MrICTMohammed

0417 Mirghani - ICT Teacher +249912984211

Definitions of Practical Terminologies
Chapter 11 File Management
Generic file format when files are saved in that format they can be used in different types of
application software

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Comma separated values ◦ Data saved in the form of tables

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CSV ◦ Items separated by commas
◦ Saved in text format

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Text .txt ◦ No font formatting
◦ Used by many text editors
◦ No images
◦ No bulleted lists

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◦ Takes less memory than .rtf files
◦ Readable by most word processing software

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Rich text format .rtf
◦ Bullet lists and images can be inserted
◦ Some formatting is saved
Graphics interchange
format .gif 49 ni
◦ Stores still or moving images
◦ Small file size
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◦ Used in webpages
Joint photographic expert ◦ Stores still images only
group .jpg ◦ Small file size
◦ Used in webpages
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Portable document ◦ Document is converted into image format

format .pdf ◦ Used to protect documents
◦ Can contain links and buttons
◦ Compresses images without losing their quality (lossless compression)
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Portable network
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graphics .png
Moving picture experts ◦ Multimedia container
group layer 4 .mp4 ◦ Stores video, images, audio files
Moving picture experts ◦ Compressed files
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group layer 3 .mp3 ◦ Stores audio files

◦ Small file size with good quality
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Cascading stylesheet .css ◦ File is attached to web page

◦ Defines the page color scheme, font, …etc
◦ Contains markup to be displayed as a web page by web browsers
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Rochal archive .rar ◦ A container that holds any file type in compressed format
Used to reduce number of bytes needed to save a file
Zip ◦ A container that holds any file type in compressed format
Used to reduce number of bytes needed to save a file
Resize Change image dimensions
Resample Changing quality/resolution of images
Compress Decrease the size of a file
Chapter 12 Images
Text wrap How the text flows around images/tables
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0417 Mirghani - ICT Teacher +249912984211
Aspect ratio the ratio of the width to the height of an image
Crop Remove part of an image
Rotate Turn the picture about its center clockwise or anticlockwise
Reflect Flipping an image
Pixel the smallest unit of a digital image that can be displayed and represented
on a digital display device.

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Resolution Number of pixels per inch

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Color depth the number of bits used to indicate the color of a single pixel
Brightness the overall lightness or darkness of the image
 Contrast is the difference between darks and lights.

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Contrast
 When increasing contrast, you make the darks darker and the brights

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Chapter 13 Layout

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Header This is an area at the top of every page/ between the top of the page and the

Footer This is an area at the bottom of every page/ between the bottom of the page

Page margin 49 ni
and the bottom margin
the area between the main content of a page and the page edges
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Gutter A margin between the page margin and the fold of a book
Chapter 14 Styles
Corporate house style A set of rules which state how all documents and written communication
from a business should be formatted.
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It will govern things such as

• the colours to be used
• the font style and size
• where the logo should appear…..etc
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Purpose of house style ◦ Used to make sure that all the documents and other material have
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◦ Saves time in planning , creating and formatting documents

◦ Supports brand recognition
◦ Reduces the risk of mistakes in documents
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Chapter 15 Proofing
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Validation Checking that the data entered is reasonable/satisfies certain criteria

Proofreading Making sure that produced document is accurate in terms of spelling,
punctuation, grammar, correct application of styles, no split lists, no split
tables, no widows,…etc
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verification A way of preventing errors when data is copied from one medium to

◦ Visual verification
◦ Double data entry
Chapter 16 Graphs and Charts
Pie chart Compare percentage values/ compares part of a whole
Bar chart shows comparisons among discrete categories. One axis of the chart
shows the specific categories being compared, and the other axis
represents a measured value.

