Bio Botany Study Manual-1

KOMARASAMY GOUNDER MAT.HR.SEC.
SCHOOL – VETTAIYAMPALAYAM
KOMARASAMY GOUNDER MAT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL

VETTAYAMPALAYAM
XII - STANDARD
Practical study material
Bio - Botany
PREPARED BY
MARIMUTHU G M.SC.,B.ED.,
PG ASSISTANT IN BOTANY
KOMARASAMY GOUNDER MAT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL
VETTAYAMPALYAM
KURUMANDHUR (PO
1
PRACTICAL STUDY MANUAL XII –STANDARD MARIMUTHU G M.SC.,B.ED.,
KOMARASAMY GOUNDER MAT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL – VETTAIYAMPALAYAM
QUESTION PAPER AND MARKS ALLOTMENT
S.NO QUESTION MARKS
I.IDENTIFY THE GIVEN SLIDE “A” AND GIVE ANY TWO REASONS
I. A1 T.S OF ANTHER AND ITS DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES
IDENTIFICATION = ½ MARK
ANY TWO REASON = ½ MARK
DIAGRAM = ½ MARK
LABELLING = ½ MARK
I. A2 L.S OF ANGIOSPERMIC OVULE ANY ONE
IDENTIFICATION = ½ MARK EXPERIMENT
ANY TWO REASON = ½ MARK 2 MARKS
DIAGRAM = ½ MARK
LABELLING = ½ MARK
I. A3 T.S OF NERIUM LEAF
ANY TWO REASON = ½ MARK
DIAGRAM = ½ MARK
LABELLING = ½ MARK
II.IDENTIFY THE GIVEN SPECIMEN /MODEL/PHOTOGRAPH/CHART “B” AND GIVE ANY TWO
REASONS
II. B1 WIND POLLINATED FLOWERS – ANEMOPHILY
ANY ONE
ANY TWO REASONS = ½ MARK
EXPERIMENT
II. B2 INSECT POLLINATED FLOWERS – ENTEMOPHILY
1 MARK
2
II. B3 DICOT SEED
II. B4 E.COLI CLONIG VECTOR (pBR 322)
II. B5 PLANT TISSUE CULTURE – CALLUS WITH PLANTLETS
II. B6 PYRAMID OF NUMBER
II. B7 PYRAMID OF BIOMASS
II. B8 PYRAMID OF ENERGY
III. ANALYSE THE GIVEN ECOLOGICAL /GENETIC PROBLEM “C” .SOLVE IT BY GIVING APPROPRIATE
REASONS
III. C1 TO VERIFY THE MENDEL’S MONOHYBRID CROSS ANY ONE
IDENTIFICATION = ½ MARK EXPERIMENT
SOLVE / CONSTRUCT = ½ MARK 1 ½ MARK
REASON / ANSWER = ½ MARK
3
III. C2 ANALYSE OF SEED SAMPLE TO STUDY MENDELIAN DIHYBRID CROSS
SOLVE / CONSTRUCT = ½ MARK
III. C3 FLOW OF ENERGY AND TEN PERCENT LAW
III. C4 CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATION – DELETION
III. C5 CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATION – DUPLICATION
III. C6 CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATION –INVERSION
III. C7 GENETIC - LINKAGE MAP
4
IV. WRITE THE AIM , PROCEDURE , OBSERVATION AND INFERENCE OF THE GIVEN EXPERIMENT “D”
IV. D1 STUDY OF POLLEN GERMINATION ON A SLIDE ANY ONE
AIM = ½ MARK EXPERIMENT
PROCEDURE = ½ MARK 1 ½ MARK
TABLE (OBSERVATION & INFERENCE ) = ½ MARK
IV. D2 STUDY OF pH OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOIL
AIM = ½ MARK
PROCEDURE = ½ MARK
IV. D3 ISOLATION OF DNA FROM PLANT MATERIALS
AIM = ½ MARK
PROCEDURE = ½ MARK
V.IDENTIFY THE ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT PLANT PRODUCT “E” .MENTION ITS BOTANICAL
NAME , USEFUL PARTS & THEIR USES
V. E1 SESAME OR GINGELLY OIL
IDENTIFICATION , BOTANICAL NAME = ½ MARK
USEFUL PARTS = ½ MARK

