs at the ESP8266 wireless SoC from Espressif structures, and hardware,
that is primarily based on the ESP-12 module. It's miles supported the eLua project and
engineered on the Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It makes use of numerous open
supply comes, like Lua-cjson and spiffs.
Fig No: 5.16 Node MCU Base Board
5.8.1 CONVERTION OF POWER INTO COST
 Energy = power * time /1000 Kwh.

 Power data getting from the application in Watts.
 From the Power data, calculating the energy.
 Once the energy value had got then, doing calculation of cost.
 Cost (Rs) = Energy * tariff value.
 Add the total cost from all loads, getting from application.
5.8.2 CALIBRATION OF ACS – 712 SENSOR
 Analog study produces a price of zero-1023,equating to 0v to 5v.

 Analog study 1 =(5/1024)V = 4.89mv.
 Value =(4.89*Analog Read value)/1000 v but as per data sheets offset is 2.5V.
 Actual value =(value-2.5)V.
 Current in amp=actual value*10.
 Vout=R2/(R1+R2)* Vbat.
 Vbat=6.5 when fully charged R1=10k and R2=10k.
 Vout=10/(10+10)*6.5=3.25v which is lower than 5v.

CHAPTER 6
ADVANTAGES
1. Revenue Protection: Identifying and reducing theft helps utilities recover lost
revenue, which can be reinvested in infrastructure and services.
2. Improved Grid Stability: Detecting irregularities can prevent overloads and
maintain system stability, leading to a more reliable power supply.
3. Enhanced Safety: Theft can lead to dangerous situations, including fires and
electrocution. Detection reduces these risks for both utilities and consumers.
4. Data Insights: Advanced detection systems provide valuable data that can help
utilities optimize their operations and identify trends in consumption.
5. Customer Trust: Demonstrating a commitment to fair practices can enhance the
utility's reputation and build trust among legitimate customers.
6. Regulatory Compliance: Many regions have regulations against electricity theft.
Effective detection systems help utilities comply with these laws.
7. Deterrence: The presence of detection systems can act as a deterrent to potential
thieves, reducing overall theft incidents.
8. Sustainability: By minimizing losses from theft, utilities can operate more efficiently,
contributing to environmental sustainability efforts.
9. Technology Integration: Modern detection systems often incorporate advanced
technologies like IoT and machine learning, fostering innovation within utility
operations.
10. Faster Response: Real-time detection allows for quicker response to theft incidents,
minimizing losses and enhancing operational efficiency.

CHAPTER 7
DISADVANTAGES
1. High Implementation Costs: Setting up sophisticated detection systems can be

expensive, requiring significant investment in technology and infrastructure.
2. Maintenance and Upgrades: Ongoing maintenance and periodic upgrades to keep
the systems effective can incur additional costs and resource allocation.
3. False Positives: Detection systems may sometimes generate false alarms, leading to
unnecessary investigations and customer dissatisfaction.
4. Privacy Concerns: Increased monitoring can raise privacy issues for consumers, as
detailed data on their usage patterns may be collected and analyzed.
5. Complexity: Implementing and managing advanced detection technologies can be
complex, requiring skilled personnel and training.
6. Limited Coverage: In remote or rural areas, the effectiveness of detection systems
may be reduced due to inadequate infrastructure or technology.
7. Resistance from Consumers: Customers may be resistant to the perceived intrusion
and monitoring, leading to pushback against implementation.
8. Potential for Countermeasures: Thieves may develop countermeasures to evade
detection systems, requiring constant adaptation and innovation by utilities.
9. Resource Allocation: Focusing too much on theft detection might divert resources
from other critical areas of utility management and customer service.
10. Legal and Ethical Issues: Aggressive enforcement against detected theft can lead to
legal challenges and ethical dilemmas regarding consumer rights and treatment.

