BE 23-Engineering Mechanics II

T1

PRINCIPLE OF DYNAMICS
Dynamics
➢ is that branch of mechanics which deals with the motion of bodies under the action
of forces
Dynamics has two distinct parts:
o Kinematics: is the study of motion without reference to the forces which cause
motion,
o Kinetics: relates the action of forces on bodies to their resulting motions.

History of Dynamics
The beginning of a rational understanding of dynamics is credited to Galileo (1564–1642),
who made careful observations concerning bodies in free fall, motion on an inclined plane, and
motion of the pendulum. He was largely responsible for bringing a scientific approach to the
investigation of physical problems. Galileo was continually under severe criticism for refusing to
accept the established beliefs of his day, such as the philosophies of Aristotle which held, for
example, that heavy bodies fall more rapidly than light bodies.
Newton (1642–1727), guided by Galileo’s work, was able to make an accurate formulation
of the laws of motion and, thus, to place dynamics on a sound basis. Newton’s famous work was
published in the first edition of his Principia, which is generally recognized as one of the greatest
of all recorded contributions to knowledge. In addition to stating the laws governing the motion of
a particle, Newton was the first to correctly formulate the law of universal gravitation.

Applications of Dynamics
Only since machines and structures have operated with high speeds and appreciable accelerations
has it been necessary to make calculations based on the principles of dynamics rather than on the
principles of statics.
These principles are basic to the analysis and design of moving structures, to fixed structures
subject to shock loads, to robotic devices, to automatic control systems, to rockets, missiles, and
spacecraft, to ground and air transportation vehicles, to electron ballistics of electrical devices, and
to machinery of all types such as turbines, pumps, reciprocating engines, hoists, machine tools,
etc.

Elementary equations in dynamics

 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 Where,
1
 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 u is initial velocity in m/s
2
1 v is the final velocity in m/s
 𝑠 = 𝑣𝑡 − 𝑎𝑡 2 s is the distance traveled in m
2
1
 𝑠 = 2 (𝑢 + 𝑣)𝑡 a is the acceleration in m/s2
 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠 t is the time taken in s

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Basic Concepts
Space
➢ is the geometric region occupied by bodies. Position in space is determined relative
to some geometric reference system by means of linear and angular measurements.
Time
➢ is a measure of the succession of events and is considered an absolute quantity in
Newtonian mechanics.

Mass
➢ is the quantitative measure of the inertia or resistance to change in motion of a
body. Mass may also be considered as the quantity of matter in a body as well as
the property which gives rise to gravitational attraction.

Force
➢ is the vector action of one body on another.
➢ push or pull motion
Particle
➢ is a body of negligible dimensions. When the dimensions of a body are irrelevant
to the description of its motion or the action of forces on it, the body may be treated
as a particle.
Rigid Body
➢ is a body whose changes in shape are negligible compared with the overall
dimensions of the body or with the changes in position of the body as a whole
Vector and scalar
➢ quantities that have been treated extensively, and their distinction should be
perfectly clear.

Newton’s Laws

Newton’s three laws of motion have their special significance to dynamics.

In modern terminology they are:
o Law I. A particle remains at rest or continues to move with uniform velocity (in a straight
line with a constant speed) if there is no unbalanced force acting on it.
o Law II. The acceleration of a particle is proportional to the resultant force acting on it and
is in the direction of this force.
o Law III. The forces of action and reaction between interacting bodies are equal in
magnitude, opposite in direction, and collinear.
✓ The first two laws hold for measurements made in an absolute frame of reference, but are
subject to some correction when the motion is measured relative to a reference system
having acceleration, such as one attached to the surface of the earth.
✓ Newton’s second law forms the basis for most of the analysis in dynamics. For a particle
of mass m subjected to a resultant force F, the law may be stated as:

F = ma
where a is the resulting acceleration measured in a nonaccelerating frame of reference.

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✓ Newton’s first law is a consequence of the second law since there is no acceleration when the
force is zero, and so the particle is either at rest or is moving with constant velocity.
✓ The third law constitutes the principle of action and reaction with which you should be
thoroughly familiar from your work in statics.

❖ DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
o Dimensional Analysis (also called Factor-Label Method or the Unit Factor Method) is
a problem-solving method that uses the fact that any number or expression can be
multiplied by one without changing its value.