Mr Mohammed Mirghani - ICT Teacher +249912984211

 MrICTMohammed
0417 Mirghani - ICT Teacher +249912984211
Line graphs used to visualize a trend in data over intervals of time
Chapter 17 Document Production (Word)
Page orientation is the way in which a rectangular page is oriented for normal viewing.
Margins The distance between the text and the edge of the page
Widow When the last line of the paragraph is the first line of a new page

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Orphan When the first line of the paragraph is the last line of a page

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Page break This forces the text onto the start of a new page

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Section break change the layout or formatting of a page or pages in your document
Two types:

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Next page: Forces a page break as well as change in layout
Continuous: Allows different layout on the same page
Column break This forces the text into the top of the next column
Indented paragraphs Text/lines in paragraph are being moved to the right

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Hanging paragraphs The first line of the paragraph is aligned to the margin. All the other lines

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are moved/indented to the right
Mail merged document the automatic addition of names and addresses and information from a
data source to letters and other documents in order to facilitate sending

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mail to many addresses.
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Advantages of mail - Faster than editing each individual letter
merge − Fewer errors than retyping the data
− Consistency in the reports/mails
− Error checking only needs to be carried out once (on the data and the
Template(master document))
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− Reduces the time taken to write out all the reports/mails separately
Chapter 18 Data Manipulation (Access)
Field A single item of data
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record Collection of fields

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File An organized collection of records, can have one or more tables

Flat-file database All the date is stored in one table
Relational database Stores data in more than one linked table, each table will have a key field
Primary key A field that holds unique data and is used to identify a record
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Foreign key It is defined in a second table, but it refers to the primary key in the first
table.
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Alphanumeric store alpha characters (text) or numeric data (numbers)

Numeric used to store numeric values that may be used for calculations
Boolean field type is used to store data in a Yes/No (or True/False,0/1) format
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Chapter 19 Presentations (Powerpoint)

Master slide • slide allows you to design the layout of your slides before you start
adding objects (like text or images) to the slides.
• It holds the information on colours, fonts, effects and the positioning of
objects on the slides.
• All the objects placed on the master slide will automatically appear on all
the slides in your presentation
Animation a set of effects which can be applied to objects
Transition motion effects that when in Slide Show view add movement to your slides
as you advance from one slide to another
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person delivering the presentation
Audience notes Paper copies of the slides that are given to the audience
Chapter 20 Data Analysis (Excel)
Data model A data model is used to mimic real situations. Data are entered into tables

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(spreadsheets) and are manipulated and analyzed

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Cells The intersection of a row and a column

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Each cell has its own cell address/reference
Rows Row runs horizontally . Each row is identified by row number (1,2,3,…)

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Columns Column runs vertically, identified by column header (A,B,…)
Worksheet A set of rows and columns. It is possible to have more than one within the
same workbook(spreadsheet file)
Tabs worksheet tab is used to display the worksheet that a user is currently

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editing

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charts graphic representation of data
Formula • A formula is a statement / equation typed in by the user to be
calculated.

49 ni • A formula can contain values/references to cells/defined names.

• Examples =A1+B1 .
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Function • A function is a piece of code designed to return specific values.
• Pass parameters/variables to functions
• Function has a pre-defined name in the software.
• They are used inside formulas.
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• Examples SUM()/AVERAGE()
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Absolute reference Cell address/ references remain constant, no matter where they are copied.
Relative reference Cell address/ references change when a formula is copied to another cell.
Ranges A group of cells in a worksheet that has been selected or highlighted.
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Named cell A short meaningful name given to a cell in the spreadsheet that is going to
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be used a number of times within a formulae

Named range A short meaningful name given to an area in the spreadsheet that is going
to be used a number of times within a formulae
Nested formula/function Having one formula or function inside another one
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Testing Making sure the model produces the required output for data where the
correct output is already known
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Test data Data which has been specifically identified for use in tests, to verify that a
given set of input to a given function produces some expected result
Expected outcome Result expected to get after test data is provided
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Actual outcome Actual result produced after test data is provided

Normal data Data expected to work with formulas, within the range
Abnormal data Data not expected to be accepted, outside the range
Extreme data Lies on the boundaries of a range
Chapter 21 Website Authoring (Frontpage)
Web development layers • Content Layer
This is the web page you see. It consists of text and images
• Presentation Layer
This is how the document will look to the reader (ie the format done to the
objects on the web page)
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 MrICTMohammed
0417 Mirghani - ICT Teacher +249912984211
• Behaviour Layer
This is the layer that does some action when the user clicks on an object
Hyperlink is a reference to data that the reader can directly follow either by
clicking, tapping, or hovering. A hyperlink points to a whole
document or to a specific element within a document

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Mr Mohammed Mirghani - ICT Teacher +249912984211