Under water wind mill

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Renewable energy generation is becoming increasingly vital due to

the pressing challenges of global warming, the depletion of fossil fuel
reserves, and the growing need for stable and secure national electricity
supplies. Among the various renewable energy sources, ocean energy
remains largely untapped, despite its potential to generate approximately
170 terawatts (TW) of electricity annually. One of the most promising
forms of marine renewable energy is harnessed through fast-moving
underwater currents. These currents, which occur globally, offer a
consistent and powerful source of energy.

Fig no 1 : Introduction of under water wind mill

Tidal stream turbines called as underwater windmills. Main function

is converting the kinetic energy of flowing water into electricity. This
process is similar to traditional wind turbines generate energy from moving

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air. These turbines are strategically positioned in areas where marine

currents are strong. Usually created by tidal forces pushing water around
obstacles or through narrow passages between landmasses. This natural
flow of water provides a reliable and predictable source of energy. Making
tidal stream turbines a valuable addition to the renewable energy mix.
When deployed on a large scale they can make a substantial contribution
to global energy production, complementing other renewable technologies
such as wind, solar, and geothermal energy. The potential of tidal stream
turbines is exemplified in Figure 1.

1.1 Renewable energy source

Renewable energy resources are natural and constant energy

resources in our local world. The energy sources are the energy sources.
This includes hydropower energy, solar energy, wind energy, and
geothermal energy etc...

1.1.1 Hydropower plant

Hydropower plant generates electricity by using water flow

from different altitudes to drive turbines. Projects include
reservoir dams, run-of-river, and in-stream schemes. These
technologies also support flood control, irrigation, drinking
water, and navigation. Electricity output depends on water mass,
gravity, and the height difference (head) between the dam and tail
water. As water is released, energy output decreases as the
reservoir level drops, but turbine flow can be regulated.

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Electricity can also be stored for short periods, with minimal

particle discharge during generation.

1.1.2 Solar energy

Rooftop solar panels are becoming increasingly popular due to their

affordable installation costs and other money-saving benefits. To install a
rooftop solar system,which are made up of photovoltaic cells (or solar
cells), along with an inverter, AC/DC switches, and electrical conduit.
These panels can be easily mounted on building roofs to capture solar
energy.

1.1.3 Wind energy

Wind energy harnesses the power of wind to drive electric

generators through turbines, producing electricity. It is a sustainable and
renewable energy source with a much lower environmental impact.
However, it often involves high setup costs, requires regular maintenance,
and depends on wind flow, which can vary by location.

1.1.4 Geothermal energy

Geothermal energy is the heat generated within the Earth's core. It

can be harnessed to produce both heat and electricity, making it a clean,
renewable resource. This natural heat from the Earth is referred to as
geothermal energy.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

The paper by J. Sree Naga Chaitanya, Dr. K. Chandramouli, and Bandi

Loka Vyshnavi explores underwater windmills as a promising technology
for harnessing tidal energy, positioned within the broader context of
renewable energy solutions

*Types**: Two main types exist—horizontal-axis and vertical-axis

turbines—differentiated by rotor orientation relative to water flow.

- **Advantages**: Underwater windmills have low maintenance, long

lifespans, and offer clean, renewable energy with reduced environmental
impact.

#### Conclusion:

Underwater windmills show significant potential, particularly in Europe

and India, as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, aiding the global shift
toward renewable energy.

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CHAPTER 3
UNDER WATER WIND MILL

3.1 History

On Monday, researchers installed the world's first offshore tidal

stream turbine on the English coast, marking a significant advancement in
renewable energy technology. This innovative rotor harnesses the power
of tides to generate electricity, and it represents the initial step toward
establishing a tidal turbine "farm" in the region within a few years.

Engineers in the Bristol Channel have essentially taken a windmill,

positioned it horizontally, and submerged it in the ocean, allowing them to
capture the energy produced by the tides daily. The prototype, named "Sea
Flow," was anchored into the seabed approximately one and a half
kilometres (one mile) from the Devon coast.

3.2 Technology in tidal range

Tides are essential for power generation. In-stream tidal devices

capture the tide's horizontal motion, while tidal range technology utilizes
its vertical movement. A dam is built across a bay or estuary with a large
tidal range. Sluice gates at the dam control water flow, remaining closed
until a sufficient head builds up. When opened, water flows from the high
to the low side, passing through turbines to generate electricity. Power is
produced during both flood and ebb tides: high water is on the ocean side
during floods, and water is stored within the bay during ebbs. Variations
include tidal lagoons, reefs, and fences, all operating on the same principle.