ANY ONE
USES = ½ MARK
PLANT
E2 RUBBER
1 ½ MARK
USES = ½ MARK
5
E3 FLAKED RICE OR AVAL
USES = ½ MARK
E4 HENNA POWDER
USES = ½ MARK
E5 ALOE GEL
USES = ½ MARK
TOTAL = 7 ½ MARKS
RECORD = 1 ½ MARKS
SKILL = 1 MARK
MAXIMUM MARKS = 10 MARKS
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I.IDENTIFY THE GIVEN SLIDE “A “ AND GIVE ANY TWO REASONS.
I.A1 – T.S OF ANTHER AND DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES
IDENTIFICATION :
The given slide “A1” is identified as T.S of Mature Anther.
T.S OF ANTHER
DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES : (ANY TWO REASON)
❖ A mature anther is bilobed (dithecous) and the two lobes are joined by a
connective.
❖ Each anther lobe has two pollen chambers in which pollen grains are produced.
❖ A microsporangium or pollen sac is surrounded by four wall layers. They are
epidermis , endothecium, middle layers and tapetum.
❖ Centre of the microsporangium (pollen sac) is filled with haploid pollen grains.
I.A2 L.S OF ANGIOSPERM OVULE

IDENTIFICATION :
The given slide “A2 ” is identified as T.S of Mature Anther.
DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES : (ANY TWO REASON )

❖ Ovule or megasporangium is protected by one / two coverings called integuments.
❖ The stalk of the ovule is called funicle.
❖ The point of attachment of funicle to the body of the ovule is known as hilum.
❖ The body of the ovule is made up of a central mass of parenchymatous tissue
called nucellus.
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❖ The integuments form a pore called micropyle and the region opposite to the
micropyle is called as chalaza.
❖ The nucellus has a large, oval, sac like structure towards the micropylar end
called embryo sac.
❖ A mature ovule, has 8 nuclei in its embryo sac.
L.S OF OVULE
I.A3 – T.S OF NERIUM LEAF
IDENTIFICATION :
The given slide “A3” is identified as T.S of Nerium Leaf.
T.S OF NERIUM LEAF
8
DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES : ( any two reasons )

❖ Presence of multilayered epidermis with thick cuticle.
❖ Sunken stomata are present only in the lower epidermis.
❖ Mesophyll is well differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma.
❖ Mechanical tissues are well developed.
II. B. PHOTOGRAPHS
II.B1 – WIND POLLINATED FOLWERS – ANEMOPHILY
IDENTIFICATION :
The given photograph “B1” is identified as Wind Pollinated Folwers – Anemophily.
DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES : (ANY TWO REASONS)

❖ The flowers are small, inconspicuous, colourless, odourless and nectarless.
❖ Anthers and stigmas are commonly exerted.
❖ Pollen grains are light, small, powdery and produced in large numbers.
❖ The stigmas are large, sometimes feathery and branched adapted to catch the
pollens.
II. B2 – INSECT POLLINATED FLOWER – ENTEMOPHILY
IDENTIFICATION :
The given photograph “B2” is identified as Insect Pollinated Flower – Entemophily.
DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES : (ANY TWO REASONS )

