Mathematics Paper 1 for 3rd Batch of

2024
Total Marks : 150 Subject: Linear Algebra
Duration : 3hrs

Multiple Choice Questions :

Instructions: Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate answer.

4 Rank of the Matrix:

The maximum number of linearly independent rows (or columns) of a matrix is called its
_______.

5 Orthogonal Matrix:

A square matrix U is orthogonal if its transpose is equal to its inverse, U𝐓 = U⁻¹. In other words,
U𝐓 U = I, where I is the identity matrix. The columns (and rows) of an orthogonal matrix are all
_______ vectors.

6 Symmetric and Skew Matrix:

A square matrix A is symmetric if A𝐓 = A. Conversely, a square matrix B is skew-symmetric if

B𝐓 = -B. The diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric matrix are always _______.

7 Eigenvalues and EigenVector:

A nonzero vector v is an eigenvector of a square matrix A if Av = λv, where λ is a scalar called

the corresponding eigenvalue. The process of finding eigenvalues and eigenvectors is called
_______.

8 Gauss Elimination Method:

A systematic method for solving a system of linear equations by transforming the augmented
matrix into an upper triangular matrix using elementary row operations is called _______.

9 Gauss Jordan Method:

The Gauss Jordan method extends Gauss elimination by further transforming the upper
triangular matrix into a diagonal matrix. This method is useful to easily identify the _______ of
the system.

10 Cramer's Rule:

A determinant-based method for solving a system of linear equations with a non-singular

coefficient matrix is called _______.
11 Eigen Decomposition:

Any square matrix A can be represented as A = P D P⁻¹**, where P is a matrix containing the
eigenvectors of A as columns, and D is a diagonal matrix containing the corresponding
eigenvalues. This decomposition is called _______.

12 LU Decomposition:

A matrix factorization technique that expresses a matrix A as the product of a lower triangular
matrix L and an upper triangular matrix U, A = L U. This decomposition is helpful for solving
systems of linear equations and other applications.

13 Linear Transformation:

A function T that maps vectors from one vector space V to another vector space W, preserving
the operations of vector addition and scalar multiplication, is called a _______.

14. A square matrix where its elements are mirrored across the main diagonal (A = A^T)

is called a _______ matrix. (Answer: Symmetric)

15. A square matrix where its elements are negative of the mirrored elements across the

main diagonal (A = -A^T) is called a _______ matrix. (Answer: Skew-symmetric)

16. Linear Algebra Match the Following:

a A method for solving a system of linear equations Gauss Elimination

by transforming the augmented matrix into upper Method

triangular form using row operations.

b A square matrix where its transpose is its inverse Orthogonal Matrix

(A^T = A^-1).

c A theorem that states a square matrix A can be Eigen Decomposition

 expressed as A = P D P^T, where P is a matrix of

eigenvectors and D is a diagonal matrix of

eigenvalues.

d A method that extends Gaussian elimination to Gauss Jordan Method

further transform the upper triangular matrix into

a diagonal matrix.

e A non-zero scalar λ that satisfies the equation Av Eigenvalue

= λv, where A is a square matrix and v is a

non-zero vector.

f A function that maps vectors from one vector Linear Transformation

space to another vector space while preserving

certain properties.

g A method for solving a system of linear equations Cramer's Rule

by using determinants to express each variable's

solution in terms of the coefficients.

h The maximum number of linearly independent Rank of the Matrix

rows (or columns) of a matrix.

i A method for factoring a non-singular matrix (A) LU Decomposition

into a lower triangular matrix (L) and an upper

triangular matrix (U) such that A = LU.

j Describe two types of square matrices based on Symmetric and Skew

 how their elements are mirrored across the main Symmetric Matrix

diagonal.

17. Linear Algebra Descriptive Problems:

(a) Rank of the Matrix:

Consider the matrix:

A = [[1, 2, 3], [2, 4, 6], [3, 6, 9]]

1. Find the rank of matrix A

(b) Orthogonal Matrix:

Given the matrix:

Q = [[1/sqrt(2), -1/sqrt(2)], [1/sqrt(2), 1/sqrt(2)]]

1. Verify if Q is an orthogonal matrix.

(c) Symmetric and Skew Matrix:

Analyze the matrix:

P = [[2, -3], [-3, 1]]

1. Determine if P is symmetric or skew-symmetric.

(d) Eigen Values and Eigen Vector:

For the matrix:

R = [[1, 2], [2, 1]]

 1. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of R.

(e) Gauss Elimination Method:

Solve the system of linear equations using Gaussian elimination:

x + 2y + z = 5

2x + y - z = -3

3x - y + 2z = 8

(f) Gauss Jordan Method:

Continue from problem (e). Use the resulting upper triangular matrix from Gaussian elimination
and apply Gauss Jordan method to obtain a diagonal matrix.