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3.3 Tidal level and parameter description

The regular rise and fall of ocean water levels is mainly due to
gravitational and centrifugal forces caused by the Earth’s proximity to the
Moon and the Sun. When water moves toward the shore, it creates a flood
tide, and as it recedes, it forms an ebb tide. This tidal cycle occurs daily
worldwide, with northwest Europe experiencing a semi-diurnal (twice
daily) pattern. High tide happens when the Earth is aligned with the Moon,
while low tide occurs at +/- 90° relative to the Moon. When the Earth,
Moon, and Sun align, their combined gravitational forces produce a high
tidal range, known as a spring tide. When the Moon and Sun are at a 90°
angle to each other, the Sun's gravitational pull counteracts the Moon's,
resulting in a low tidal range, called a neap tide.

3.4 Parts

The main components of this system are outlined below and are
shown in Figure 3.4. This figure provides a visual representation of the
various parts of the turbine, including the rotor blades, nacelle, generator,
and foundation, all of which work together to convert the flow of water
into usable electrical power.

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Fig no 3.4 : Construction of under water wind mill

• Rotor Blades : Similar to wind turbine blades, but designed

for water. These blades rotate as water currents flow over them.
• Nacelle : A housing that contains the generator, gearbox, and
other key components. It is usually waterproof to protect these
components from saltwater damage.
• Generator : Converts the mechanical energy from the
rotating blades into electrical energy.
• Gearbox : Increases the rotational speed from the blades to
a speed appropriate for generating electricity in the generator.
• Tower/Pylon : A structure that supports the nacelle and the
blades, keeping the turbine in place underwater. This can be
mounted on the seabed or suspended from floating structures.
• Foundation : Provides stability for the underwater windmill,
keeping it in place. It can either be a gravity-based structure,
drilled into the seabed, or anchored with cables in deeper waters.
• Yaw Mechanism : This mechanism adjusts the orientation
of the rotor blades to optimize the angle with respect to the water
flow direction.
• Control System : Monitors and controls the operation of the
turbine, optimizing energy production and ensuring safe
operation.
• Electrical Cabling : Connects the turbine to the power grid
or to offshore platforms. Underwater cables transport the
generated electricity to shore or to a distribution network.

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3.5 Working principle

Underwater turbines operate on a similar principle as wind
turbines, but instead of air. They utilize the flow of water to
generate mechanical energy, which is then converted into
electrical energy. These turbines consist of sets of blades that are
driven by the movement of water, and they are typically anchored
to the seabed using steel piles and rotor systems. As ocean
currents or tides flow, they cause the rotor to spin, generating
energy.

One major difference between underwater turbines and

wind turbines is the density of water, which is approximately 800
times greater than air. This difference in density means that water
can generate much more power, even at lower velocities
compared to wind. The characteristics of these turbines are
strongly influenced by tidal energy, as tides provide a predictable
and consistent source of power to drive the underwater turbines.

Tidal energy is harnessed through the gravitational forces

between the Earth and the Moon. Making the operation of
underwater windmill turbines highly predictable. These turbines
are often installed in natural bodies of water, such as harbours.
where fast-moving currents can provide a steady flow of water.
The blades of the turbines are pushed by the tidal currents,
causing them to spin.

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An induction generator, housed within a gearbox, converts

the mechanical motion of the blades into electricity. In some
cases, devices designed to be buoyant, like the Epode system used
in England, are also attached to these turbines. The turbines are
designed to always face the direction of the water current, similar
to how a moored boat aligns with the flow of water.

3.6 Advantage

• Tidal energy is cost-effective, as it does not require fuel and is

powered by the ocean's natural forces.
• Although the initial investment is high, the electricity generated
helps offset these costs over time.
• Positive tidal surges are easy to manage, as they occur predictably
twice a day.
• Tidal power is a completely renewable and emission-free energy
source.
• The energy output is highly reliable, but access to tidal resources
may depend on the ownership of oil resources.

3.7 Disadvantage

• Maintenance is challenging because these machines operate

underwater
• Seawater causes corrosion on steel and other materials, such as relish
glad.
• Fishing activities have ceased in the area around the plants.

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CHAPTER 4
UNDER WATER TURBINE

4.1 Vertical Axis Water Turbine (VAWT)

Fig no 4.1 : The VAWT: (a) internal structure and (b) schematic of
the turbine installed on a self-mooring AUV.