❖ The flowers are showy, brightly coloured and scented.
❖ The flowers produce nectar or edible pollen.
❖ Anthers and stigmas are commonly inserted.
❖ Stigmas are usually unbranched and flat or lobed.
II.B3 – DICOT SEED
IDENTIFICATION :
The given photograph “ B3 ” is identified as Dicot Seed.
DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES : (ANY TWO REASON )
❖ Seeds of gram have two cotyledons and an embryonal axis.
❖ Each seed is covered by two seed coats
(a) Testa – outer coat and
(b) Tegmen – inner coat.
❖ The embryonal axis consists of radicle and plumule.
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❖ The portion of the embryonal axis above the level of cotyledons is called epicotyl.
It terminates into the plumule.
❖ The portion of the embryonal axis below the level of cotyledons is called
hypocotyl. It terminates into the radicle or root tip.
II. B4 – E.COLI CLONING VECTOR (pBR 322)
IDENTIFICATION :
The given photograph “ B4 ” is identified as E.coli cloning vector (pBR 322)
Diagnostic Features : (ANY TWO REASONS)
❖ pBR 322 plasmid is a reconstructed plasmid containing 4361 base pairs and most
widely used as cloning vector.
❖ In pBR, p denotes plasmid and B and R respectively the notes of scientists Boliver
and Rodriguez who developed the plasmid.
❖ The number 322 is the number of plasmids developed from their laboratory.
❖ It contains two different antibiotic resistance genes and recognition site for
several restriction enzymes (Hind III, Eco R I, Bam H I, Sal I, Pvu II, Pst I, Cla I), Ori
and antibiotic resistance genes (ampR and tetR). Rop codes for the proteins
involved in the replication of the plasmid.
II.B5 – PLANT TISSUE CULTURE – CALLUS WITH PLANT LETS
IDENTIFICATION :
The given photograph “ B5 ” is identified as Plant tissue culture – Callus with plant
lets .
DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES: (ANY TWO REASONS)
❖ The callus is an unorganized mass of undifferentiated tissue.
❖ The mechanism of callus formation is that auxin induce cell elongation and
cytokinin induces cell division as a result of which masses of cells are formed.
❖ Roots and shoots are differentiated from the callus.
II.B6 – PYRAMID OF NUMBER
IDENTIFICATION :
The given photograph “ B6 ” is identified as Pyramid of number.
DIAGNOSTIC FEATURE :
❖ The number of organism that are present in successive trophic levels of an

ecosystem is shown in the pyramid of numbers of a grassland ecosystem.
❖ There is a gradual decrease in the number of organisms in each trophic level from
producers to primary consumers, then to secondary consumer, and finally to
tertiary consumers.
10
❖ Therefore, pyramid of number in grassland ecosystem is always upright
II.B7 – PYRAMID OF BIOMASS

IDENTIFICATION :
The given photograph “ B7 ” is identified as Pyramid of Biomass.
Diagnostic Features :
❖ Pyramid of biomass represents the total biomass or standing crop (dry weight) of
organisms in each trophic level at a particular time.
❖ In aquatic ecosystem, the bottom of the pyramid is occupied by the producers,
which comprises very small organisms (algae and phytoplanktons) possessing the
least biomass and so the value gradually increases towards the tip of the pyramid.
❖ Therefore, here the pyramid of biomass is always inverted in shape.
II.B8 – PYRAMID OF ENERGY
IDENTIFICATION :
The given photograph “ B8 ” is identified as Pyramid of Energy.
Diagnostic Features :
❖ Pyramid of energy represents the number of joules transferred from one trophic
level to next.
❖ The bottom of the pyramid of energy is occupied by the producers.
❖ There is a gradual decrease in energy transfer at successive trophic levels from
producers to the upper levels.
❖ Therefore pyramid of energy is always upright.
III.C.SOLVING PROBLEMS
III.C1 – TO VERIFY THE MENDEL’S MONOHYBRID CROSS
IDENTIFICATION :
The given genetic problem “ C1 “ is identified as Mendel’s Monohybrid Cross.
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Procedure :
Make the student to work in pairs to perform the experiment. Follow the steps in given
sequence.
❖ Put 64 yellow beads in one beaker and 64 green beads in the other to represent
male and female gametes respectively. Let the yellow bead be indicated by ‘Y’ and
the green bead by ‘y’.
❖ Take a bead from each container and place them together (it represents
fertilization) on the hand towel spread before you on the table.
❖ Just like the previous step, continue to pick beads and arrange them in pairs.
Thus 64 pairs of beads are obtained representing the 64 heterozygous F1
progeny.
❖ Put 32 F1 progeny in one petridish and the remaining 32 in another petridish
(representing the F1 males and females).
❖ To obtain the F2 generation, the student should withdraw one bead from one
beaker labelled male and one from the other beaker labelled female keeping his /
her eyes closed (to ensure randomness) and put them together on the hand towel
spread over the table. Continue this process till all the beads are paired. Thus 64
offsprings of F2 progeny are obtained.
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❖ Note the genotype (YY or Yy or yy) of each pair and their possible phenotype.
❖ Pool all the data and calculate the genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
Observation :
Total
Phenotype(s)
Number of
Generation Genotype
individuals
YY Yy yy
F1 64 - Heterozygous - Yellow
yellow
Total - 64 - 64
F2 64 Homozygous Heterozygous Homozygous Yellow and green

