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    CLASS 8 HOLIDAY HOMEWORK - BIOLOGy

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    HARSH JAIN
    Nps yrp

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    CLASS 8 HOLIDAY HOMEWORK - BIOLOGy

    Uploaded by

    HARSH JAIN
    3 views7 pages
    Nps yrp

    Original Title

    CLASS 8 HOLIDAY HOMEWORK_BIOLOGy

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Nps yrp

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    3 views7 pages

    CLASS 8 HOLIDAY HOMEWORK - BIOLOGy

    Uploaded by

    HARSH JAIN
    Nps yrp

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 7

    NATIONAL PUBLIC SCHOOL

    YESHWANRTHPUR
    BANGALORE

    LABORATORY MANUAL
    BIOLOGY
    CLASS- 8

    1
    LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

    SERIAL NO NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE NUMBER

    1 ASCENT OF SAP 3

    2 GIRDLING EXPERIMENT 4

    3 OSMOSIS 5

    4 TRANSPIRATION 6

    5 INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF HEART 7

    2
    EXPERIMENT NO 1
    ASCENT OF SAP

    Aim : To observe upward movement of water in plants.

    Materials required : Balsam plant, eosin, conical flask, water.

    Procedure :
    1. Take a cut shoot (a piece of stem with leaves) of balsam plant and dip it in diluted eosin in
    a flask. Leave it for some time.
    2. Take sections from different parts of the stem, make slides and examine the sections
    under a microscope.

    Observation :
    1. Red colour is observed in the stem section.
    2. The red coloured area of the stem represents the vascular tissue (xylem) in the stem.

    Conclusion :
    Thus, the upward movement of water in plants is observed.

    Precautions :
    1. The Balsam plant taken should be fresh.
    2. Handle the glass apparatus carefully.

    3
    EXPERIMENT NO 2
    GIRDLING EXPERIMENT

    Aim: To observe transport of food materials in plants.

    Materials required: Potted plant, razor blade.

    Procedure:
    1. Select a branch of a potted plant and gently remove its soft part from a small area of about
    1cm, with the help of a razor blade.
    2. Leave the branch after girdling for a week.
    3. Observe what happens above and below the girdled area.

    Observation:
    The part of the stem above the girdle is swollen, while the lower part remains unchanged and
    slowly starts drying.

    Conclusion:
    The food prepared by the leaves could not be carried below the girdled part of the stem, it
    therefore collects above the girdle and that part of the stem becomes swollen.

    GIRDLING EXPERIMENT

    4
    EXPERIMENT NO 3
    OSMOSIS

    Aim: To observe the process of osmosis.

    Materials required: Two petri dishes, few raisins, grapes, sugar/ salt solution and water.

    Procedure:
    1. Take two petri dishes, take some raisins and keep them in a petri dish (labelled A),
    containing water.
    2. In another petri dish (labelled B) keep some grapes in sugar/ salt solution.
    3. Observe the petri dishes after a few hours.

    Observation:
    1. In petri dish (A), endosmosis happens and raisins swell up.
    2. In petri dish (B), exosmosis takes place and grapes become flaccid (shrink).

    Conclusion:
    Thus the process of osmosis is observed where the water molecules move from higher
    concentration to lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.

    Precautions:
    1. Handle the glass apparatus carefully.
    2. Do not keep the raisins soaked for a very long time, as fungus may start growing.

    A. ENDOSMOSIS IN RAISINS

    B. EXOSMOSIS IN RAISINS

    5
    EXPERIMENT NO 4
    TRANSPIRATION IN PLANTS

    Aim : To demonstrate that water is given off during transpiration

    Materials Required: Potted plant, polythene sheet

    Procedure:
    1. Take a recently watered potted plant

    2. Enclose it in a transparent polythene bag

    3. Keep the pot in the sunlight for a few hours and then observe

    Observation:
    Drops of water found on the inner surface of the polythene sheet

    Conclusion:
    The presence of water inside the polythene bags confirms that plants give out extra amount of
    water through stomata in the form of water vapour during transpiration

    TRANSPIRATION IN PLANTS

    6
    EXPERIMENT NO 5
    INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN HEART

    Aim: To study the internal structure of human heart.

    Materials required: Model of Human Heart

    Description:

     The heart is divided into a right and left side by the septum.
     The heart has four chambers, two relatively small upper chambers called atria and two larger lower
    chambers called ventricles. The walls of the ventricles are relatively thicker than atrial walls.
     The two atria are separated from each other by a thin, muscular wall called the inter-atrial septum and
    the right and left ventricles are by a thick-walled, inter-ventricular septum. The inter-atrial septum and
    inter-ventricular septum prevent mixing of deoxygenated blood in the right side of the heart with
    oxygenated blood in the left side of the heart.
     The atria and ventricle of the same side are separated by a thick fibrous tissue called the atrioventricular
    septum.
     The opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle is guarded by a tricuspid valve, whereas a
    bicuspid valve guards the opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
     The largest artery is the aorta which arises from the left ventricle supplies blood to all the body parts
    except lungs. Pulmonary artery that arises from the right ventricle carries deoxygenated blood to lungs.
     The valves allow the blood to flow only in one direction, i.e. from the atria to the ventricles and from the
    ventricles to the pulmonary artery or aorta.

    INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF HEART


    7

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