The Vertical Axis Water Turbine (VAWT) described here

consists of several key components: straight blades, telescopic
rods, plunger pumps, and a permanent magnet (PM) generator, as
shown in Fig 4.1(a). The blades have an air foil profile and are
attached to the ends of the telescopic rods. These rods are hollow
and connected to the plunger pumps. The telescopic rods, plunger
pumps, and the rotor of the PM generator are all fixed to the hull
of the Underwater Mooring Platform (UMP), while the stator of
the PM generator is mounted on the main axis of the UMP.

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The blades can be deployed or retracted by controlling the

plunger pumps, which draw in or expel seawater. When the
blades are deployed, the turbine operates similarly to a Darrius
turbine, utilizing lift forces on the blades to rotate the rotor. When
the blades are retracted, they fit closely to the UMP hull,
minimizing any impact on the platform’s other functions. The
pivot point of the blades is positioned at 25% of the distance from
the leading edge, which is the aerodynamic centre, to reduce the
actuation force required to move the blades.

As shown in Fig 4.1(b), when the VAWT is mounted on a

self-mooring Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV), two
contra-rotating VAWTs are used to counteract any roll torque on
the UMP. The AUV is designed to travel to a predetermined
mooring location, anchor itself on the seafloor, and later release
the mooring to return to a designated point. Once the vehicle is
moved, the plunger pumps within the VAWT draw in seawater,
causing the telescopic rods to extend and deploy the blades. The
VAWT then generates power during the mooring period,
providing sustained energy to the vehicle, which extends its
operational duration. At the end of the mooring period, the pumps
expel the seawater, retract the blades, and the vehicle detaches
from the seafloor and returns to its designated location.

This VAWT design differs from the conventional Darrius

turbine in that the UMP hull is located at the centre of the turbine.

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Therefore, it is essential to study the turbine's performance, taking

into account the disturbances caused by the presence of the UMP
hull.

4.2 Horizontal Axis Water Turbine (HAWT)

Fig no 4.2 : HAWT turbine

The Horizontal Axis Water Turbine (HAWT) designed for the

underwater moored platform (UMP) consists of three main components:
three blades, three sets of lead screw mechanisms, and a Permanent Magnet
(PM) generator that includes both a PM rotor and a PM stator. The lead
scre mechanism is powered by a servo motor, which controls the
movement of the blades as shown in Fig. 1(a). By adjusting the rotation of
the servo motor, the blades can either open or close using the slider crank
mechanism. The PM stator is fixed to the central axis of the UMP, while
the other components, such as the PM rotor, blades, servo motors, and lead
screw mechanisms, are mounted together and rotate around the PM stator's
axis.

When the blades are opened, the turbine resembles a traditional

HAWT, using the lift generated by the blades to drive the PM rotor. When

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the blades are closed, they fit seamlessly into the grooves of the UMP's
hull, avoiding interference with the UMP's other functions.

Fig.4.2 illustrates how the HAWT is mounted on the UMP. After

the vehicle moors to the seafloor, the servo motors activate and open the
blades. Simultaneously, a heavy bar extends from the UMP’s hull to lower
its centre of gravity, counteracting the roll torque created by the turbine.
While moored, the HAWT generates power to extend the operational
duration of the UMP. At the end of the mooring stage, the servo motors
reverse, closing the blades, after which the vehicle detaches from the
mooring cable and returns to a designated location.

The turbine design was based on Blade Element Momentum (BEM)

theory, with a radius of 0.75 meters and a hub radius of 0.25 meters
(corresponding to the UMP's hull radius). The turbine was optimized for
an inflow velocity of 0.5 m/s and a tip speed ratio (TSR) of 5, where TSR
is the ratio of the rotor blade tip speed to the inflow velocity and is defined
as TSR = (ωR)/U.

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CHAPTER 5

VERTICAL AXIS TURBINE PROJECT

5.1 The Enermar Project (Italy)

Fig no 5.1 : The Enermar Project (italy)

At the heart of the Enermar project is the patented Kobold turbine.

One of its key features is its high starting torque, which allows it to initiate
operation even under high load conditions, as illustrated in Figure 5.1. A
pilot plant is currently moored in the Strait of Messina, near the Sicilian
coast in Italy, where it harnesses an average sea tidal current of
approximately 2 m/sec. When the current speed reaches about 1.8 m/sec,
the system can generate a power output of 20 kW.

