JINJA JOINT MOCK EXAMINATIONS 2024

UGANDA ADVANCED CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION

(HISTORY OF AFRICA 1855-1914)
Paper 6
TIME: 3 HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
 Answer four questions.
 All questions carry equal marks.
 Any additional question (s) answered will not be marked.

1. Analyze the nation building techniques that Mosheshe used to build a

powerful Basuto/ Sotho nation in the second half of the 19th c? (25 mks)
2. Account for the growth and development of legitimate trade in West
Africa. (25 mks)
3. Examine the factors that made European conquest of Africa a success in
the last quarter of the 19th c (25 mks)
4.’’The downfall of Emperor Theodore 11 led to a stronger and united
Ethiopia’’ Discuss. (25 mks)
5. Examine the causes of Uthman Danfodio’s 19th century Jihad in West
Africa. (25 mks)
6. Discuss the causes of imperial conflicts in East Africa between 1880 to
1890. (25 mks)
7. Discuss the impact of the joint British and Egyptian rule on Sudan in the
second half of the 19th century (25 mks)
8. Account for the establishment and development of plantation agriculture
in East Africa during colonial period. (25 mks)
9. To what extent was the treaty of Bardo responsible for the loss of
independence of Tunisia? (25 mks)
10. Examine the factors that favoured Islamisation of West Africa in the
second half the 19th century. (25 mks)
END

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1. Analyze the nation building techniques that Mosheshe used to
build a powerful Basuto/ Sotho nation in the second half of the 19th
c? (25 mks)
o A straight forward question
o Identify and explain the means/ methods employed by Moshesh as
required.
o Give a suitable conclusion
o The background of Moshesh and Basuto nation is vital
Basis of argument

Moshesh/ Moshoeshoe was born in around 1786 to Mokachane a minor chief

among Kwena people. He was a revolutionary leader who emerged with
emergence of Mfecane. He founded Basuto nation after succeeding chief
Mtoloni. Basuto was an amalgamation of different states like Xhosa, Tswana.
The state was first established at Butha-Buthe but later transferred to
Thaba-Busiu.

The methods used

 Centralization of the administration where he was at the top and ruled as

a dictator.
 Put in place a powerful standing army including all the nationalities i.e.
multi – racial army.
 Acquisition of modern fighting techniques and weapons i.e. Assegais
(short stabbing spears, long shields and guns from Cape Colony)
 Established a well-built judicial machinery.
 Put in place a clear system of succession which was hereditary i.e. the
inheritor was the eldest son of the Chief wife – later curbed down
succession disputes.
 Use of efficient and effective spy network through employment of friends
and relatives.

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 Use of the Assimilation policy where the conquered people were made to
learn the Sotho traditions and cultures.
 Put in place age regiments where members of the same age bracket lived
and worked together.
 Involved the state in trade relations with the neighboring states like Zulu,
Ndwandwe with foreigners at the cape for example Portuguese and British
– led to peaceful and harmonious co-existence.
 Use of religion where people would come together during the religious
festivals and Mosheshe presided over them, also it instilled discipline.
 Agriculture acted as a source of food security to the increasing population
for example millet, sorghum and maize.
 Payment and collection of tributes such as paid to the Zulu as a symbol of
allegiance and collected from Tswana, Xhosa was in form of food crops,
cattle or otherwise.
 Use of diplomacy by signing treaties with the neighboring states like
Ndwandwe under Sobhuza and also marrying from different states such
as Ngwane hence diplomatic ties which reduced conflicts.
 Stratified the empire which created a sense of belongingness and hard
work for promotions.
 Inter tribal and clan marriages for unity.
 Cultural ceremonies like rain making first-fruit harvest which brought
people together.
 Use of a common Sotho language for identification of the enemy/ for
security reasons.
Using the above methods, Mosheshe built a strong Basuto nation that
became second to Zulu, it survived till his death in 1870

2. Account for the growth and development of legitimate trade in

West Africa. (25 mks)

o A straight forward question

o Required to identify and explain the factors as required

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o Then a suitable conclusion
o The background of Legitimate trade is vital

Basis of the answer

Legitimate was the kind of trade that was introduced in Africa, West Africa in
particular to replace slave trade and slavery after its abolition. It was a legal
and acceptable trade that involved selling of agricultural raw materials,
mineral products etc. in exchange for foreign manufactured goods like
beads, shoes, pangas etc.