(g) Cramer's Rule:

Consider the system of equations from problem (e).

1. Solve the system using Cramer's Rule.

(h) Eigen Decomposition:

Given a matrix:

S = [[2, 1], [1, 3]]

1. Find the eigen decomposition of S (A = P D P^T).

(i) LU Decomposition:

Decompose the matrix:

T = [[1, 2, 3], [2, 5, 7], [1, 3, 5]]

into a lower triangular matrix (L) and an upper triangular matrix (U) using LU decomposition.
18. Eigen Decomposition (Advanced):

Problem: Explain how to compute the inverse of a matrix A using its Eigen

Decomposition (A = P D P^T). We are given A = P D P^T, where P is a matrix

containing the eigenvectors of A as columns, and D is a diagonal matrix with the

corresponding eigenvalues on the diagonal.

(19) LU Decomposition (Advanced):

Problem: How can LU Decomposition be used to solve systems of linear equations

efficiently?

(20) Linear Transformation (Advanced):

Problem: Prove that the composition of two linear transformations T1: V -> W and T2:

U -> V (where V, W, and U are vector spaces) is also a linear transformation.

Case Studies of Linear Algebra Applications

21. Case Study 1: Projectile Motion and Eigenvalues (d)

A projectile is launched at an angle θ with an initial velocity (v₀). We can model its

horizontal and vertical motion using a system of equations:

dx/dt = v₀ * cos(θ) dy/dt = v₀ * sin(θ) - g (where g is acceleration due to gravity)

This system can be represented as a matrix equation:

| dx/dt | | 1 | | v₀ * cos(θ) |

|-------| * |---| = | v₀ * sin(θ) |

| dy/dt | | 0 | | -g |

Finding the eigenvalues of this matrix allows us to analyze the stability and behavior of

the projectile's motion.

22. Case Study 2: Truss Analysis and Rank (a)

A simple truss bridge can be modeled by a system of linear equations representing the

forces acting on its joints. We can express these forces as a matrix equation.

For example, a truss with 3 joints might have a matrix equation relating the unknown

forces (F₁ to F₃) to the external loads (P₁ and P₂) applied at the joints.

By finding the rank of this matrix, we can determine if the system of equations has a

unique solution (full rank) or if there are infinitely many solutions (rank deficiency). This

helps engineers assess the stability and load-bearing capacity of the bridge.

23. Case Study 3: Robot Arm Kinematics and Orthogonal Matrices (b)

A robot arm can be modeled by a series of connected links with rotational joints. The

transformation matrix for each joint rotation can be represented by a 3x3 matrix.

When the robot arm moves, these individual transformation matrices are multiplied to

obtain the final end-effector position. Since these matrices describe rotations, they can

be proven to be orthogonal matrices (their transpose is their inverse).

By analyzing the properties of these orthogonal matrices, we can determine the robot's

reachable workspace and potential singularities in its movement.

## Case Studies Linear Algebra Applications (Detailed Solutions)

24. **Case Study 1: Projectile Motion and Eigenvalues**

**Problem:** We can model the horizontal and vertical motion of a projectile

launched at an angle θ with initial velocity v₀ using a system of differential
equations:

```

dx/dt = v₀ * cos(θ)

dy/dt = v₀ * sin(θ) - g (where g is acceleration due to gravity)

```

This system can be represented as a matrix equation. Analyzing its eigenvalues

provides valuable insights into the projectile's motion. Implement the matrix

equation & compute eigenvalues.

25. **Case Study 2: Truss Analysis and Rank**

**Problem:** A simple truss bridge can be modeled by a system of linear

equations representing the forces acting on its joints. These forces can be

expressed as a matrix equation. The concept of rank plays a vital role in

analyzing the system's stability.

26. **Case Study 3: Robot Arm Kinematics and Orthogonal Matrices**

**Problem:** Robot arms consist of linked segments with rotational joints. The

transformations associated with these rotations can be represented by matrices.

Understanding the properties of orthogonal matrices is crucial for analyzing

robot arm kinematics.

27. Exercise 1: LU Decomposition (LU Factorization)

Problem: Find the LU decomposition of the following matrix:

A = | 2 1 |

| 4 -1 |

28. Exercise 2: Linear Transformation

Problem: Let T be a linear transformation from R^2 (2-dimensional real vector space) to

R^3 (3-dimensional real vector space) defined by:

T(x, y) = (2x + y, x - y, 3y)

Verify that T satisfies the properties of a linear transformation:

1. T(u + v) = T(u) + T(v) (additivity)

2. T(cu) = cT(u) (homogeneity) for any scalar c.