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5.2 The Gorlov Helical Turbine (USA)

Fig no 5.2 : Gorlov Helical Turbine

The Gorlov Helical Turbine (GHT) is show in Figure 5.2 below.

This turbine features one or more long helical blades that spiral along a
cylindrical surface, resembling a screw thread, with an airfoil or airplane
wing profile. The blades generate a reaction thrust, allowing the turbine to
rotate faster than the surrounding water flow. The GHT is self-starting and
can produce power with water current speeds as low as 1.5 m/sec, with
power output increasing proportionally to the cube of the water velocity.
Due to its axial symmetry, the GHT consistently rotates in the same
direction, even when tidal currents reverse, which simplifies design and
enables the use of double-action tidal power plants. The standard model,
with a diameter of 1 meter and a length of 2.5 meters, can be installed either
vertically or horizontally relative to the water current. A single GHT has a
rated power of 1.5 kW at 1.5 m/sec water speed and 180 kW at 7.72 m/sec.

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5.3 The Blue Energy Project (Canada)

Fig no 5.3 : The blue energy project

The Blue Energy tidal turbine features four fixed hydrofoil blades
connected to a rotor that drives a gearbox and the electrical assembly of a
generator, as shown in Figure 5.3. The turbine is housed within a robust
concrete marine caisson, which anchors the unit to the ocean floor and
directs the water flow through the turbine, thereby enhancing efficiency.
This design supports the coupler, gearbox, and generator, which are
situated above the water surface for easy maintenance and repair.

The hydrofoil blades utilize a hydrodynamic lift principle, allowing

the turbine foils to move at a speed greater than that of the surrounding
water. The turbine rotates unidirectionally during both the ebb and flow of
the tide, with an expected output power of about 200 kW per unit. For
large-scale power production, multiple turbines can be linked in series to
form a tidal fence across an ocean passage or inlet.

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CHAPTER 6
HORIZONTAL AXIS TURBINE PROJECT

6.1 The Marine Current Turbine (MCT) Project

Fig no 5.1 : Hybrid illustration of sea flow turbine

The fig no 5.1 shows hybrid designs of the Seaflow turbine,

featuring a single rotor with an 11-meter diameter and full-span pitch
control. It is installed in seawater at a mean depth of around 25 meters.
Under favorable flow conditions, the turbine has surpassed its rated power
of 300 kW, operating at a rotor speed of 15 rpm. One key feature is its
mounting on a 2.1-meter diameter steel tubular pile, which is drilled into
the seabed and extends above the water's surface. This allows the rotor and
power system to be raised above the water for maintenance or repairs from
a boat.

MCT’s next project was the Seagen turbine, which has rotors
mounted at the ends of wing-like arms extending from both sides of the

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supporting pile. Each rotor powers a gearbox and generator, each rated at
approximately 500 kW, giving the Seagen a total rated power of around 1
MW—three times the capacity of the Seaflow turbine. Following the
Seagen project, an array of similar turbines (a "farm") will be installed in
an open-sea location, with three additional turbines bringing the total
capacity to up to 5 MW.

6.2 E-Tide Project (Norway) Hammerfest

Fig no 6.2 : E Tide project (Norway) Hammerfest

The Tidal Stream Energy Project (UK) features a tidal stream

turbine, as show in Fig.no 6.2. This design is intended for installation in
the Pentland Firth, located between northern Scotland and the Orkney
Islands. In its initial configuration, the twin turbine is equipped with two
20-meter rotors, rated between 1-2 MW depending on current speed, and
operates in water depths of 30 to 50 meters. Each rotor operates in clean
water upstream of its support arm.

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The seabed anchorage employs a gravity base, and a swinging arm

ball joint is connected to the base via a three-axis swivel assembly. The
swinging arm is hinged at its upper end to the main spar buoy, allowing for
easy stowing during installation or removal. While in operation, the arm is
secured in place by a cranked strut. The current design of the Pentland Firth
turbine features four 20-meter rotors instead of two, allowing it to handle
the water flow in 60-meter depths while keeping blade loads within
practical limits. The total power output of the turbine is 4 MW. Once
positioned for maintenance, the main swing arm can be stowed to facilitate
float-out removal or installation

6.3 Tidal Stream Energy Project (UK)

Fig no 6.3 : Tidal Stream Project

The Tidal Stream Energy Project (UK) features a tidal

stream turbine, as shown in Figure 6.3. This configuration is
designed for the Pentland Firth, situated between northern

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Scotland and the Orkney Islands. In its initial design, the twin
turbine is equipped with two 20-meter rotors, rated at 1-2 MW
depending on current speed, and operates in water depths of 30 to
50 meters. Each rotor operates in clean water, positioned
upstream of its support arm.