yellow yellow green
Total 16 32 16 64
Phenotypic Ratio : 3 : 1
F1 is Yellow = 64
F2 is Yellow : Green
48 : 16
So ,
3:1 or 75 % : 25 %
Genotypic Ratio : 1 : 2 : 1
F1 is Heterozygous Yellow (Yy – 64 )
Inference:
❖ The results are so because when the F1 individuals are crossed together to raise
the F2 generation, each F1 individual produces two types of gametes: 50% having
dominant allele and the remaining 50% having recessive allele.
❖ These gametes undergo random fusion during fertilization to produce the F2
generation.
❖ According to simple probability of mixing of opposite sex gametes, offsprings of
three genotypes are likely to appear as follows:
➢ Among these, proportion of dominant phenotype would be YY + Yy = yellow
and recessive phenotype yy = green, which occur in 3 : 1 or 75% : 25%
ratio. This ratio of 3 :1 in the F2 suggests that the hybrids or heterozygotes
of F1 generation have two contrasting factors or alleles of dominant and
recessive type. These factors, though remain together for a long time, do
13
not contaminate or mix with each other. They separate or segregate at the
time of gamete formation so that a gamete carries only one factor, either
dominat or recessive.
III. C2 – ANALYSIS OF SEED SAMPLE TO STUDY MENDELIAN DIHYBID CROSS
IDENTIFICATION :
The given genetic problem “C2” is identified as Analysis Of Seed Sample To Study
Mendelian Dihybid Cross.
PROCEDURE:
❖ Take a lot of about 160 Pea seeds or plastic beads in a tray.
❖ Separate out yellow round, yellow wrinkled, green round and green wrinkled and
put them in separate petridishes.
❖ Note down the number of seeds in each plate and find out their approximate
ratio.
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OBSERVATION:
Present your finding in the form of a table.
Total number of Number of Number of yellow Number of green Number of green

seeds observed Round seeds wrinkled seeds round seeds wrinkled seed
160 90 30 30 10
Phenotypic ratio : 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
Yellow round Yellow wrinkled Green round Green wrinkled
9 3 3 1
Inference:
❖ The ratio of yellow round : yellow wrinkled : Green round : green wrinkled is
approximately 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
which is exactly the same as obtained by Mendel for a dihybrid cross.
❖ This indicates that the contrasting genes for seed colour and seed shape show an
independent assortment in the population of pea seeds.
III. C3 – FLOW OF ENERGY AND TEN PERCENT LAW
IDENTIFICATION :
The given ecological problem “ C3” is identified as Flow of energy and ten
percent law.
Problem :
Analyse the food chain given below and find out the amount of energy received by the
organism in third trophic level.
Sun
⬇ Grass receives 30,000. J of energy from sun
Grass ⟶ Rabbit ⟶ Snake ⟶ Eagle
Given: The amount of energy in the producers, i.e. grass = 30,000 J.
Solution:
Grass ⟶ Rabbit ⟶ Snake ⟶ Eagle

T1 T2 T3 T4
Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer
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T1 – Grass (Producer) = 30,000 J of energy