Applications of Dimensional Analysis

Dimensional analysis is used mainly because of five reasons, which are:
✓ To check the correctness of an equation or any other physical relation based on the principle
of homogeneity. There should be dimensions on two sides of the equation. The dimensional
relation will be correct if the L.H.S and R.H.S of an equation have identical dimensions. If
the dimensions on two sides are incorrect, then the relations will also be incorrect.
✓ Dimensional analysis is used to convert the value of a physical quantity from one system
of units to another system of units.
✓ It is used to represent the nature of physical quantity.
✓ The expressions of dimensions can be manipulated as algebraic quantities.
✓ Dimensional analysis is used to derive formulas.
Limitations of Dimensional Analysis
• Some major limitations of dimensional analysis are:
✓ Dimensional analysis doesn't provide information about the dimensional constant.

✓ Dimensional analysis cannot derive trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic

functions.
✓ It doesn't give information about the scalar or vector identity of a physical quantity.

• CONVERSION OF UNITS

DIMENSIONAL SI Units
Quantity Symbol Unit Symbol
Mass M Kilogram kg
Time T Second s
Length L Meter m
Force F newton N
Temperature T Kelvin K
Amount of Substance As Mole mol
Luminous Intensity I candela cd

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There are two systems of units:

1. SI units (International System of Units)

2. Metric system

Unit conversion for Length Unit conversion for Mass

1 millimeter 0.001 meter 1 milligram 0.001 gram

1 centimeter 0.01 meter 1 centigram 0.01 gram

1 decigram 0.1 gram
1 decimeter 0.1 meter
1 decagram 10 gram
1 decameter 10 meters
1 hectogram 100 gram
1 hectometer 100 meters
1 kilogram 1000 grams
1 kilometer 1000 meters

1 inch 2.54 × 10−2 meters Conversion of Units for Time

1 foot 0.3048 meters 1 minute 60 seconds

1 hour 60 minutes (or) 3600 seconds
1 mile 1.609344 km
1 day 24 hours
Units of Length Units of Mass 1 week 7 days
1 km = 10 hm 1 kg = 10 hg 1 year 365 days
= 100 dam = 100 dag
= 1000 m = 1000 g
Conversion of Units for Area
1m = 10 dm 1 g = 10 dg
= 100 cm = 100 cg 1 sq. inch 6.4516 x 10-4 square meter
= 1000 mm = 1000 mg 1 sq. foot 9.2903 x 10-2 square meter
1 dm = 10 cm 1 dg = 10 cg 1 acre 4.0468 x 103 square meter
= 100 mm = 100 mg
1 hectare 1 x 104 square meter
1 cm = 10 mm 1 cg = 10 mg
1 sq. mile 2.5888 x 106 square meter

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Quantity Dimension MKS unit

Angle Dimensionless Dimensionless = radian

Solid Angle Dimensionless Dimensionless = steradian

Area L2 m2

Volume L3 m3

Frequency T-1 1/s = hertz=Hz

Velocity L/T m/s

Acceleration L/T2 m/s2

Angular Velocity 1/T Rad/s

Angular Acceleration 1/T2/ Rad/s2

Density M/L3 Kg/m3

Momentum M.L/T Kg.m/s

Angular Momentum M.L2/T Kg.m2/s

Force M.L/T2 Kg.m/s2= newton=N

Work, Energy M.L2/T2 Kg.m2/s2=joule=J

Torque M.L2/T2 Kg.m2/s2

Power M.L2/T3 Kg.m2/s3 = watt=W

Pressure M.L/T2 Kg.m/s2 = pascal=Pa

❖ SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
o Significant figures (or significant digits) are the number of digits important to
determine the accuracy and precision of measurement, such as length, mass, or volume.
• “Significant” means important. They refer to the reliable digits in the given number, which are
sufficient to convey accurate information. It also helps round off measurement values or the
outcome of a calculation.

What Are the Rules for Significant Figures?

Certain rules help us determine the number of significant figures. These rules are as
follows:
(1) All non-zero digits are significant.
652.1 miles −4 significant figures.
3.4 inches −2 significant figures.
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(2) All zeros in between non-zero digits are significant.

23.0041 −6 significant digits.
4005 feet −4 significant digits.

(3) Zeros on the right of a decimal point and before (or to the left of) the first non-zero digit are
not significant. They only represent the position of the decimal point.
0.003 − 1 significant digit.
0.0034 − 2 significant digits

(4) Zeros on the right of a decimal point are significant, provided there is no non-zero digit after
them.
7.00 − 3 significant digits.

(5) Zeros on the right of the last non-zero digit after a decimal point are significant. So, final
zeros or trailing zeros in the decimal part are significant.
0.6500 − 4 significant digits
12.300 − 5 significant digits

(6) In a measurement value, zeros that occur on the right of the last non-zero digit are
significant.
2650 inches −4 significant digits

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