The factors

 Abolition of slave trade and slavery that created to be filled.

 Need to provide work to freed slaves like on plantations and mines.
 Need to compensate traders who had lost business following abolition of
slave trade. Like Alali of Bonny, Jaja of Opobo.
 The trade would generate raw materials for European industries like
agriculture and mineral raw materials.
 Market was available for African produced goods like Agricultural and
mineral products.
 Introduction of money to replace barter trade.
 Existence of trade routes and market centers that had been used during
slave trade. Like Gao, Timbuktu, Lagos, Freetown.
 Available capital from Europeans, Americans and able Africans.
 Peace, stability and freedom that followed abolition of slave trade.
 Determination of Europeans especially British put to an end slave trade
encouraged investment in Legitimate trade.
 Development of the mining sector that stimulated mineral exploitation
 Development of transport and communication infrastructure like roads,
railways, marine services and ports.
 Spread of Christianity and western culture the preached against the
inhuman slave trade.
 Establishment of settlements for freed slaves that had to be occupied in
productive work back home.
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 Influx and increased involvement of European traders inform of trading
companies that were key players in legitimate trade.
 Development of agriculture and introduction of new crops like coffee,
cotton, rubber, cocoa and plantations.

N.B A suitable conclusion

3. Examine the factors that made European conquest of Africa a

success in the last quarter of the 19th c (25 mks)
o A straight forward question
o Identify and explain the factors required
o Give a suitable conclusion
o Overview of European conquest and African response is vital

Basis of the answer

European conquest of Africa was a success because African resistance to
colonialism was largely a failure. The factors were both internal and external.
The following factors are considered;
 African military weakness and lack of standing armies.
 Disunity among African resistors like Samouri Toure who was denied
support of Ahmed Seku of Tukolor, Nama and Herero in Namibia who
fought separately, Shona and Lozi of Central Africa.
 Weak African economies, depended mainly on subsistence forms of
production.
 Natural calamities like rinderpest, jiggars that weakened Africans.
 Absence of geographical defensive barriers like mountains, valleys in
some areas; the open savannah for instance in West Africa was an
opportunity for European warfare.
 Population size of many African resistors was small like in Namibia.
 Africans had poor fighting techniques.
 False belief in traditional religion and medicines like among the Majimaji
revolters.

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 Many African revolters lacked strong leadership except for Ethiopia.
 Effects of slave trade that weakened Africans and also where its abolition
made importation of guns difficult.
 Role of some Africans who collaborated with colonialists out of ignorance
and some with selfish interests.
 Europeans enjoyed support from their home governments.
 European determination because it was era of scramble and partition.
 Etc.
Thus many factors worked to ensure that European conquest of Africa was a
success and African resistance failed and among these, African military
weakness played a great role.

4.’’The downfall of Emperor Theodore 11 led to a stronger and united

Ethiopia’’ Discuss. (25 mks)

o Required to show the pre-1850 Ethiopian state and background of

Theodore 11
o Identify and explain his weaknesses that led to collapse of his
government
o Identify his positive achievements (in a paragraph)
o Then the lessons from his mistakes and achievements that were banked
on by the leaders after him for a stronger/united empire.

Basis of the answer

Before 1850, Ethiopia had internal political, social and economic weaknesses
but in 1855 when Theodore 11 took over, he attempted to transform
Ethiopia. He was born in 1818 by the Ras of Qwara province. He was
formery called Ras Kassa. He used his military tactics and force to overrun
other competitive Rases like John 1V and Menelik 11 and ruled Ethiopia from
1855 to 1868.
His weakness that weakened/ threatened security of the Ethiopian empire;
 He assumed leadership of entire Ethiopia as a dictator/over-centralized
powers
 Established large army that he never ably catered for; led to over
taxation, hatred