T2 – Rabbit (Primary Consumer) = 3000 J of energy
T3 – Snake (Secondary Consumer) = 300 j of energy
According to the ten percent law, during the transfer of energy, only about 10% of the
energy flows from each trophic level to the next lower trophic level. So 10% of energy
from T1 gets transferred to T2
So , T2 - Rabbit (primary consumer) receives 30000 X 10 = 3000 J
100
Similarly, 10% of energy from T2 gets transferred to T3
So ,
T3 – Snake (Secondary consumer) receives 3000 X 10 = 300 J
100
Answer:
1. The third tropic level T3 – (Snake) receives 300 J of energy.
III. C4 – CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATION – DELETION
IDENTIFICATION :
The given Chromosomal Aberration “C4” is identified as deletion .
PROBLEM:
❖ Given below is the representation of a kind of chromosomal aberration such as
deletion,
❖ To understand the abnormality in the chromosomal structure in an organism.
PRINCIPLE:
❖ To study about the chromosomal aberration which can occur due to ionizing
radiations or chemicals.
❖ On the basis of breaks and reunions in the chromosomal segment different types
of aberrations can be recognized.
REQUIREMENTS:
❖ Copper wire,
❖ Alphabets marked ( A to H ) yellow colour beads denotes gene, and red colour
bead without alphabet denote centromere.
❖ Using this materials make different kinds of chromosomal segments with specific
gene sequence, that can be given to the students and asked to analyse the
aberration involved in it.
PROCEDURE:
❖ Make a normal chromosome model using copper wire and yellow beads and place
it on the table.
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❖ In the model chromosome with gene sequence A to H, along with centromere ( red
bead).
❖ For Deletion - Give yellow colour beads without one or more marked alphabets A
to H (The lack of any one or more beads denotes deletion type of chromosomal
aberration).
Chromosomal Aberration – Deletion
REASONS:
❖ The deletion of the chromosomal segement A and D.
❖ When there is a loss of a segment of the genetic material in a chromosome it is
called deletion.
SIGNIFICANCE:
❖ Most of the deletions lead to death of an organism.
III. C5 – CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATION – DUPLICATION
IDENTIFICATION :
The given Chromosomal Aberration “C5” is identified as Duplication.
PROBLEM:
❖ Given below is the representation of a kind of chromosomal aberration such
duplication ,
❖ Identify and give reasons for identification. Also mentions its significance.
AIM:
To understand the abnormality in the chromosomal structure in an organism.
PRINCIPLE:
REQUIREMENTS:
❖ Copper wire,
PROCEDURE:
17
it on the table. In the model chromosome with gene sequence A to H, along with
centromere ( red bead).
❖ For Duplication – Give yellow colour beads with addition of one or more marked
alphabets A to H (The repetition of one or more beads denotes duplication type of
chromosomal aberration).
REASONS:
❖ When a segment of a chromosome is present more than once in a chromosome,
then it is called duplication (Tandem duplication).
❖ The order of the genes in a chromosome is A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I. Due to
aberration, the genes B and C are duplicated and the sequence of genes becomes
A, B, C, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I. (Refer figure 13b)
SIGNIFICANCE:
Some duplications are useful in the evolution of the organism
III. C6 – CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATION – INVERSION
IDENTIFICATION :
The given Chromosomal Aberration “C6” is identified as Inversion.
PROBLEM:
❖ Given below is the representation of a kind of chromosomal aberration such as
inversion.
❖ Identify and give reasons for identification. Also mentions its significance.
AIM:
To understand the abnormality in the chromosomal structure in an organism.
PRINCIPLE:
REQUIREMENTS:
❖ Copper wire,
PROCEDURE:
18
it on the table.
❖ In the model chromosome with gene sequence A to H, along with centromere ( red
bead). For Inversion – Give yellow colour beads which marked alphabets from A to
H as in normal chromosome. (There is no addition or deletion of beads (A to H)
given, so the students can construct the inverted segment of the chromosome
using the given beads).
REASONS:
❖ When the order of genes in a chromosomal segment is reversed due to rotation by
an angle of 180°, it is called inversion.
❖ The order of genes in a chromosome is A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I. Due to aberration,
the sequence of genes become A, D, C, B, E, F, G, H and I
SIGNIFICANCE:
Sometimes inversion is responsible for evolution of the organism.
III. C7 – GENETIC LINKAGE MAP
IDENTIFICATION :
The given Genetic problem “C6” is identified as Genetic Linkage map.
SOLUTION :
28 %
B A C
20 % 8%
AIM:
To understand the frequency of recombination between the gene pairs on the same
chromosome.
PRINCIPLE:
To analyse the relative distance between the various genes and map their position in
the chromosome, which is called genetic or linkage maps.
REQUIREMENTS:
❖ Different kinds of linkage / genetic maps can be constructed by giving the
students the relative distance between the linked genes of a chromosome.
19
❖ A diagrammatic representation can be drawn showing the location and