CHAPTER 8
APPLICATION
1. Utility Companies: Utilities use detection systems to monitor and analyze
consumption patterns, identifying unusual spikes that may indicate theft.
2. Smart Grid Technology: Integration with smart grid systems allows for real-time
monitoring and data analysis, improving overall grid efficiency and security.
3. Remote Monitoring: IoT-enabled devices can facilitate remote monitoring of
substations and distribution lines, helping detect anomalies indicative of theft.
4. Prepaid Metering Systems: Utilities can implement smart prepaid meters that track
usage in real-time, alerting them to potential theft as it happens.
5. Data Analytics: Advanced analytics tools analyze historical usage data to detect
trends and identify suspicious behavior patterns.
6. CCTV Integration: Combining theft detection systems with CCTV surveillance can
enhance security measures in areas prone to electricity theft.
7. Consumer Engagement: Providing consumers with insights into their energy usage
can help identify discrepancies and encourage honest consumption practices.
8. Regulatory Compliance: Systems can help utilities comply with regulatory
requirements by ensuring accurate reporting and reducing losses from theft.
9. Infrastructure Protection: Monitoring systems can protect critical infrastructure
from damage or sabotage associated with theft.
10. Energy Efficiency Programs: Data from detection systems can inform energy
efficiency initiatives by identifying areas where consumption is unusually high,
suggesting potential theft.

CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
In the era of smart city development, this assignment is concentrated on the

connectivity and networking component of the IOT .on this device, an power consumption
calculation primarily based on the counting of calibration pulses are designed and
implemented using the ATMEGA328P Microcontroller unit in the embedded gadget domain.
in the proposed work, IOT and MMC based totally meter studying system is designed to
continuously reveal the meter reading and provider can Disconnect the energy source on
every occasion the customer does now not pay the month-to-month bill and additionally it
eliminates the human Involvement, delivers powerful meter analyzing, prevent the billing
mistake. The assignment has completed following goals: Ease of getting access to
information for purchasers from energy meters via IOT. robbery detection at customers leads
to actual time. a liquid crystal display displays power consumption gadgets and temperature.
Disconnection of provider from far flung server.

REFERENCE
 "Electrical Theft Detection: A Review of the State of the Art" (IEEE Transactions on
Power Systems, 2020
 "Advanced Electrical Theft Detection Methods for Smart Grids" (Energies, 2020
"Electrical Theft Detection using Machine Learning and Data Analytics"
(International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2019)
 "Smart Meter-based Electrical Theft Detection using Advanced Metering
Infrastructure" (IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2018)
 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/6287639/6514899/10436697.pdf
 https://sist.sathyabama.ac.in/sist_naac/documents/1.3.4/b.e-eee-batchno-21.pdf

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SEMINAR REPORT 2024 ELECTRICITY THEFT DETECTION

1.2 EXISTING SYSTEM

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1.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM

Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), which take in smart meters, communication

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1.4 ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED TECHNIQUE

 Control the appliance at anywhere in the world.

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Fig No: 2.1 Block Diagram

This configuration demonstrates that Arduino microcontroller is used as the central

 LCD is connected to micro controller through parallel to interface the display

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BLOCK DIAGRAM DISCRIPTION

3.2 MODULE NAME

3.3 MODULE DESCRIPTION

3.3.1 IOT (INTERNET OF THINGS)

In 2013 the worldwide requirements Initiative on internet of factors (IOT GSI)

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3.3.2 ARDUINO UNO

Arduino is an open-supply platform used for constructing electronics tasks. Arduino

What Does it Do?

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What's on the board?

Fig No: 3.1 Arduino UNO

The Arduino programming is a simplified version of C/C++. in case you understand

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Arduino Duemilanove board

USB programming cable (A to B)

9V battery or external electricity deliver (for stand-alone operation)

3.3.3 CURRENT SENSOR

Fig No: 3.2 Current Sensor

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Fig No: 3.3 Output Voltage Vs Sensed Current

3.3.4 NodeMCU ESP8266

NodeMCU is an open-source Lua primarily based firmware and development board

Fig No: 3.4 NodeMCU ESP8266

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3.4 MODES OF OPERATION

Fig No: 3.5 Connecting Diagram

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4.1 ARDUINO INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT (IDE)

4.2 BUILDING OF MODEL

4.3 ABOUT ARDUINO IDE

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4.4 PROGRAM OF ARDUINO

Fig No: 4.1 Arduino Program

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4.5 PROGRAM ALGORITHM

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5.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

5.2.1 INTERNET OF THINGS

The internet of factors (IOT) is the inter-networking of physical devices, vehicles

The IOT lets in gadgets to be sensed or controlled remotely throughout modern-day

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Present day marketplace examples consist of domestic automation (moreover known

In an energetic circulation to accommodate new and emerging technological

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