The seabed anchorage incorporates a gravity base, and the

swinging arm ball joint connects to the base via a three-axis
swivel assembly. The swinging arm is hinged at its upper end to
the main spar buoy, allowing for easy stowing during installation
or removal. While in operation, the arm is secured by a cranked
strut.

The latest design for the Pentland Firth turbine features four
20-meter rotors to accommodate the 60-meter deep water flow
while keeping blade loads within practical limits. The total power
output of the turbine is 4 MW. Once positioned for maintenance,
the main swing arm can be stowed to facilitate float-out removal
or installation.

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6.4 The SMD Hydro vision TiDEL Project (UK)

Fig no 6.4 : Front view of TiDEL

The TiDEL concept features a pair of contra-rotating 500 kW

turbines mounted together on a single cross beam, as depicted in Figure
6.4. The entire assembly is buoyant and anchored to the seabed using a
series of mooring chains. This mooring system enables the turbines to
naturally align themselves with the prevailing tidal flow without any
external assistance. Since the system does not require a support structure,
it can be installed in various coastal water depths. Each turbine powertrain
is equipped with fixed-pitched blades measuring 15 meters in diameter and
is enclosed within a pod. The 1 MW units are specifically designed for
installation in offshore tidal environments with peak tidal velocities of 5
knots (2.5 m/sec) or greater and water depths exceeding 30 meters.

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6.5 The Lunar Energy Project (UK) and the Hydro Helix Energies
Project (France).

Fig no 6.5 : Lunar system illustration

The system features a ducted turbine anchored to the seabed using a

gravity foundation, as shown in Figure 6.5. The design of the duct allows
it to capture a large area of the tidal stream and accelerates the flow through
a narrowing channel into the turbine. This enables the use of a smaller
turbine to achieve a specified power output, or alternatively, a greater
amount of power can be generated by a turbine with a fixed blade diameter.
The Lunar Energy tidal turbine boasts a symmetrical design that facilitates
bi-directional operation, eliminating the need for pitch or yaw control,
which simplifies the design and reduces costs. The system can
accommodate tidal flows that are offset by 40 degrees from the duct's axis
without compromising performance. A 1/20th scale model has undergone
testing, and a 1 MW prototype is anticipated to be developed soon.

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CHAPTER 7

SEAGEN PROJECT

7.1 : Location of seagen Project

Seagen was the world's first large-scale commercial tidal stream

generator. It will be located in Strangford Narrows, between Strangford
and Portaferry United Kingdom. The location of sea gen project shown in
fig no 7.1. While Seaflow demonstrated technical feasibility, Seagen is
crucial for proving economic and commercial viability. The Seagen system
features rotors mounted at the ends of streamlined, wing-like arms
extending from either side of the supporting pile. Each rotor has a diameter
of 16 meters and drives a 600 kW power-train that consists of a gearbox
and generator, resulting in a total rated power of up to 1200 kW(e) per
installed unit, depending on site conditions.

The twin rotor configuration offers several advantages: it enables

bidirectional operation while keeping the rotors clear of the pile's wake
when positioned downstream. The 180° rotor blade pitch control also

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allows for efficient operation when the current reverses. Additionally,

having two rotors effectively doubles the energy output compared to a
single rotor, but at a cost that is less than double, enhancing overall cost-
effectiveness. Essentially, Seagen produces three times the power of
Seaflow at around twice the cost, resulting in significant improvements in
cost efficiency. It generates 1.2 MW for 18 to 20 hours a day while the
tides flow in and out of Strangford Lough through the Narrows.