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 Confiscated church property using the army that won him hatred from
Christians
 Used forceful means over provincial Rasses that led to opposition,
perpetuated disunity.
 Relied on European advisors to develop Ethiopia that misled him and
threated security of Independence of the country.
 Led to religious intolerance by promoting only Christianity.
 Gave unfair heavy punishments for trivial cases like imprisonment of
Henry Stern a British missionary who talked ill of him.
 Led to poor relations with foreigners/ British and led to Napier expedition
Much as he had weaknesses, he had some strength that were banked on by
successors for a stronger/united state like administrative, social/ religious
military, economic reforms-With or without achievements, his weakness led
to his defeat in 1868 and when he left power, the subsequent leadership of
John 1V and Menelik 11 exploited his mistakes for a stronger/united empire.
 His successors re-united the empire by respecting other provincial
Rasses.
 They re-established Ethiopian forces and created a formidable army.
 Made diplomatic association with neighboring states like Egypt, Sudan to
promote relations and trade.
 Laid on Ethiopia economic reforms more than before (financial,
agricultural, industry, trade and commerce, transport and
communication) etc.
 Expansion of frontiers of Ethiopia in all directions
 Social reforms like in education, healthy
 They promoted religious tolerance and won support of different religious
sects
 The leaders aroused nationalism than ever before using language
Amharic and religion
 They re-established church-state relations by making necessary
adjustments
N.B The positive achievements and mistakes of Theodore 11b helped the
subsequent leaders to establish a stronger and united empire by 1914.

5. Examine the causes of Uthman Danfodio’s 19th century Jihad in

West Africa. (25 mks)
o Give the background of Uthman and Jihadism.
o Identify and explain the causes of his Jihad
o Then a suitable conclusion

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Uthman Dan Fodio was born in Maratta, Gobir, Hausaland in Nigeria. He was
a Fulani mystic, philosopher, prominent Islamic scholar and teacher. He led
the first Jihad (Holy war) in West Africa whose success inspired other Jihads.
Underlying causes of his Jihad were similar to other Jihads i.e. religious,
intellectual, political and economic reasons.

The causes
 His primary desire was to revive and purify Islam following its decline.
 He was inspired by the 18th century Jihads that occurred in Senegal’s Futa
Toro, Futa Jalon and Futa Bondu.
 His better education and intellect than Hausa rulers but denied
opportunity in administration
 Rise of petty pagan states tolerated by Hausa ruling regime that mixed
Islam with pagan practices like taking alcohol, unclean meat etc.
 His general desire to establish a true Islamic society with leadership
based on sharia law.
 Wide spread corruption and bribery in Hausa courts.
 Extortion and oppressive taxation on Fulani cattle and market dues.
 Conscription of Muslims into pagan armies and coercion to fight fellow
Muslims.
 Slave trade that thrieved in Hausaland with raiding of neighbours to
acquire slaves.
 Need to create a conducive atmosphere to protect Fulani wealth/ trade
 Dan Fodio appointed flag bearers to distant places to perpetuate
Jihadism.
 Hausa rulers stopped Muslims from practicing religious dogmas like
wearing turbans by men and veils for women.
 Need for Fulani dominance in government-with high government posts
and opportunity to overthrow Hausa political system.
 A great number of admirers and followers Uthman won a cross
Hausaland.
 Promise of better living conditions after the Jihad like assurance of
paradise/ heavenly rewards
 Hunger for political empowerment and political enlargement
Therefore general assessment of Uthman’s Jihad reveals religious, political,
nationalist or even an economic struggle.

6. Discuss the causes of imperial conflicts in East Africa between

1880 to 1890. (25 mks)
o A straight forward question

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o Give the background of these imperial conflicts
o Identify and explain the causes of the conflicts in question
o A suitable conclusion
Basis of the answer
These were conflicts in East Africa brought about the process of colonization.
Each colonial power in East Africa i.e. British, Germans and French aimed at
controlling most resources, most strategic parts of East Africa which resulted
into crashes moreover after Berlin conference of 1884-86
The cases of the conflicts included; Anglo-Germany conflict of 1886-1890
around Kilimanjaro, Coast of East Africa, in Islands of Zanzibar, Buganda.
French imperial conflicts in Buganda between 1880’s and 1890’s entrenched
in religious wars. Territorial wrangles in West Nile between Britain and
Leopold 11 tried to advance from Congo and take over West Nile region.
Agents of colonialism like missionaries, explorers, traders, imperialists,
adventurers represented different corriding interests of their home
governments.