arrangement of genes and their relative distance between them.
SOLVE THE PROBLEM :
PROBLEM:
There are three linked genes A, B and C in a chromosome. Percentage of crossing over
(recombination frequency) between A and B is 20, B and C is 28 and A and C is 8. What is
the sequence of genes on the linkage map?
REASONS:
❖ The frequency of crossing over is directly proportional to the relative distance of
the genes on the chromosomes.
❖ More crossing over = More distance between two genes and
Less crossing over = Less distance between the two genes.
❖ In the above problem, the sequence of the genes on the linkage map is B, A, C.
IV.EXPERIMENTS
IV.D1 - STUDY OF POLLEN GERMINATION ON A SLIDE
AIM:
To study the pollen germination on a slide.
PROCEDURE:
➢ Prepare a nutrient solution by dissolving 1 gm. of sucrose / 1 gm. of boric acid in
100 ml. of distilled water.
➢ Take a clean cavity slide and put a few drops of nutrient solution in the cavity of
the slide.
➢ Dust a few pollen grains from the stamen of a mature flower on it.
➢ View the slide in the microscope after 5 minutes and then observe it regularly for
about half an hour.
OBSERVATION:
❖ In nutrient medium, the pollen grains germinate.
❖ The tube cell enlarges and comes out of the pollen grain through one of the germ
pores to form a pollen tube.
❖ The tube nucleus descends to the tip of the pollen tube. The generative cell also
passes into it. It soon divides into two male gametes.
INFERENCE:
➢ Different stages of germinating pollens are observed.
➢ Some pollens are in their initial stage of germination while others have quite long
pollen tube containing tube nucleus and two male gametes.
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IV.D2 – STUDY OF pH OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOIL

AIM:
To study pH of different types of soil.
PROCEDURE:
❖ Dissolve one tablespoon or 1 gram of soil from each soil sample in 100 ml of
distilled water in separate beakers.
❖ Stir the solutions well and keep aside for half an hour to settle down the
suspended particles.
❖ Filter off each solution separately in different test tubes. Dip a small piece of
broad range pH paper on each of the solution.
❖ Match the colour of the pH paper with the colour scale given on the pH paper
booklet. This gives an approximate pH.
OBSERVATION:
Record the pH of different soil samples in the observation table.
S.NO SOIL SAMPLE pH value
Sandy loam 5.9
INFERENCE:
Thus the pH value of different soil samples required for plant growth can be determined
IV.D3 – ISOLATION OF DNA FROM PLANT MATERIALS
Aim:
To isolate DNA from available plant materials such as spinach leaves, fresh green pea
seeds, green papaya, etc.
Procedure:
❖ Take a small amount of plant material and grind it in a mortar with a little amount
of water and sodium chloride.
❖ Make it into a solution and filter it.
❖ To this filterate, add liquid soap solution or any detergent solution and mix it with
a glass rod.
❖ Then tilt the test tube and add chilled ethanol and leave it aside in the stand. After
half-an-hour we can observe the precipitated DNA as fine threads.
❖ DNA that separates can be removed by spooling.
21
Observation:
DNA appears as white precipitate of very fine threads on the spool.
Inference:
Thus DNA can be isolated from the plant cell nucleus by this technique.
V.E.ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF PLANTS
E1 – SESAME OR GINGELLY OIL
IDENTIFICATION :
The given plant product “ E1” is identified as Sesame or Gingelly oil.
BINOMIAL NAME :
Sesamum indicum
PART OF THE PLANT USED :
Seeds
USES :
❖ Sesame oil is mostly used for culinary purposes .
❖ Lower grades are used in manufacture of soaps , in paint industries , as a
lubricant and as an illuminant.
E2 – RUBBER
IDENTIFICATION :
The given plant product “ E2” is identified as Rubber.
BINOMIAL NAME :
Hevea brasiliensis
PARTS OF THE PLANT USED :
Latex
USES :
❖ Rubber is used in the manufacture of footwear , wire and cable insulations , rain
coat , sports goods , erasers , adhesives , rubber bands , house holds and hospital
goods and shock absorbers.
❖ Concentrated latex is used for making gloves and balloons.
❖ Foamed latex is used in the manufacture of cushions , pillows and life – belts.
E3 – FLAKED RICE OR AVAL
IDENTIFICATION :
The given plant product “ E3” is identified as Flaked Rice Or Aval.
BINOMIAL NAME :
Oryza sativa
Seeds
22
USES :
❖ Flaked rice (aval) is used as breakfast cereals or as snacks.
E4 – HENNA POWDER
IDENTIFICATION :
The given plant product “ E4” is identified as Henna Powder.
BINOMIAL NAME :
Lawsonia inermis
Leaves
USES :
❖ An orange dye “Henna “ obtained from leaves and young shoots is used to dye skin
, hair and fingernails.
❖ It is also used for colouring leather , tails of horses and hair.
E5 – ALOE GEL
IDENTIFICATION :
The given plant product “ E5” is identified as Aloe gel.
BINOMIAL NAME :
Aloe vera
Leaves
USES :
❖ Aloe gel is used as skin tonic.
❖ Because of its cooling effect and moisturing characteristics , it is used in the
preparation of creams , lotions , shampoos , shaving creams and allied products.
❖ It is used in gerontological applications for rejuvenation of ageing skin.
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KOMARASAMY GOUNDER MAT.HR.SEC.