The £10 million Seagen project is supported by new shareholders of

Marine Current Turbines (MCT) and strategic partners, including EDF
Energy (the UK subsidiary of Electricité de France, one of the largest
utilities globally), Guernsey Electricity (the Channel Island utility
benefiting from strong coastal currents), and Bank Invest (a Danish
investment bank specializing in innovative clean-energy technologies).
Additionally, the UK government, through the Department of Trade and
Industry (DTI), is backing MCT's research and development efforts with a
grant of £4.3 million

The SeaGen generator has a weight of 300 tonnes and operates by

driving a generator through a gearbox, similar to a hydroelectric or wind
turbine. These turbines feature a patented design that allows the rotor
blades to be pitched through 180 degrees, enabling operation during both
ebb and flood tides. The company reports a capacity factor of 0.59, based
on an average over the last 2,000 hours. The power units of each system
are mounted on arm-like extensions on either side of a tubular steel
monopile that is approximately 3 meters (9.8 ft.) in diameter. The arms,
along with the power units, can be raised above the water's surface to
facilitate safe and easy maintenance access. SeaGen was constructed at
Harland and Wolff shipyards in Belfast.

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CHAPTER 8
CHALLENGES AND SOLUTION

8.1 Challenge

8.1.1 Corrosion

The underwater environment poses a high risk of corrosion, which is an

inevitable consequence of the prolonged exposure of these metal parts to
water. As corrosion progresses, it will be necessary to replace the affected
components periodically. This requirement for regular maintenance will
inevitably lead to increased operational costs over time.

The rate of corrosion is influenced by several critical factors, including the

type of material selected for the components and the characteristics of the
surrounding water. For instance, certain metals are more resistant to
corrosion than others, and selecting appropriate materials can help mitigate
this issue. Additionally, the water's pH level plays a crucial role in
determining the severity of corrosion. Variations in pH can significantly
accelerate or slow down the corrosion process, making it essential to
monitor and manage these environmental conditions carefully to ensure the
longevity and effectiveness of the underwater windmill.

8.1.2 Cost

The overall cost of the project is directly influenced by several key

factors, including the type of materials used, the environmental conditions
surrounding the installation site, and the specific area where the installation

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takes place. Each of these elements plays a critical role in determining both
the initial investment required and the ongoing maintenance expenses.

8.2 Solution

8.2.1 Corrosion

Corrosion is to change the water surrounding the installation. While this

approach is challenging, it is feasible in specific environments. Typically,
underwater windmills are installed in seawater, which is inherently salty
and cannot be easily replaced. However, in areas such as ponds or
controlled environments.

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CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION

The increasing focus on renewable energy has brought tidal stream

energy to the forefront, particularly in coastal and offshore regions. Tidal
turbines, often called underwater windmills, have become a key
technology for capturing this energy. Numerous tidal turbine designs have
been assessed, highlighting their advantages and challenges, while ongoing
research explores alternative generator topologies to enhance efficiency.

Marine Current Turbines (MCT) leads the charge in developing

commercial tidal stream technologies that promise large-scale, affordable,
and pollution-free electricity generation. Underwater windmills are
gaining widespread recognition, particularly in European countries where
they have proven to be a reliable source of renewable power. India, with
its vast coastline, is also positioned to make significant progress in this
field as part of its renewable energy ambitions.

Tidal currents, beyond their energy potential, play a vital role in

regulating global climate patterns and supporting ocean ecosystems. As oil
reserves dwindle, and the environmental and health risks from burning
fossil fuels and managing nuclear waste become more pronounced, tidal
energy offers a viable and sustainable alternative. MCT and other pioneers
are working to establish tidal stream technology as a leading method for
harnessing energy from the oceans, providing a cleaner, more reliable
power source that can help reduce the environmental footprint of
traditional energy systems.

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CHAPTER 10
REFRENCE

1. Omkar P. Kedar and Ganesh Fodase, “A Review on Under Water

Windmill”, Volume : 05 Issue : 03, Mar-2018 International
Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
2. Shivani Singh, Aviral Kumar, and Anurag Dwivedi,
“Performance and Generation of Electricity using Underwater
Windmill”, Volume : 3, Issue : 2, 2020 Advancement and
Research in Instrumentation Engineering
3. J. Sree Naga Chaitanya, Dr. K. Chandramouli and Bandi Loka
Vyshnavi, “A Review on Underwater Windmill”, International
Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development-–
Volume 6 Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2023
4. Daksh Arya, Rahul Sen and Yashpal “A Review Paper on
Underwater Windmill”, International Online Conference on
Emerging Trends in Multi-Disciplinary Research ETMDR-2022
5. Wenlong Tian , Baowei Song , James H. VanZwieten , Parakram
Pyakurel, Yanjun Li, “Numerical simulations of a horizontal axis
water turbine designed for underwater mooring platforms”,
International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean
Engineering 8 (2016)

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