The reasons
 Uganda’s strategic location like in relation to the source of the Nile.
 Economic viability of East African countries especially raw materials that
were needed by capitalists in industrial revolution.
 Presence of most fertile lands in East Africa that could be used for
agriculture.
 Hospitality of some East African tribes like Kabaka of Buganda Mutesa1
who welcomed British imperialists before his death in 1884.
 Bismarck’s change of attitude towards colonies and after 1880 Carl Peters
came to Tanganyika to attain colonial wealth to level of French and
British.
 Collapse of Mahdist state after Fashoda in 1898 in Sudan made British to
get interests of colonizing the entire Nile Valley.
 Double dealing character of East African chiefs like Kabaka Mutesa 1 who
welcomed both Protestants and Roman Catholic missionaries into
Buganda.
 1882 British occupation of Egypt where British cheated French by taking
Egypt. To paralyze British in Egypt, concerned European powers
competed to take over source of the Nile.
 Impact of 1870-71 Franco-Prussian war and loss of French mineral
provinces thus her support of Catholics in religious wars in Buganda and
Nile valley to compensate such loss.

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 Humanitarian reasons; agents from Germany, British, French all aimed t
stopping slave trade, spread western civilization, establish legitimate
trade for home government which led to conflicts.
 European economic interests like their need for market, raw materials,
investing surplus capital, for better profits each country wanted control of
East African territory leading to conflicts.

N.B Imperial conflicts thus were rampant in East Africa with a major cause of
competing for economic opportunities

7. Discuss the impact of the joint British and Egyptian rule on Sudan
in the second half of the 19th century (25 mks)
o A Straight forward question
o Give the background of the Condominium government
o Identify and explain the positive and negative impacts of the regime
o Then a suitable conclusion
The joint British and Egyptian rule was formed in 1898 after the Fashoda
incident and decline of the Mahdist government. A combination of Anglo-
Miltary compaign led to conquest of Sudan after the Mahdist regime. The
British and Egyptians agreed to establish a joint administration over Sudan.
The head of this territory was to be a governor general appointed by the
Khedive of Eqypt but with the approval of the British.
Positive Impacts
 Led to the abolition of slave trade.
 Created relative peace, security, stability after ending the civil and
Madhist wars.
 Enhanced further spread of Christianity in Sudan.
 Fostered prosperity of Sudan’s economic through plantation farming and
irrigation.
 Promoted education and set up institutions based on Christian education
thus diversifying Sudan’s education based on Koranic education e.g. 1902
Gordon Memorial School was built which started as a primary school and
in 1905 it changed into a secondary school.
 Laid a foundation for infrastructural development i.e. roads, railways were
set up leading Khartoum to Cairo, Port Sudan and Wadi-halfa.
 Urbanization i.e. urban centres developed into major administrative and
commercial centers e.g. Khartoum, Omdurman, Eli-Obeid, Khotsi, Atbara
and Juba.

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 Put new administrative schemes/ provinces in Sudan upon which political
domains were based that exist up to present thus division between North
and Southern Sudan.

Negative impacts

 Sudan’s political independence was lost with the Egyptians and the British
dominating all the affairs of Sudan.
 Led to forced labour on plantations and public works.
 Led to land alienation especially the fertile land.
 Divided Sudan along political, religious and ethnic lines for instance North
and South Sudan.
 Led to over taxation i.e. the local people were heavily taxed and
exploited.
 Through the abolition of Slave Trade, many Sudanese traders were left
bankrupt or poor since they had benefitted a lot from the trade.
 Famine due to much emphasis on cash crop farming at the expense of
food production.

N.B A suitable conclusion.

8. Account for the establishment and development of plantation

agriculture in East Africa during colonial period. (25 mks)
o A Straight forward question
o Give the background of plantation agriculture in East Africa
o Identify and explain the positive and negative impacts of the regime
Then a suitable conclusion
Basis of the answer
European economies in East Africa encouraged cash crop growing/ plantation
farming especially in settler colonies. Crops for export were encouraged that
included; coffee, cotton tobacco, sisal, pyrethrum.
The factors
 Need to provide jobs to ex-slaves in the areas they settled like
Bagamoyo, Zanzibar, Frere in Mombasa.
 Assurance of cheap Labour provided mainly by freed slaves.
 Europeans needed agricultural raw materials from cash crops to feed their
industries at home.
 Market was available provided by European businessmen that were
dealing in agriculture products.