KOMARASAMY GOUNDER MAT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL

KOMARASAMY GOUNDER MAT.HR.SEC.SCHOOL

QUESTION PAPER AND MARKS ALLOTMENT

S.NO QUESTION MARKS

I. A1 T.S OF ANTHER AND ITS DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES

ANY TWO REASON = ½ MARK

I. A2 L.S OF ANGIOSPERMIC OVULE ANY ONE

IDENTIFICATION = ½ MARK EXPERIMENT

ANY TWO REASON = ½ MARK 2 MARKS

I. A3 T.S OF NERIUM LEAF

ANY TWO REASON = ½ MARK

II. B1 WIND POLLINATED FLOWERS – ANEMOPHILY

ANY TWO REASONS = ½ MARK

II. B3 DICOT SEED

ANY TWO REASONS = ½ MARK

II. B4 E.COLI CLONIG VECTOR (pBR 322)

ANY TWO REASONS = ½ MARK

II. B5 PLANT TISSUE CULTURE – CALLUS WITH PLANTLETS

ANY TWO REASONS = ½ MARK

II. B6 PYRAMID OF NUMBER

ANY TWO REASONS = ½ MARK

II. B7 PYRAMID OF BIOMASS

ANY TWO REASONS = ½ MARK

II. B8 PYRAMID OF ENERGY

ANY TWO REASONS = ½ MARK

III. C1 TO VERIFY THE MENDEL’S MONOHYBRID CROSS ANY ONE

IDENTIFICATION = ½ MARK EXPERIMENT

SOLVE / CONSTRUCT = ½ MARK 1 ½ MARK

REASON / ANSWER = ½ MARK

III. C2 ANALYSE OF SEED SAMPLE TO STUDY MENDELIAN DIHYBRID CROSS

SOLVE / CONSTRUCT = ½ MARK

REASON / ANSWER = ½ MARK

III. C3 FLOW OF ENERGY AND TEN PERCENT LAW

SOLVE / CONSTRUCT = ½ MARK

REASON / ANSWER = ½ MARK

III. C4 CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATION – DELETION

SOLVE / CONSTRUCT = ½ MARK

REASON / ANSWER = ½ MARK

III. C5 CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATION – DUPLICATION

SOLVE / CONSTRUCT = ½ MARK

REASON / ANSWER = ½ MARK

III. C6 CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATION –INVERSION

SOLVE / CONSTRUCT = ½ MARK

REASON / ANSWER = ½ MARK

III. C7 GENETIC - LINKAGE MAP

SOLVE / CONSTRUCT = ½ MARK

REASON / ANSWER = ½ MARK

IV. D1 STUDY OF POLLEN GERMINATION ON A SLIDE ANY ONE

AIM = ½ MARK EXPERIMENT

PROCEDURE = ½ MARK 1 ½ MARK

TABLE (OBSERVATION & INFERENCE ) = ½ MARK

IV. D2 STUDY OF pH OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOIL

TABLE (OBSERVATION & INFERENCE ) = ½ MARK

IV. D3 ISOLATION OF DNA FROM PLANT MATERIALS

TABLE (OBSERVATION & INFERENCE ) = ½ MARK

V. E1 SESAME OR GINGELLY OIL

IDENTIFICATION , BOTANICAL NAME = ½ MARK

USEFUL PARTS = ½ MARK