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 Imposition of taxes on Africans that forced them to look for employment
opportunities where they could raise taxes.
 Transport was becoming available; the Uganda railway was built from
Mombasa in 1896 to Kisumu in 1901 and extended to Namasagali in
1912.
 Political force in Southern and Eastern Tanganyika. Germans forced
natives to grow cotton and with mandatory growing, plantations had to
be established.
 Land where to establish the plantations was available because most parts
of East Africa were sparsely populated like Kenya highlands, Masai and
Nandi lands.
 Geographical factors e.g. highland and coastal areas had good soils and
climate ideal for most crops like cotton, rubber, tea and coffee.
 Wealth that was involved attracted people into the business. Harvest from
plantations were on high demand and returns were attractive.
 Formation of associations that gave plantation agriculture impetus like
1903 Lord Delamere formed planters and farmers association that
organized market for agricultural products.
 Availability of capital provided by white settlers to invest in plantations.
The British government and humanitarians financed ex-slaves.
 Many settlers that flocked East Africa after it had been colonized some of
whom came as administrators, farmers. The colonial government
encouraged them to engage in self-supporting economic activities.
 Establishment of schools accompanied by paying school fees which would
only be raised by Africans through working on plantations like Amani
agriculture and biological research institute in 1902.
 Introduction of monetary economy by the whites and in order to get
money, Africans had to seek employment from plantations.
N.B Give a suitable conclusion

9. To what extent was the treaty of Bardo responsible for the loss of
independence of Tunisia? (25 mks)
o A two sided question
o Give background of Tunisia and treaty of Bardo.
o The core is the role of the treaty in the loss of Tunisia’s independence
o Then the contribution of other factors
o A clear stand point

Basis of the answer

The treaty of Bardo of 12th May 1881 was signed following the Krumirs
incident of 30th March 1881 that gave opportunity to French to force the
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then weak Bey Mohammed Es Sadek to agree and sign a treaty whose terms
included; Bey to be under French protection, French to assume control of
Tunisia’s foreign affairs, a French army of occupation in Tunisia and French
to control financial affairs of Tunisia.
Role of treaty (Core)
 By putting the Bey under French protection and with an army of
occupation, the Bey lost his autonomy, they acquired political rights in
the country, Tunisia became French protectorate
 By French controlling foreign affairs of Tunisia, it could not enter
agreement with any other foreign power, granted legal permission to the
French in Tunisia
 By the French’s rights to control financial affairs of Tunisia, Tunisia’s
economic autonomy was lost
 The treaty paved way for the supplementary treaty of Almarsa of1883
that put internal affairs of Tunisia under French control.

However other factors responsible

 Desire to crash the Krumirs rebels of 30th March 1881
 Berlin conference of 1878
 Effects of the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71 and the need to revenge.
 French early occupation of Algeria in 1830
 The formation of the international financial commission in 1869.
 Strategic reasons
 Economic reasons
 Need to revive the Roman empire
 Decline of the Ottoman empire
 Weakness of Bey Mohammed Es Sadek
 Need to spread Christianity
 Humanitarian reasons
 Prestigious reasons
 Era of scramble and partition
N.B A clear stand point
A combination of factors were responsible for loss of Tunisia’s independence
and the contribution of the treaty of Bardo though being an immediate factor
was to a less extent.

10. Examine the factors that favoured Islamisation of West Africa in

the second half the 19th century. (25 mks)
o A straight forward question

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o Give the background if Islam in West Africa
o Then identify and explain the factors required
o A suitable conclusion
Basis of the answer
Islam was foreign religion to West Africa/ Africa brought by Arabs from
Arabia and introduced in North Africa around A.D 680 from where it spread
to West Africa. By the second half of the 19th century, Islam had obtained a
large following.
The factors
 Due to many Jihads that were fought and won in West Africa
 Islam enjoyed colonial support. Colonial government in West Africa never
restricted spread of Islam.
 Early introduction of Islam in Mediterranean Africa and there after spread
across the Sahara to West Africa.
 The method of conversion to Islam worked to its advantage; it did not
insist on individual conversion like if in an area a leader was converted,
all his subjects would be allowed to join the faith.
 Islam presented itself as an African religion unlike Christianity.
Christianity had many African preachers who were strange ‘’spirits’’ to
Africans.
 Islam suffered less from language barrier problem that were pronounced
with Christianity. Islam was translated by some Muslim scholars and
some Africans into local languages.
 Its demands of conversion were fewer. Though characterized by many
fundamentals like fasting, abstinence from alcohol, pork, the core
requirement was profess that prophet Mohammed was a messenger of
Allah (God)
 Islam had no political association with imperial Europe unlike Christianity.
 Islam presented itself as a largely united religion. Whereas it had some
sects, worship took place in the same mosque as contrasted with
Christianity (Anglicans and Catholics)
Thus a series of factors worked to favour Islam

END

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